Acetophenone - Wikipedia

Acetophenone

Names
Preferred IUPAC name 1-Phenylethanone[1]
Other names AcetophenonePhenylethanoneMethyl phenyl ketone
Identifiers
CAS Number	98-86-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image Interactive image
Abbreviations	ACP
ChEBI	CHEBI:27632 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL274467 Y
ChemSpider	7132 Y
DrugBank	DB04619 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.002.462
EC Number	202-708-7
KEGG	C07113 Y
PubChem CID	7410
RTECS number	AM5250000
UNII	RK493WHV10 Y
UN number	1993
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6021828
InChI InChI=1S/C8H8O/c1-7(9)8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3 YKey: KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C8H8O/c1-7(9)8-5-3-2-4-6-8/h2-6H,1H3Key: KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES O=C(c1ccccc1)C CC(=O)c1ccccc1
Properties
Chemical formula	C8H8O
Molar mass	120.151 g·mol−1
Density	1.028 g/cm3
Melting point	19–20 °C (66–68 °F; 292–293 K)
Boiling point	202 °C (396 °F; 475 K)
Solubility in water	5.5 g/L at 25 °C12.2 g/L at 80 °C
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−72.05·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H302, H319
Precautionary statements	P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 2 0
Flash point	77 °C (171 °F; 350 K)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Acetophenone is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)CH3. It is the simplest aromatic ketone. This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances.[2]

Production

[edit]

Acetophenone is formed as a byproduct of the cumene process, the industrial route for the synthesis of phenol and acetone. In the Hock rearrangement of isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, migration of a methyl group rather than the phenyl group gives acetophenone and methanol as a result of an alternate rearrangement of the intermediate:

C6H5C(CH3)2O2H → C6H5C(O)CH3 + CH3OH

The cumene process is conducted on such a large scale that even the small amount of acetophenone by-product can be recovered in commercially useful quantities.[2]

Acetophenone is also generated from ethylbenzene hydroperoxide. Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is primarily converted to 1-phenylethanol (α-methylbenzyl alcohol) in the process with a small amount of by-product acetophenone. Acetophenone is recovered or hydrogenated to 1-phenylethanol which is then dehydrated to produce styrene.[2]

Uses

[edit]

Precursor to resins

[edit]

Commercially significant resins are produced from treatment of acetophenone with formaldehyde and a base. The resulting copolymers are conventionally described with the formula [(C6H5COCH)x(CH2)x]n, resulting from aldol condensation. These substances are components of coatings and inks. Modified acetophenone-formaldehyde resins are produced by the hydrogenation of the aforementioned ketone-containing resins. The resulting polyol can be further crosslinked with diisocyanates.[2] The modified resins are found in coatings, inks and adhesives.

Niche uses

[edit]

Acetophenone is an ingredient in fragrances that resemble almond, cherry, honeysuckle, jasmine, and strawberry. It is used in chewing gum.[3] It is also listed as an approved excipient by the U.S. FDA.[4] More common as a fragrance is the closely related 4-methylacetophenone.[5]

Laboratory reagent

[edit]

In instructional laboratories,[6] acetophenone is converted to styrene in a two-step process that illustrates the reduction of carbonyls using sodium borohydride and the dehydration of alcohols:

4 C6H5C(O)CH3 + NaBH4 + 4 H2O → 4 C6H5CH(OH)CH3 + NaOH + B(OH)3 C6H5CH(OH)CH3 → C6H5CH=CH2 + H2O

A similar two-step process is used industrially, but reduction step is performed by hydrogenation over a copper chromite catalyst:[2]

C6H5C(O)CH3 + H2 → C6H5CH(OH)CH3

Being prochiral, acetophenone is also a popular test substrate for asymmetric hydrogenation experiments.

Drugs

[edit]

Acetophenone is used for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals.[7][8]

Natural occurrence

[edit]

Acetophenone occurs naturally in many foods including apple, cheese,[9] apricot, banana,[10] beef, and cauliflower.

Pharmacology

[edit]

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, acetophenone was used in medicine.[11] It was marketed as a hypnotic and anticonvulsant under brand name Hypnone. The typical dosage was 0.12 to 0.3 milliliters.[12] It was considered to have superior sedative effects to both paraldehyde and chloral hydrate.[13] In humans, acetophenone is metabolized to benzoic acid, carbonic acid, and acetone.[14] Hippuric acid occurs as an indirect metabolite and its quantity in urine may be used to confirm acetophenone exposure,[15] although other substances, like toluene, also induce hippuric acid in urine.[16]

Toxicity

[edit]

The LD50 is 815 mg/kg (oral, rats).[2] Acetophenone is currently listed as a Group D carcinogen indicating that there is no evidence at present that it causes cancer in humans.

