Acetaldehyde - The NIST WebBook

Acetaldehyde

• Formula: C2H4O
• Molecular weight: 44.0526
• IUPAC Standard InChI: InChI=1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3 Copy
• IUPAC Standard InChIKey: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copy
• CAS Registry Number: 75-07-0
• Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file View 3d structure (requires JavaScript / HTML 5)
• Other names: Acetic aldehyde; Ethanal; Ethyl aldehyde; CH3CHO; Acetaldehyd; Aldehyde acetique; Aldeide acetica; NCI-C56326; Octowy aldehyd; Acetylaldehyde; Rcra waste number U001; UN 1089; NSC 7594
• Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference.
• Information on this page:
  • Reaction thermochemistry data
  • References
  • Notes
• Other data available:
  • Gas phase thermochemistry data
  • Condensed phase thermochemistry data
  • Phase change data
  • Henry's Law data
  • Gas phase ion energetics data
  • Ion clustering data
  • IR Spectrum
  • Mass spectrum (electron ionization)
  • UV/Visible spectrum
  • Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels
  • Gas Chromatography
• Data at other public NIST sites:
  • Gas Phase Kinetics Database
• Options:
  • Switch to calorie-based units

Data at NIST subscription sites:

• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)
• NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data)

NIST subscription sites provide data under the NIST Standard Reference Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The purpose of the fee is to recover costs associated with the development of data collections included in such sites. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Follow the links above to find out more about the data in these sites and their terms of usage.

Reaction thermochemistry data

Go To: Top, References, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Data compiled as indicated in comments: B - John E. Bartmess M - Michael M. Meot-Ner (Mautner) and Sharon G. Lias ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein RCD - Robert C. Dunbar

Note: Please consider using the reaction search for this species. This page allows searching of all reactions involving this species. A general reaction search form is also available. Future versions of this site may rely on reaction search pages in place of the enumerated reaction displays seen below.

Individual Reactions

C2H3O- + =

By formula: C2H3O- + H+ = C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	1533.1 ± 3.4	kJ/mol	D-EA	Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984	gas phase; Uncertainty: 6 millical/mol (0.26 micro-eV).Dipolebound state at ca. 14.3 cal/mol (5 cm-1); B
ΔrH°	1531. ± 9.2	kJ/mol	G+TS	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; Acid: ethanal. The enol is 9.6 kcal/mol more acidic: Holmes and Lossing, 1982; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
ΔrH°	1533. ± 12.	kJ/mol	G+TS	Cumming and Kebarle, 1978	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	1505. ± 5.0	kJ/mol	H-TS	Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984	gas phase; Uncertainty: 6 millical/mol (0.26 micro-eV).Dipolebound state at ca. 14.3 cal/mol (5 cm-1); B
ΔrG°	1502. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; Acid: ethanal. The enol is 9.6 kcal/mol more acidic: Holmes and Lossing, 1982; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B
ΔrG°	1505. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Cumming and Kebarle, 1978	gas phase; B

C2H5O+ + = (C2H5O+ • )

By formula: C2H5O+ + C2H4O = (C2H5O+ • C2H4O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	121.	kJ/mol	ICR	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrS°	110.	J/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	88.7	kJ/mol	ICR	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M

C2H7O+ + = (C2H7O+ • )

By formula: C2H7O+ + C2H4O = (C2H7O+ • C2H4O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	131.	kJ/mol	ICR	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrS°	113.	J/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	97.1	kJ/mol	ICR	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984, Keesee and Castleman, 1986; M

C2H5O+ + = (C2H5O+ • )

By formula: C2H5O+ + C2H4O = (C2H5O+ • C2H4O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of the type OH-O between organics

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	133.	kJ/mol	ICR	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrS°	121.	J/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	97.5	kJ/mol	ICR	Larson and McMahon, 1982	gas phase; switching reaction((CH3)2OH+)(CH3)2O, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973, Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984; M

C2H3O- + =

By formula: C2H3O- + H+ = C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	1645.1 ± 4.0	kJ/mol	D-EA	Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989	gas phase; B
ΔrH°	1636. ± 8.8	kJ/mol	G+TS	DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1985	gas phase; B
ΔrH°	1619. ± 33.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Graul and Squires, 1990	gas phase; B
ΔrH°	<1598.3	kJ/mol	CIDT	Graul and Squires, 1988	gas phase; B
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	1613. ± 4.6	kJ/mol	H-TS	Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989	gas phase; B
ΔrG°	1604. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRB	DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1985	gas phase; B
ΔrG°	<1565.9 ± 2.5	kJ/mol	H-TS	Graul and Squires, 1988	gas phase; B

