A Comparison Between WAVE (IEEE 802.11p Based), C-V2X (LTE ...

Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 InternationalContent may be subject to copyright.DownloadView publicationCopy referenceCopy captionEmbed figureA comparison between WAVE (IEEE 802.11p based), C-V2X (LTE rel. 14), and future 5G technologies for V2X communications.A comparison between WAVE (IEEE 802.11p based), C-V2X (LTE rel. 14), and future 5G technologies for V2X communications.Source publication FIGURE 4: Standardization efforts of C-V2X across 3GPP. FIGURE 6: Current picture of the business model of automotive industry... FIGURE 7: A summary of highlighted issues and their potential solutions. FIGURE 8: A business model for future V2X ecosystem: The future V2X... A comparison between WAVE (IEEE 802.11p based), C-V2X (LTE rel. 14),...A Business and Legislative Perspective of V2X and Mobility Applications in 5G NetworksArticleFull-text available
  • Apr 2020
  • [...]
Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is a powerful concept that not only ensures public safety (e.g., by avoiding road accidents) but also offers many economic benefits (e.g., by optimizing the macroscopic behavior of the traffic across an area). On the one hand, V2X communication brings new business opportunities for many stakeholders, such a...CiteDownload full-text

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Context 1... business and legal challenges of V2X communications. Table 1 summarizes the state-of-art of recent surveys in the field of V2X communication. These surveys cover a broad range of works in the area of V2X communications. However, it is evident from the table that most of these articles cover communication and security aspects of V2X communication TABLE 1: A summary of the V2X literature. A few works focus on the business and legislative perspective of V2X Reference Communication Security Legislation Business [3] [4] Partially [5] [6] Partially [7] [8] [9] Partially and only a few of them partially cover business aspects. Hence, highlighting the legislative and business challenges of V2X communications remains an open area of research. The rest of the article is organized as follows. Section II provides the recent status of V2X standardization. ...View in full-textContext 2... high-level comparison between C-V2X and WAVE is presented in Table 2 [12]. From Table 2, we can note that IEEE 802.11p is quite an old technology with more than 10 years of field trials. ...View in full-textContext 3... high-level comparison between C-V2X and WAVE is presented in Table 2 [12]. From Table 2, we can note that IEEE 802.11p is quite an old technology with more than 10 years of field trials. However, it lags behind in many features as compared to C-V2X standardized in release 14 of 3GPP. ...View in full-text

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... Moreover, adapting the regulatory framework is crucial for the success of connected car business models (CRV8) (McDonnell et al., 2021), by analyzing the traffic laws of each region. Thus, it is essential to establish strategic partnerships with government legislators (Usman et al., 2020). ...Critical Success Factors for Creating, Delivering and Capturing Value in Connected CarsConference Paper
  • May 2025
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  • Paulo Augusto Cauchick-Miguel
  • Thayla Tavares Sousa-Zomer
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View... Foundational work, such as that by [1], thoroughly discusses V2X use cases and the architectural needs for 5G support but does not delve into the specialized requirements for accurate, reliable positioning. Similarly, [2] addresses the integration challenges within 5G V2X from a business and regulatory standpoint but offers limited insight into technical enhancements for localization. As V2X applications increasingly rely on precise and continuous location data, these broad perspectives highlight a clear need for research targeting the localization challenges inherent in V2X contexts. ...... However, this type of network can suffer bandwidth limitations due to shared usage with other kinds of services, potentially impacting performance in high-density areas. The shared infrastructure of public networks may not always meet the latency and bandwidth requirements for V2X applications [2], especially during peak usage hours when other public users may congest the network. ...... These technologies are essential to private 5G networks and enable savings by facilitating efficient use of available spectrum and infrastructure. Studies have shown that, over time, private 5G networks can reduce total cost of ownership by up to 53% compared to traditional public networks, depending on the extent of virtualization and automation implemented [2,106,108]. ...Exploring V2X in 5G Networks: A Comprehensive Survey of Location-Based Services in Hybrid ScenariosArticleFull-text available
  • Apr 2025
  • Bruno MendesBruno Mendes
  • Marco AraújoMarco Araújo
  • Adriano GoesAdriano Goes
  • Daniel CorujoDaniel Corujo
  • Arnaldo S.R. Oliveira
