Photosynthesis is the process used by plants and a few microorganisms to transform sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into two products; carbohydrates that they use to store energy, and oxygen that they release into the environment.
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Photosynthesis, derived from the Greek words photo, meaning "light," and synthesis "putting together," is a process used by plants and some bacteria to harness the energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar (glucose) and oxygen.
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Plants make their own food during the process of photosynthesis. Aquatic plants have adaptations which help them obtain carbon dioxide and sunlight under water for photosynthesis to occur.
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Photosynthesis involves oxidation and reduction by oxidizing the oxygen in water and reducing the carbon in carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis is the process by which a plant converts the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose. The process consists of several steps, but the overall reaction is "6CO"_2 + "6H"_2"O" stackrel("sunlight")(→) "C"_6"H"_12"O"_6 + "6O"_2 The process makes more sense if we write the formula of glucose "C"_6"H"_12"O"_6 as "(H-C-OH)"_6. Photosynthesis can be separated into two parts. The Photo Part (Photolysis) The photo part of photosynthesis involves the oxidation of the oxygen from water. "2H"_2"O" stackrel("energy")(→) "4H"^+ + "O"_2 + 4"e"^- Each "O" atom loses two electrons, so the oxygen in water is oxidized. The electrons released during photolysis are picked up by a carrier molecule called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ("NADP"), changing it from its oxidized state ("NADP"^+) to its reduced state ("NADPH"): "2NADP"^+ + "2H"^+ + "4e"^(-) → "2NADPH" The Synthesis Part Here, the "NADH" gives up its electrons and reduces the carbon in carbon dioxide. "2NADPH" → "2NADP"^+ + "2H"^+ + "4e"^- "CO"_2 + "4H"^+ + "4e"^(-) → "(H-C-OH)" + "H"_2"O" The overall reaction is cancel(2)"H"_2"O" → cancel("4H"^+) + "O"_2 + cancel(4"e"^-) "CO"_2 + cancel("4H"^+) + "4e"^- → "(H-C-OH)" + cancel("H"_2"O") bar("CO"_2 + "H"_2"O" → "(H-C-OH)" + "O"_2) Multiply by 6, and we get the equation for photosynthesis "6CO"_2 + "6H"_2"O" → "C"_6"H"_12"O"_6 + "6O"_2
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What Is Being Oxidized In Photosynthesis? During photosynthesis plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. Within the plant ... Read more
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Photosynthesis is a redox reaction Explain
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Oxidation and reduction in cellular respiration. Reconciling the biology and chemistry definitions of oxidation and reduction.
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In photosynthesis, which molecule is being oxidized and which is being reduced?
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Photosynthetie water oxidation is unique to plants and cyanobacteria, it occurs in thylakoid membranes. The components associated with this process include: a reaction center polypeptide, having a molecular weight (Mr) of 47–50 kilodaltons (kDa), containing a reaction center chlorophyll a labeled as P680, a plastoquinol(?)-electron donor Z, a primary electron acceptor pheophytin, and a quinone electron acceptor QA; three ‘extrinsic’ polypeptides having Mr of approximately 17 kDa, 23 kDa, and 33 kDa; and, in all likelihood, an approximately 34 kDa ‘intrinsic’ polypeptide associated with manganese (Mn) atoms. In addition, chloride and calcium ions appear to be essential components for water oxidation. Photons, absorbed by the so-called photosystem II, provide the necessary energy for the chemical oxidation-reduction at P680; the oxidized P680 (P680+), then, oxidizes Z, which then oxidizes the water-manganese system contained, perhaps, in a protein matrix. The oxidation of water, leading to O2 evolution and H+ release, requires four such independent acts, i.e., there is a charge accumulating device (the so-called S-states). In this minireview, we have presented our current understanding of the reaction center P680, the chemical nature of Z, a possible working model for water oxidation, and the possible roles of manganese atoms, chloride ions, and the various polypeptides, mentioned above. A comparison with cytochrome c oxidase, which is involved in the opposite process of the reduction of O2 to H2O, is stressed.This minireview is a prelude to the several minireviews, scheduled to be published in the forthcoming issues of Photosynthesis Research, including those on photosystem II (by H.J. van Gorkom); polypeptides of the O2-evolving system (by D.F. Ghanotakis and C.F. Yocum); and the role of chloride in O2 evolution (by S. Izawa).
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