-ward - Wiktionary

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• Beginning
• 1 English Toggle English subsection
  • 1.1 Etymology
  • 1.2 Pronunciation
  • 1.3 Suffix
    • 1.3.1 Usage notes
    • 1.3.2 Derived terms
    • 1.3.3 Translations
  • 1.4 Anagrams

• Entry
• Discussion

English

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In other projects Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wiktionary, the free dictionary See also: ward, Ward, and -wards

English

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Etymology

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From Old English -weard, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, earlier *warþaz (“turned toward, in the direction of, facing”) (compare -wards, from -weardes).

Cognate with Dutch -waarts, Low German -warts, German -wärts, Old Norse -verðr, Icelandic -verðr, Swedish -vart, Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs), Latin vertere (“to turn”) or versus (“toward”), and Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”). Also related to worth (“to become”). Compare verse.

Pronunciation

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• (unstressed)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /wəd/
  • (General American) IPA(key): /wɚd/
• (stressed, in the word "toward" only)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /wɔːd/
  • (General American) IPA(key): /wɔɹd/

Suffix

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-ward

1. Forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in "backward", "toward", "forward", etc.
2. Forming adjectives, as in "a backward look", "the northward road", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs.

Usage notes

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• The choice between -ward and -wards is individual or dialectal; both are widely used with adverbs, though -ward is heavily favoured for adjectives.
• Adverbs ending in -wards (Anglo-Saxon -weardes) and some other adverbs, such as besides, betimes, since Old English sithens, etc., originated as genitive forms used adverbially.
• The adjectives toward (initial stress) and forward have meanings not predictable from the meaning of -ward.
• Awkward has retained the form but lost much of the sense in its use of this suffix.

Derived terms

[edit] English terms suffixed with -ward abackward afterward aftward agateward airward altarward Americaward analward anteriorward antispinward Arcticward arseward assward awayward awkward backward basementward baseward basinward bathward battleward beachward bedward beforeward beyondward blueward boatward bookward bottomward brainward bridgeward brookward campward carpetward caudalward ceilingward centerward centreward chairward channelward chapelward Chinaward Christward churchward cityward classward clockward coastward coldward coreward countryward courtward creekward crotchward crownward cuntward cupward darkward dawnward dayward deathward deckward desertward deskward devilward distalward dogward doomward doorward dorsalward downstreamward downward dreamward duskward earthward east-northeastward east-southeastward eastward endward equatorward Europeward evenward eyeward faceward faintward farmward fieldward fireward floorward foldward footward forestward foreward forthward forward fromward fromwards frontward froward furtherward futureward gainward galleryward gallowsward gaolward gardenward gateward gloomward goalward Godward grassward graveward greenward groinward groundward gulfward harborward harbourward havenward headward healthward hearthward heartward heavenward hedgeward Hellward hillward hindward hitherward hiveward homeward hopeward horizonward hotelward houseward hubward iceward inward islandward isleward jailward joyward justiceward kingward kitchenward lagoonward lakeward landward lapward lateralward laterward lateward leeward leftward liberalward lifeward lightward limbward Londonward longward loofward manward medialward middleward midward midwestward moneyward moonward morningward mornward motherward mountainward mouthward nasalward nayward neckward nestward netherward newworldward nightward noonward northeastward north-northeastward north-northwestward northward northwestward noseward oceanward officeward onward otherward outward Pacificward palaceward palmward parkward pastward peakward phoneward plainward

Translations

[edit] forming adverbs

Arabic: ـًا، ـاً (-an, -an), لـ (ar) (l-) Dutch: -waarts (nl) German: -wärts (de) Hebrew: ־ה (-a), ל־ (he) (l'-) Hungarian: -felé (hu) Navajo: -jigo Swedish: -åt Yiddish: אַר־ (ar-)

forming adjectives

Dutch: -waarts (nl) Hungarian: -i (hu)

Anagrams

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• draw

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-ward&oldid=88382345" Categories:

• English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
• English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wert-
• English terms inherited from Old English
• English terms derived from Old English
• English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
• English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
• English 1-syllable words
• English terms with IPA pronunciation
• English lemmas
• English suffixes
• English adverb-forming suffixes
• English adjective-forming suffixes

Hidden categories:

• Sanskrit terms with non-redundant manual transliterations
• Pages with entries
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• Terms with Dutch translations
• Terms with German translations
• Terms with Hebrew translations
• Terms with Hungarian translations
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• Terms with Swedish translations
• Terms with Yiddish translations

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