Water Extract Of Ecklonia Cava Protects Against Fine Dust (PM 2.5)

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Abstract

To confirm the therapeutic effect of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE) against PM2.5 induced systemic health damage, we evaluated gut health with a focus on the microbiota and metabolites. Systemic damage in mice was induced through PM2.5 exposure for 12 weeks in a whole-body chamber. After exposure for 12 weeks, body weight and food intake decreased, and WEE at 200 mg/kg body weight (mpk) alleviated these metabolic efficiency changes. In addition, PM2.5 induced changes in the length of the colon and fecal water content. The administration of the WEE at 200 mpk oral dose effectively reduced changes in the colon caused by PM2.5 exposure. We also attempted to confirm whether the effect of the WEE is mediated via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in mice with PM2.5 induced systemic damage. We examined changes in the fecal microbiota and gut metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and kynurenine metabolites. In the PM2.5 exposed group, a decrease in the abundance of Lactobacillus (Family: Lactobacillaceae) and an increase in the abundance of Alistipes (Family: Rikenellaceae) were observed, and the administration of the WEE showed a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota. In addition, the WEE effectively increased the levels of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Furthermore, kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is a critical neuroprotective metabolite in the gut-brain axis, was increased by the administration of the WEE. Our findings suggest that the WEE could be used as a potential therapeutic against PM2.5 induced health damage by regulating gut function.

Keywords: Ecklonia cava; PM2.5; gut-brain axis; kynurenine pathway; microbiota; short-chain fatty acid.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1

Fig. 1. Effect of the water extract…

Fig. 1. Effect of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE) on fine dust (PM …

Fig. 1. Effect of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE) on fine dust (PM2.5)-exposed mice. Changes in body weight (A), weight gain (B), and food intake (C) for 12 weeks were determined. The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 7) and statistically significant at p < 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate a statistical difference.
Fig. 2

Fig. 2. Changes in the colon and…

Fig. 2. Changes in the colon and feces of fine dust (PM 2.5 )-exposed mice…

Fig. 2. Changes in the colon and feces of fine dust (PM2.5)-exposed mice following the administration of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE). Representative photographs of the colon (A), length of colon (B), and fecal water content (C). The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 7) and statistically significant at p < 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate a statistical difference.
Fig. 3

Fig. 3. Changes in the gut microbiota…

Fig. 3. Changes in the gut microbiota of fine dust (PM 2.5 )-exposed mice following…

Fig. 3. Changes in the gut microbiota of fine dust (PM2.5)-exposed mice following the administration of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE). The relative abundances of the phylum (A), relative abundances of the family (B), significant changes of some families (C), relative abundances of the genus (D), and significant changes of some genera (E) of bacteria in feces were determined. The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3) and statistically significant at p < 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate a statistical difference.
Fig. 4

Fig. 4. Analysis of the fecal short-chain…

Fig. 4. Analysis of the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of fine dust (PM 2.5 …

Fig. 4. Analysis of the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of fine dust (PM2.5)-exposed BALB/c mice following the administration of the water extract from Ecklonia cava (WEE). GC/MS spectra of the standard mixture of each group (A) and SCFA contents in feces (B). The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 7) and statistically significant at p < 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate a statistical difference.
Fig. 5

Fig. 5. Analysis of kynurenine metabolites (tryptophan…

Fig. 5. Analysis of kynurenine metabolites (tryptophan [TYP], kynurenine [KYN], kynurenic acid [KYNA], and quinolinic…

Fig. 5. Analysis of kynurenine metabolites (tryptophan [TYP], kynurenine [KYN], kynurenic acid [KYNA], and quinolinic acid [QUIN]) using the UPLC/MS/MS system with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). LC/MS2 fragment spectra of the standard mixture of each standard (A). The levels of kynurenine metabolites in the colon tissue (B), blood plasma (C), and brain tissue (D) were determined. The results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 7) and statistically significant at p < 0.05. Different lowercase letters indicate a statistical difference.
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References

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