+ = ( • )

By formula: Cl- + C2H4O = (Cl- • C2H4O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	60.2 ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1984	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrS°	90.8	J/mol*K	N/A	Larson and McMahon, 1984	gas phase; switching reaction(Cl-)t-C4H9F, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	33. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	IMRE	Larson and McMahon, 1984	gas phase; B,M

+ = ( • )

By formula: C2H3O2- + C2H4O = (C2H3O2- • C2H4O)

Bond type: Hydrogen bonds of deprotonated acids to ketones/

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	68.2 ± 4.2	kJ/mol	TDAs	Meot-ner, 1988	gas phase; B,M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrS°	90.8	J/mol*K	PHPMS	Meot-ner, 1988	gas phase; M
Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrG°	41. ± 8.4	kJ/mol	TDAs	Meot-ner, 1988	gas phase; B

+ =

By formula: H2 + C2H4O = C2H6O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	-81.3 ± 1.4	kJ/mol	Chyd	Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991	liquid phase; solvent: Triglyme; ALS
ΔrH°	-69.08 ± 0.42	kJ/mol	Chyd	Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938	gas phase; Reanalyzed by Cox and Pilcher, 1970, Original value = -70.1 ± 0.4 kJ/mol; At 355 °K; ALS

(C2H5O- • 4294967295) + = C2H5O-

By formula: (C2H5O- • 4294967295C2H4O) + C2H4O = C2H5O-

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	158. ± 4.2	kJ/mol	N/A	Ramond, Davico, et al., 2000	gas phase; B
ΔrH°	165. ± 9.2	kJ/mol	Ther	Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979	gas phase; value altered from reference due to change in acidity scale; B

+ = ( • )

By formula: NO- + C2H4O = (NO- • C2H4O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	164.	kJ/mol	ICR	Reents and Freiser, 1981	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(NO+)C2H5OH, Entropy change calculated or estimated; Farid and McMahon, 1978; M

+ = ( • )

By formula: Li+ + C2H4O = (Li+ • C2H4O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	173.	kJ/mol	ICR	Staley and Beauchamp, 1975	gas phase; switching reaction(Li+)H2O, Keesee and Castleman, 1986 from Berman and Beauchamp, 1986; Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970 interpolated; M

3 =

By formula: 3C2H4O = C6H12O3

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	-87. ± 6.	kJ/mol	Cm	Krasnov, Ozherel'eva, et al., 1983	liquid phase; solvent: Nonaqueous; Trimerization; ALS
ΔrH°	-98.1	kJ/mol	Eqk	Busfield, Lee, et al., 1973	gas phase; ALS

+ = ( • )

By formula: Mg+ + C2H4O = (Mg+ • C2H4O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	260. ± 20.	kJ/mol	ICR	Operti, Tews, et al., 1988	gas phase; switching reaction,Thermochemical ladder(Mg+)CH3OH; M

+ = 2 +

By formula: C4H10O2 + H2O = 2CH4O + C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	36.07 ± 0.063	kJ/mol	Cm	Wiberg, 1980	liquid phase; solvent: Water; Hydrolysis; ALS

+ = 2 +

By formula: C4H10O2 + H2O = 2CH4O + C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	35.7 ± 0.3	kJ/mol	Cm	Birley and Skinner, 1970	liquid phase; Heat of hydrolysis; ALS

+ = 2 +

By formula: C4H10O2 + H2O = 2CH4O + C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	35.9 ± 0.8	kJ/mol	Eqk	Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994	liquid phase; ALS

2 + = +

By formula: 2CH4O + C2H4O = C4H10O2 + H2O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	-62. ± 1.	kJ/mol	Cm	Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994	gas phase; ALS

+ = +

By formula: C2H4O + I2 = HI + C2H3IO

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	3. ± 2.	kJ/mol	Eqk	Walsh and Benson, 1966	gas phase; ALS

+ = +

By formula: H2O + C8H10N2 = C6H8N2 + C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	-61.1	kJ/mol	Cm	Landrieu, 1905	solid phase; ALS

= 3

By formula: C6H12O3 = 3C2H4O

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	98.1	kJ/mol	Eqk	Busfield, Lee, et al., 1973	gas phase; At 292-313 K; ALS

+ = ( • )

By formula: Na+ + C2H4O = (Na+ • C2H4O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	113. ± 3.	kJ/mol	CIDT	Armentrout and Rodgers, 2000	RCD

+ = ( • )

By formula: Ag+ + C2H4O = (Ag+ • C2H4O)

Quantity	Value	Units	Method	Reference	Comment
ΔrH°	182. ± 19.	kJ/mol	RAK	Ho, Yang, et al., 1997	RCD

References

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, Notes

Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. All rights reserved.

