Ammonium Perchlorate - Wikipedia

Ammonium perchlorate

Names
IUPAC name Ammonium perchlorate
Other names AP
Identifiers
CAS Number	7790-98-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	23041 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.305
EC Number	232-235-1
PubChem CID	24639
RTECS number	SC7520000
UNII	Z3DQ8VD57X
UN number	1442
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4024515
InChI InChI=1S/ClHO4.H3N/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);1H3 YKey: HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/ClHO4.H3N/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);1H3Key: HHEFNVCDPLQQTP-UHFFFAOYAD
SMILES [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.[NH4+]
Properties
Chemical formula	NH4ClO4
Molar mass	117.49 g/mol
Appearance	White crystalline[1]
Density	1.95 g/cm3
Melting point	Exothermic decomposition before melting at >200 °C[2]
Solubility in water	11.56 g/100 mL (0 °C) 20.85 g/100 mL (20 °C) 57.01 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	Soluble in methanol Partially soluble in acetone, ethanol Insoluble in diethyl ether[3]
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic (<240 °C)Cubic (>240 °C)
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy offormation (ΔfH⦵298)	−295.77 kJ/mol[4]
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H201, H271, H319, H373
Precautionary statements	P210, P220, P221, P230, P240, P250, P260, P264, P280, P283, P305+P351+P338, P306+P360, P314, P337+P313, P370+P378, P370+P380, P371+P380+P375, P372, P373, P401, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1
Safety data sheet (SDS)	Sigma-Aldrich SDS
Related compounds
Other anions	Ammonium chlorateAmmonium chloride
Other cations	Potassium perchlorateSodium perchlorateLithium perchlorate
Related compounds	Perchloric acidAmmonium perbromate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Chemical compound

Ammonium perchlorate ("AP") is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4ClO4. It is a colorless or white solid that is soluble in water. It is a powerful oxidizer and a major component of ammonium perchlorate composite propellant. Its instability has involved it in accidents such as the PEPCON disaster, and has been suspected as the cause of the Port of Shahid Rajaee explosion.

Production

[edit]

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is produced by reaction between ammonia and perchloric acid. This process is the main outlet for the industrial production of perchloric acid. The salt also can be produced by salt metathesis reaction of ammonium salts with sodium perchlorate. This process exploits the relatively low solubility of NH4ClO4, which is about 10% of that for sodium perchlorate.[5]

AP crystallises as colorless rhombohedra.

Decomposition

[edit]

Like most ammonium salts, ammonium perchlorate decomposes before melting:[citation needed]

4 NH4ClO4 → 4 HCl + 2 N2 + 5 O2 + 6 H2O

The combustion of AP is quite complex and is widely studied. AP crystals decompose before melting, even though a thin liquid layer has been observed on crystal surfaces during high-pressure combustion processes.[6] Strong heating may lead to explosions. Complete reactions leave no residue. Pure crystals cannot sustain a flame below the pressure of 2 megapascals (290 psi).[citation needed]

AP is a Class 4 oxidizer (can undergo an explosive reaction) for particle sizes over 15 micrometres and is classified as an explosive for particle sizes less than 15 micrometres.[citation needed]

Applications

[edit]

The primary use of ammonium perchlorate is in making solid rocket propellants.[citation needed] When AP is mixed with a fuel (like a powdered aluminium and/or with an elastomeric binder), it can generate self-sustained combustion at pressures far below atmospheric pressure. It is an important oxidizer with a decades-long history of use in composite rocket propellants (including the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster), military, amateur, and hobbyist high-power rockets, as well as in some fireworks.[citation needed]

Toxicity

[edit]

Perchlorate itself confers little acute toxicity. For example, sodium perchlorate has an LD50 of 2–4g/kg and is eliminated rapidly after ingestion.[5] However, chronic exposure to perchlorates, even in low concentrations, has been shown to cause various thyroid problems, as it is taken up in place of iodine.[citation needed]

References

[edit]

1. ^ MSDS. sigmaaldrich.com.
2. ^ Liu, L.; Li, F.; Tan, L.; Ming, L.; Yi, Y. (2004), "Effects of Nanometer Ni, Cu, Al and NiCu Powders on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate", Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 29: 34–38, doi:10.1002/prep.200400026
3. ^ John Rumble (18 June 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–41. ISBN 978-1138561632.
4. ^ Chase, M. W. (11 February 1998). "NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition". pp. 1–1951.
5. ^ a b Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483
6. ^ Boggs, T. L. (1970). "Deflagration Rate, Surface Structure and Subsurface Profile of Self-Deflagrating Single Crystals of Ammonium Perchlorate". AIAA Journal. 8 (5): 867–873. Bibcode:1970AIAAJ...8..867B. doi:10.2514/3.5780.