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications are constrained by both 3GPP technical specifications, as well as by country-specific spectrum regulations. The world’s largest economies, such as the USA, EU and China have self-imposed regulations regarding the specific bandwidths and central spectrum frequencies where both safety and non-safety related V2X communication services are allowed to occur (always aligned with the aforemen tioned 3GPP technical specifications). Although the channels used for safety, non-safety, and control packets differ, what all of these countries have in common is that V2X shall occur mostly on New Radio Unlicensed (NRU) spectrum, i.e., by means of private networks. A specific bandwidth in the public spectrum is also available, but since public spectrum is purchased through auctions, it is quite common the case that one particular operator will own the entirety of this spectrum, leading to a monopoly in V2X operations. Besides, this public spectrum is quite limited in bandwidth. This of course includes all of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) services, even location-based services, such as the ones that require the usage of positioning technologies, like autonomous vehicles, that require said services in order to support complex maneuvers and cooperative driving. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS or Galileo, currently already offer high-accuracy location to vehicles. However, this form of stand-alone position estimation of the vehicle has several drawbacks, as the information is constrained to the individual vehicle and not shared with others in a secure manner. This ex change of position information between other entities (not only vehicles, but also other infrastructure nodes) is vital for actions such as cooperative maneuvers and to counter loss of satellite sight (e.g., when entering a tunnel). Taking these facts into consideration, it is therefore expected that in the mid to long-term, municipalities and highways will possess dedicated private 5G networks for V2X operations with the aim of offering a plethora of vehicular services, including positioning ones. Since the existent scientific literature lacks an integrated analysis of precise positioning services for ITS in 5G private networks, we propose in this paper, to provide a comprehensive review connecting these diverse elements, examining the role of 5G private networks in trans mitting positioning messages in V2X scenarios. Additionally, the paper shall explore hybrid positioning systems that combine 5G and GNSS technologies, illustrating their potential to enhance V2X communications. This study offers a roadmap for the evolution of ITS and V2X communications by showcasing current trends and identifying areas for further research.View... Several academics carried out relevant research on the derivative business value of V2X. In business models, some investigations have examined the revenue potential, cost and pro tability of V2H, V2G and vehicle-to-building (V2B) and discussed the future business model and global legislation status (Dossow and Kern, 2022;Usman et al., 2020). Besides, much research examined trading mechanisms for electric vehicle (EV) participation in ancillary services, including the power systems framework (Elma et al., 2022), the operating strategies and modeling (Pearre and Ribberink, 2019), technologies, incentives and regulatory mechanisms (Gschwendtner et al., 2021). ...A systematic literature review of vehicle-to-everything in communication, computation and service scenariosPreprintFull-text available
  • Jul 2023
  • Shengnan LvShengnan Lv
  • Yong QinYong Qin
  • Weidong Gan
  • Zeshui XuZeshui Xu
  • Lefeng ShiLefeng Shi
The notion of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) has been adopted and developed in a host of application scenarios due to its wide compatibility with intelligent transport, smart city or other relevant concepts since it was set forth. Benefiting from the application of advanced technologies, vehicles are connected with more and more objects, such as vehicle-to-unmanned aerial vehicles (V2U), vehicle-to-subway (V2S), etc., making the application scenarios of V2X constantly updated. Narrative reviews for specific V2X, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-grid (V2G), rather than a comprehensive review of V2X, cannot provide a reference for a broader and comprehensive application of V2X. Therefore, this study first investigates the knowledge landscape of V2X publications by bibliometric analysis to portray the theme evolution and outline of V2X research. Then, the applications of V2X are then summarized into communication, computation, and service scenarios, and their forms, supporting technologies, and challenges are reviewed. The relationships and synergistic development in various V2X are also discussed. This holistic insight is necessary to help researchers connect the sub-concepts of V2X for the synergistic development of various V2X.View... European Union / USA: since April 2018, all new cars sold in European Union are equipped with Emergency Call (eCall). When vehicles encounter accidents, eCall offers quick assistance by automatically informing E112, which is the emergency telephone number across Europe(Usman et al., 2020). In the road testing stage for highly automated vehicles, the applicable legislation of different countries in the European Union is the National Traffic Law. ...Autonomous driving under V2X environment: state-of-the-art survey and challengesArticleFull-text available
  • Nov 2022
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  • Yunyang ShiYunyang Shi
  • Jiping XingJiping Xing
  • Zhiyuan LiuZhiyuan Liu
As Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) is viewed as emerging technology, which could improve the mobility and efficiency of urban traffic operations, and enhance the safety of drivers. Supported by the construction of vehicular network facilities, V2X has been applied to various urban traffic management systems. However, due to the limitation of wireless communication, outstanding issues on privacy and security in V2X applications are still urgent. The purpose of our studies is to provide a comprehensive review of V2X-aided autonomous driving. Firstly the standards and protocols on V2X technologies for mobile communication and high-definition map are provided. The research scenarios of V2X-aided automobiles on urban links and highways are discussed. Furthermore, the several challenges of legislation in different countries, privacy issues, and security are discussed. Finally, the research directions for V2X-aided autonomous driving are further given.View... V2X communication technologies also introduce new problems, such as various use cases and a high volume of data transmission [9,10]. V2X standards with frequencies of less than 6 GHz are incapable of meeting the data throughput and transmission speeds necessary for advanced use cases [11,12]. ...Ultrasonic-Aided Fast-Layered Alternating Iterative Tensor Channel Estimation for V2X Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO SystemsArticleFull-text available
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  • Jiehui Li
  • Liang YuLiang Yu
Millimeter-wave massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications can support enhanced V2X applications for connected and automated vehicles. The design of millimeter-wave V2X communications is, however, not exempt from challenges as a result of fast time-varying propagation and highly dynamic vehicular networks and topologies. To address some of these challenges, we propose an ultrasonic-aided tensor channel estimation for V2X millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems to improve the safety and traffic efficiency of cooperative automated driving. At the receiver, the dimension of multidimensional complex V2X information is reduced by the subspace tensor decomposition model. In order to quickly track beam angle changes caused by vehicle position changes, the ultrasonic-aided direction of arrival (DOA) tracking method is adopted to provide information about the surrounding environment. Based on the ultra-high resolution quantization grid and adaptive iterative update of the dictionary matrix, the DOA of the ultrasonic signal can be tracked. The angle update information of the millimeter-wave signal can be obtained by converting the estimated angle information. Using the cost function with global characteristics and ultrasonic-aided DOA tracking, a fast-layered alternating iterative tensor algorithm is proposed for joint iterative channel estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed solution outperforms some advanced alternative methods.View... So, interoperability of vehicles among available cellular networks will ensure redundancy for critical safety features and will result in better value and service for consumers. Such a multi-MNO model is proposed in the work [28] [29] as an extended business model including several MNOs, while sharing the same infrastructure. Also, some other entities are defined in the BM, e.g., location-based services providers, cloud providers, intermediate bodies, etc. ...Requirements Identification for Vehicle-to-Everything and Internet of Vehicles dedicated 5G SlicesArticleFull-text available
  • Oct 2021
  • Eugen BorcociEugen Borcoci
  • Marius VochinMarius Vochin
  • Georgica ObrejaGeorgica Obreja
  • Silvia Stanciu
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) based on V2X and their services have been intensively studied and developed in the last decade. The V2X supports a large range of applications, such as safety oriented, vehicular traffic optimization, autonomous driving, infotainment and auxiliary operations in vehicular area. Various stakeholders/actors are playing roles in such a complex system, e.g., regulators, authorities, service or network providers, operators, manufacturers, tenants and end users. Therefore, to specify and design a specific V2X/IoV system, one should first identify the ecosystem actors and then derive in a structured way the system requirements, while harmonizing needs coming from different entities. The 5G slicing technology is seen as a strong candidate to support V2X communications, in multi-tenant, multi-domain, multi-operator and end-to-end contexts. The 5G slicing allows construction of dedicated slices, to meet particular V2X requirements. Given the large variety of environments and actors involved in a planned V2X system, the identification of the system requirements is a complex process that could benefit from a structured approach. This paper is an extension of the work presented at IARIA Mobility 2020 Conference. It contributes to develop a methodology to perform a top-down systematic identification of requirements for a V2X system supported by 5G dedicated slices. Examples from a recent research project in 5G area are given.View... and LTE PC5 mode 4 in the same radio channel [156]. 8. Business models: There is a great challenge in investigating business models that can drive the deployment of vehicular networks [157]. While ...A survey on road safety and traffic efficiency vehicular applications based on C-V2X technologiesArticleFull-text available
  • Oct 2021
  • Ignacio SotoIgnacio Soto
  • Maria CalderonMaria Calderon
  • Oscar AmadorOscar Amador
  • Manuel UrueñaManuel Urueña