Mead, Lykke, et al., 1984 Mead, R.D.; Lykke, K.R.; Lineberger, W.C.; Marks, J.; Brauman, J.I., Spectroscopy and Dynamics of the Dipole-Bound State of Acetaldehyde Enolate., J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 81, 11, 4883., https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447515 . [all data]

Bartmess, Scott, et al., 1979 Bartmess, J.E.; Scott, J.A.; McIver, R.T., Jr., The gas phase acidity scale from methanol to phenol, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 6047. [all data]

Holmes and Lossing, 1982 Holmes, J.L.; Lossing, F.P., Heats of formation of the ionic and neutral enols of acetaldehyde and acetone, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 2648. [all data]

Cumming and Kebarle, 1978 Cumming, J.B.; Kebarle, P., Summary of gas phase measurements involving acids AH. Entropy changes in proton transfer reactions involving negative ions. Bond dissociation energies D(A-H) and electron affinities EA(A), Can. J. Chem., 1978, 56, 1. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1982 Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Formation, Thermochemistry, and Relative Stabilities of Proton - Bound dimers of Oxygen n - Donor Bases from Ion Cyclotron Resonance Solvent - Exchange Equilibria Measurements, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 23, 6255, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00387a016 . [all data]

Grimsrud and Kebarle, 1973 Grimsrud, E.P.; Kebarle, P., Gas Phase Ion Equilibria Studies of the Solvation of the Hydrogen Ion by Methanol, Dimethyl Ether and Water. Effect of Hydrogen Bonding, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1973, 95, 24, 7939, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00805a002 . [all data]

Lias, Liebman, et al., 1984 Lias, S.G.; Liebman, J.F.; Levin, R.D., Evaluated gas phase basicities and proton affinities of molecules heats of formation of protonated molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1984, 13, 695. [all data]

Keesee and Castleman, 1986 Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Thermochemical data on Ggs-phase ion-molecule association and clustering reactions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1011. [all data]

Nimlos, Soderquist, et al., 1989 Nimlos, M.R.; Soderquist, J.A.; Ellison, G.B., Spectroscopy of CH3CO- and CH3CO, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 20, 7675, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00202a001 . [all data]

DePuy, Bierbaum, et al., 1985 DePuy, C.H.; Bierbaum, V.M.; Damrauer, R.; Soderquist, J.A., Gas-phase reactions of the acetyl anion, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1985, 107, 3385. [all data]

Graul and Squires, 1990 Graul, S.T.; Squires, R.R., Gas-Phase Acidities Derived from Threshold Energies for Activated Reactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 7, 2517, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00163a007 . [all data]

Graul and Squires, 1988 Graul, S.T.; Squires, R.R., On the Existence of Alkyl Carbanions in the Gas Phase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2, 607, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00210a054 . [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984 Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Hydrogen bonding in gas phase anions. An experimental investigation of the interaction between chloride ion and bronsted acids from ICR chloride exchange equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 517. [all data]

Larson and McMahon, 1984, 2 Larson, J.W.; McMahon, T.B., Gas phase negative ion chemistry of alkylchloroformates, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 675. [all data]

Meot-ner, 1988 Meot-ner, M., Ionic Hydrogen Bond and Ion Solvation. 6. Interaction Energies of the Acetate Ion with Organic Molecules. Comparison of CH3COO- with Cl-, CN-, and SH-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 12, 3854, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a022 . [all data]

Wiberg, Crocker, et al., 1991 Wiberg, K.B.; Crocker, L.S.; Morgan, K.M., Thermochemical studies of carbonyl compounds. 5. Enthalpies of reduction of carbonyl groups, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991, 113, 3447-3450. [all data]

Dolliver, Gresham, et al., 1938 Dolliver, M.A.; Gresham, T.L.; Kistiakowsky, G.B.; Smith, E.A.; Vaughan, W.E., Heats of organic reactions. VI. Heats of hydrogenation of some oxygen-containing compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1938, 60, 440-450. [all data]