Further reading

[edit]

• Schmidt, Eckart W. (2022). "Perchlorate Oxidizers". Encyclopedia of Oxidizers. De Gruyter. pp. 3383–3880. doi:10.1515/9783110750294-028. ISBN 978-3-11-075029-4.

v t e Ammonium salts
Inorganic salts	monatomic anions NH4F (NH4)2S NH4Cl (NH4)2Se NH4Br NH4I oxyanions NH4NO2 NH4NO3 CaNH4PO4 (NH4)2CO3 (NH4)4UO2(CO3)3 (NH4)HCO3 NH4H2AsO4 NH4BrO3 NH4ClO NH4OCN NH4B5O8 (NH4)3PO4 NH4PH2O2 (NH4)2HPO4 (NH4)H2PO4 NH4IO4 (NH4PO4)n(OH)2 NH4NaHPO4 (NH4)2SO3 (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O NH4SO3NH2 (NH4)HSO4 (NH4)2S2O8 (NH4)2S2O3 NH4ClO3 NH4ClO4 (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 NH4VO3 Nd(NH4)2(NO3)5 (NH4)2CrO4 (NH4)2Cr2O7 NH4MnO4 (NH4)3AsO4 NH4BrO4 (NH4)2MoO4 (NH4)6Mo7O24 (NH4)3Mo12PO40 NH4IO3 (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 (NH4)8Ce2(SO4)8·4H2O (NH4)10H2W12O42·4H2O NH4ReO4 (NH4)2SeO4 (NH4)2TeO4 other anions NH4BF4 NH4N3 NH4CN NH4[Au(CN)2] (NH4)HF2 (NH4)2SeBr6 (NH4)3AlF6 NH4SbF6 NH4AsF6 (NH4)3CrF6 (NH4)3FeF6 (NH4)3GaF6 (NH4)2GeF6 (NH4)3InF6 NH4NbF6 (NH4)2PtF6 (NH4)2ReF6 (NH4)2SnF6 NH4TaF6 (NH4)2UF6 (NH4)3VF6 (NH4)SiF6 (NH4)HS NH4SCN (NH4)2ZnCl4 (NH4)2MoS4 NH4I3 (NH4)2PtBr6 (NH4)2SnBr6 (NH4)2TeCl6 (NH4)2IrCl6 (NH4)2OsCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 (NH4)2ReCl6 (NH4)2PdCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 (NH4)3RhCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 (NH4)4[Fe(CN)6] (NH4)3VS4 (NH4)2S5 (NH4)4[HgBr6] (NH4)2[PtI6] NH4AuCl4 (NH4)2PdCl4 (NH4)3AsS4 (NH4)2WS4 (NH4)2[PtCl4]
Organic salts	Aluminon Ammonium acetate Ammonium adipate Ammonium alginate Ammonium benzoate Ammonium bituminosulfonate Ammonium butyrate Ammonium carbamate Ammonium caprylate Ammonium cinnamate Ammonium citrate Ammonium diethyl dithiophosphate Ammonium ferric citrate Ammonium formate Ammonium fumarate Ammonium glutamate Ammonium heptadecanoate Ammonium itaconate Ammonium lactate Ammonium lauryl sulfate Ammonium laurate Ammonium malate Ammonium malonate Ammonium mandelate Ammonium myristate Ammonium nicotinate Ammonium nonanoate Ammonium oleate Ammonium oxalate Ammonium picrate Ammonium palmitate Ammonium perfluorononanoate Ammonium picolinate Ammonium propionate Ammonium salicylate Ammonium stearate Ammonium succinate Ammonium tartrate Ammonium thioglycolate Ammonium valerate Cupferron Ferric ammonium oxalate Murexide

v t e Salts and covalent derivatives of the perchlorate ion

HClO4 He LiClO4 Be(ClO4)2 B(ClO4)−4B(ClO4)3 ROClO3 N(ClO4)3NH4ClO4NOClO4NO2ClO4 H3OClO4 FClO4 Ne NaClO4 Mg(ClO4)2 Al(ClO4)3Al(ClO4)−4Al(ClO4)2−5Al(ClO4)3−6 Si P S ClO−4ClOClO3Cl2O7 Ar KClO4 Ca(ClO4)2 Sc(ClO4)3 Ti(ClO4)4 VO(ClO4)3VO2(ClO4) Cr(ClO4)3 Mn(ClO4)2 Fe(ClO4)2Fe(ClO4)3 Co(ClO4)2Co(ClO4)3 Ni(ClO4)2 Cu(ClO4)2 Zn(ClO4)2 Ga(ClO4)3 Ge As Se BrOClO3 Kr RbClO4 Sr(ClO4)2 Y(ClO4)3 Zr(ClO4)4 Nb(ClO4)5 MoO2(ClO4)2 Tc Ru Rh(ClO4)3 Pd(ClO4)2 AgClO4 Cd(ClO4)2 In(ClO4)3 Sn(ClO4)4 Sb(ClO4)3 TeO(ClO4)2 I(OClO3)3 Xe(OClO3)2 CsClO4 Ba(ClO4)2 * Lu(ClO4)3 Hf(ClO4)4 Ta(ClO4)5TaO(ClO4)3TaO2ClO4 WO(ClO4)4 ReO3ClO4 Os Ir Pt Au(ClO4)−4 Hg2(ClO4)2 Hg(ClO4)2 Tl(ClO4)Tl(ClO4)3 Pb(ClO4)2 Bi(ClO4)3 Po At Rn FrClO4 Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og   * La(ClO4)3 Ce(ClO4)x Pr(ClO4)3 Nd(ClO4)3 Pm Sm(ClO4)3 Eu(ClO4)3 Gd(ClO4)3 Tb(ClO4)3 Dy(ClO4)3 Ho(ClO4)3 Er(ClO4)3 Tm(ClO4)3 Yb(ClO4)3 ** Ac Th(ClO4)4 Pa UO2(ClO4)2 NpO2ClO4NpO2(ClO4)2 PuO2(ClO4)2 Am(ClO4)3 Cm(ClO4)3 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No