References

[edit]

1. ^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 723. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-00648. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. The names acetophenone and benzophenone are retained only for general nomenclature, but no substitution is allowed.
2. ^ a b c d e f Siegel, Hardo; Eggersdorfer, Manfred. "Ketones". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_077. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
3. ^ Burdock, George A. (2005), Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients (5th ed.), CRC Press, p. 15, ISBN 0-8493-3034-3, archived from the original on 2014-09-25
4. ^ "Inactive Ingredient Search for Approved Drug Products". Archived from the original on 2013-05-04.
5. ^ Panten, Johannes; Surburg, Horst (2016). "Flavors and Fragrances, 3. Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–45. doi:10.1002/14356007.t11_t02. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
6. ^ Wilen, Samuel H.; Kremer, Chester B.; Waltcher, Irving (1961). "Polystyrene—A multistep synthesis: For the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory". J. Chem. Educ. 38 (6): 304–305. Bibcode:1961JChEd..38..304W. doi:10.1021/ed038p304.
7. ^ Sittig, Marshall (1988). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia. pp. 39, 177. ISBN 978-0-8155-1144-1.
8. ^ Gadamasetti, Kumar; Tamim Braish (2007). Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-0-8493-9051-7.
9. ^ Engels, W.J.M.; Dekker, R.; De Jong, C.; Neeter, R.; Visser, S. (1997). "A comparative study of volatile compounds in the water-soluble fraction of various types of ripened cheese". International Dairy Journal. 7 (4): 255–263. Bibcode:1997IntDJ...7..255E. doi:10.1016/S0958-6946(97)00003-4.
10. ^ Pino, Jorge A.; Febles, Yanet (2013). "Odour-active compounds in banana fruit cv. Giant Cavendish". Food Chemistry. 141 (2): 795–801. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.064. PMID 23790849.
11. ^ Budavari, Susan, ed. (1996). The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals (12th ed.). Merck. ISBN 0911910123.
12. ^ Bartholow, Roberts (1908). A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics. Appleton & Co.
13. ^ Norman, Conolly (1887). "Cases illustrating the sedative effects of aceto-phenone". Journal of Mental Science. 32: 519. doi:10.1192/bjp.32.140.519.
14. ^ "Hypnone – The new hypnotic". Journal of the American Medical Association. 5 (23): 632. 1885. doi:10.1001/jama.1885.02391220016006.
15. ^ CID 7410 from PubChem
16. ^ "The Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases (NCvB): toluene (Dutch)" (PDF). beroepsziekten.nl. Retrieved 19 April 2018.

v t e GABAA receptor positive modulators
Alcohols	Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol (cloretone) Ethanol (alcohol) (alcoholic drink) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol (2M2P) tert-Pentanol (2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol
Barbiturates	(-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital
Benzodiazepines	2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Bromazolam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP-1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Dimdazenil Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam
Carbamates	Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Hydroxyphenamate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate
Flavonoids	6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcap constituents (e.g., baicalin) Wogonin
Imidazoles	Etomidate Metomidate Methoxyetomidate Propoxate Isopropoxate Butomidate Iso-butomidate Sec-butomidate CF2-Etomidate CF3-Etomidate CF3-Propoxate Flutomidate 2,6-Dichloro-3-fluoroetomidate
Kava constituents	10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin
Monoureides	Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea
Neuroactive steroids	Acebrochol Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic-androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG-20599 ORG-21465 P1-185 Posovolone Pregnanolone (eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC Zuranolone
Nonbenzodiazepines	Cyclopyrrolones: Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines: Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines: Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others: Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 Imepitoin JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) Miltirone (rosmariquinone) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684
Phenols	Cipepofol Fospropofol Propofol Propofol hemisuccinate Thymol
Piperidinediones	Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione
Pyrazolopyridines	Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate
Quinazolinones	Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164
Volatiles/gases	Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether
Others/unsorted	3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins (e.g., ivermectin) Bromide compounds (e.g., lithium bromide, potassium bromide, sodium bromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Darigabat DEABL Deuterated etifoxine Dihydroergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergosine, dihydroergotamine, ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates (e.g., flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid KRM-II-81 Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans (e.g., 4-O-methylhonokiol, honokiol, magnolol, obovatol) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) Monastrol Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine (ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes (e.g., sulfonmethane (sulfonal), tetronal, trional) Terpenoids (e.g., borneol) Topiramate Valerian constituents (e.g., isovaleric acid, isovaleramide, valerenic acid, valerenol) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: α-Pinene MRK-409 (MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • GABA receptor modulators • GABA metabolism/transport modulators

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