Cox and Pilcher, 1970 Cox, J.D.; Pilcher, G., Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Academic Press, New York, 1970, 1-636. [all data]

Ramond, Davico, et al., 2000 Ramond, T.M.; Davico, G.E.; Schwartz, R.L.; Lineberger, W.C., Vibronic structure of alkoxy radicals via photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys., 2000, 112, 3, 1158-1169, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.480767 . [all data]

Reents and Freiser, 1981 Reents, W.D.; Freiser, B.S., Gas-Phase Binding Energies and Spectroscopic Properties of NO+ Charge-Transfer Complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 2791. [all data]

Farid and McMahon, 1978 Farid, R.; McMahon, T.B., Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions of Alkyl Nitrites by Ion Cyclotron Resonance Spectroscopy, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1978, 27, 2, 163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(78)80037-0 . [all data]

Staley and Beauchamp, 1975 Staley, R.H.; Beauchamp, J.L., Intrinsic Acid - Base Properties of Molecules. Binding Energies of Li+ to pi - and n - Donor Bases, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 20, 5920, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00853a050 . [all data]

Berman and Beauchamp, 1986 Berman, D.W.; Beauchamp, J.L., Quoted in Keesee and Castleman, 1986, 1986. [all data]

Dzidic and Kebarle, 1970 Dzidic, I.; Kebarle, P., Hydration of the Alkali Ions in the Gas Phase. Enthalpies and Entropies of Reactions M+(H2O)n-1 + H2O = M+(H2O)n, J. Phys. Chem., 1970, 74, 7, 1466, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100702a013 . [all data]

Krasnov, Ozherel'eva, et al., 1983 Krasnov, V.L.; Ozherel'eva, N.K.; Trub, E.P.; Tsvetkov, V.G.; Bodrikov, I.V., Trimerization of aldehydes under the action of sulfur dioxide, J. Gen. Chem. USSR, 1983, 53, 2135-2138. [all data]

Busfield, Lee, et al., 1973 Busfield, W.K.; Lee, R.M.; Merifold, D., Gas phase equilibrium between acetaldehyde and paraldehyde, thermodynamic values for the trimerisation of acetaldehyde and the polymerisability of paraldehyde, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 1973, 69, 936-940. [all data]

Operti, Tews, et al., 1988 Operti, L.; Tews, E.C.; Freiser, B.S., Determination of Gas-Phase Ligand Binding Energies to Mg+ by FTMS Techniques, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 12, 3847, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a020 . [all data]

Wiberg, 1980 Wiberg, K.B., Energies of organic compounds, Rept. DOE-E(11-1)4060 Prepared for US Dept. of Energy by Yale Univ., New Haven, CT. Avail. NTIS, 1980, 1-24. [all data]

Birley and Skinner, 1970 Birley, G.I.; Skinner, H.A., Enthalpies of hydrolysis of dimethoxymethane and 1,1-dimethoxyethane, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1970, 66, 791-793. [all data]

Wiberg, Morgan, et al., 1994 Wiberg, K.B.; Morgan, K.M.; Maltz, H., Thermochemistry of carbonyl reactions. 6. A study of hydration equilibria, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 11067-11077. [all data]

Walsh and Benson, 1966 Walsh, R.; Benson, S.W., The heats of formation of acetyl iodide and the acetyl radical, J. Phys. Chem., 1966, 70, 3751-3753. [all data]

Landrieu, 1905 Landrieu, M.Ph., Thermochimie. - Thermochimie des hydrazones, Compt. Rend., 1905, 141, 358-361. [all data]

Armentrout and Rodgers, 2000 Armentrout, P.B.; Rodgers, M.T., An Absolute Sodium Cation Affinity Scale: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments and ab Initio Theory, J. Phys. Chem A, 2000, 104, 11, 2238, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp991716n . [all data]

Ho, Yang, et al., 1997 Ho, Y.-P.; Yang, Y.-C.; Klippenstein, S.J.; Dunbar, R.C., Binding Energies of Ag+ and Cd+ Complexes from Analysis of Radiative Association Kinetics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 18, 3338, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9637284 . [all data]

Notes

Go To: Top, Reaction thermochemistry data, References

• Symbols used in this document:

  ΔrG°	Free energy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrH°	Enthalpy of reaction at standard conditions
  ΔrS°	Entropy of reaction at standard conditions

• Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: NIST Chemistry WebBook
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database.
• Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products.