In recent years, the use of cellular network technologies to provide communication-based applications to vehicles has received considerable attention. 3GPP, the standardization body responsible for cellular networks specifications, is developing technologies to meet the requirements of vehicular communication applications, and the research community is testing and validating the ability of those technologies to implement different applications. This survey presents the body of work dealing with the use of cellular technologies to implement communication-based applications for the connected vehicle. We focus on basic and advanced road safety and traffic efficiency applications, which are critically important for the future of vehicular networks. We start by describing the different cellular-related technologies that have a role to play in providing services to the connected vehicle, propose a classification of types of communication used in vehicular applications, and then apply this classification to organize and present recent research work on the topic. Finally, we identify the main challenges in the use of cellular technologies to develop applications for the connected vehicle.View... Besides, a cluster of a femtocells is under the coverage area of a picocell and therefore, the number of clusters is equal to | |. Finally, we de ine the V2X tier by categorising this tier into two: (i) vehicles engaged in Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication layer, and (ii) those engaged in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication layer [47,48]. Furthermore, it is important to note that in this paper, we identify users or vehicles in the V2X tier as URLLC users owing to the peculiarities of V2X communications [49,50,51,52]. ...... Hence, substituting (47) into (44), we have ...Multi-tier multi-tenant network slicing: A multi-domain games approachArticleFull-text available
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The 5G slice networks will play a critical role in meeting the stringent quality-of-service requirements of different use cases, reducing the Capital Expenditure (CapEX) and Operational Expenditure (OpEX) of mobile network operators. Owing to the flexibility and ability of 5G slice networks to meet the needs of different verticals, it attracts new network players and entities to the mobile network ecosystem, and therefore it creates new business models and structures. Motivated by this development, this paper addresses the dynamic resource allocation in a multi-slice multi-tier multi-domain network with different network players. The dynamic resource allocation problem is formulated as a maximum utility optimisation problem from a multiplayer multi-domain perspective. Furthermore, a 3-level hierarchical business model comprising Infrastructure Providers (InPs), Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs), Service Providers (SPs), and slice users are investigated. We propose two schemes: a multi-tier multi-domain slice user matching game scheme and a distributed backtracking multiplayer multi-domain game scheme in solving the transformed maximum utility optimisation problem. We compare the multi-tier multi-tenant multi-domain game scheme with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) Intelligent Latency-Aware Resource (GI-LARE) allocation scheme, and a static slicing resource allocation scheme via Monte Carlo simulation. Our findings reveal that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms these other schemes.View... The evolution to 6G and the penetration of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) is an extraordinary timely conjunction of events. Over the next 10 years, the automotive industry will face a revolutionary change where the value chains will shift to a multi-actor ecosystem and the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) will not be the sole key player [1]. The electrification is posing an epochal shift in the value chain as well as the cooperation between vehicles and intelligent mobility is an evolving powerful concept with an enormous amount of on-board electronics that will impact the vehicles' design. ...6G V2X Technologies and Orchestrated Sensing for Autonomous DrivingPreprintFull-text available
  • May 2021
  • Marouan MizmiziMarouan Mizmizi
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  • Dario TagliaferriDario Tagliaferri
  • Christian MazzuccoChristian Mazzucco
  • Umberto SpagnoliniUmberto Spagnolini
6G technology targets to revolutionize the mobility industry by revamping the role of wireless connections. In this article, we draw out our vision on an intelligent, cooperative, and sustainable mobility environment of the future, discussing how 6G will positively impact mobility services and applications. The scenario in focus is a densely populated area by smart connected entities that are mutually connected over a 6G virtual bus, which enables access to an extensive and always up-to-date set of context-sensitive information. The augmented dataset is functional to let vehicles engage in adaptive and cooperative learning mechanisms, enabling fully automated functionalities with higher communication integrity and reduced risk of accidents while being a sentient and collaborative processing node of the same ecosystem. Smart sensing and communication technologies are discussed herein, and their convergence is devised by the pervasiveness of artificial intelligence in centralized or distributed and federated network architectures.View... V2X networks range between 3 and 27 Mb/s (Tab. Standard IEEE 802.11p works in the ITS (Intelligent transportation system) 5,9 GHz band [15,18,20,39]. ...... Cellular technologies for in-vehicle networks are specified in individual Releases issued by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), whereas the 802.11p standard is issued through the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standardization organization [30,39]. In terms of specification release time among the four candidates, the oldest edition is the IEEE 802.11p standard, on the contrary, the most recent edition is Release 16 concerning NR-V2X [9,14,21,32,35]. ...... ,37,39] ...A comparative study of the most perspective radio access technologies for vehicular V2X networksConference Paper
  • Nov 2020
  • A. Jantosova
  • J. MorgosJ. Morgos
  • I. DolnakI. Dolnak
  • J. LitvikJ. Litvik
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