Bài Tập Viết Lại Câu Thi Vào 10 (Có đáp án)

Viết lại câu tiếng Anh thi vào lớp 10 gồm 22 trang có đáp án giải chi tiết kèm theo với nhiều dạng bài tập tự luyện khác nhau ở nhiều mức độ. Bài tập viết lại câu ôn thi vào 10 là một trong những kiến thức trọng tâm giúp các em vững vàng hơn trong việc tiếp nhận các kiến thức ở chương trình học tiếng Anh THPT.

Bài tập viết lại câu trong tiếng Anh giúp các em nắm vững kiến thức đã học trên lớp cũng như ôn luyện thêm các bài tập nâng cao, hỗ trợ quá trình tự học tiếng Anh hiệu quả. Tài liệu được sắp xếp khoa học với nhiều mức độ khác nhau giúp học sinh đánh giá chính xác năng lực của mình. Ngoài ra các bạn xem thêm: bài tập từ đồng nghĩa, trái nghĩa tiếng Anh lớp 9, Bài tập Phrasal Verbs với Look lớp 9.

Bài tập viết lại câu lớp 9 thi vào 10

• Cấu trúc viết lại câu trong tiếng Anh
• Bài tập viết lại câu tiếng Anh

I. Cấu trúc viết lại câu trong tiếng Anh

1. It takes (took: V2) sb khoảng thời gian to do sth = sb spend khoảng thời gian doing sth

VD: It took her 3 hours to get to the city centre.

= She spent 3 hours getting to the city centre.

2. Like = to be interested in = enjoy = keenon + N/ V-ing

VD: She likes politics

= She is interested in politics

3. Because + clause = because of +N/ V-ing

VD: He can’t move because his leg was broken.

= He can’t move because of his broken leg.

4. Although + clause = despite + N/V-ing = in spite of +N/V-ing

VD: Although she is old, she can compute very fast

= Despite / In spite of her old age, she can compute very fast

= Despite / In spite of being young, she can compute very fast

5. Cấu trúc: …. too + adj (for sb) to do sth: quá để làm gì

VD: She is so beautiful that everybody loves

= It is such a beautiful girl that everybody loves her.

6. Adj/ Adv + enough (for sb) to do sth: đủ để làm gì

VD: This car is safe enough for him to drive.

The policeman ran quickly enough to catch the robber.

7. Cấu trúc: prefer sb to do sth = would rather sb Vpast sth: thích, muốn ai làm gì

VD: I’prefer you (not) to smoke here

= I’d rather you (not) smoked here

8. Prefer doing sth to doing sth: thích làm gì hơn làm gì

9. Would rather do sth than do sth

VD: She prefers staying at home to going out

= She’d rather stay at home than go out

10. Can = tobe able to = tobepossible

11. Harly + had +S + Vpp when S + Vpast: ngay sau khi...thì…

No sooner + had +S + Vpp than S + Vpast

VD: As soon as I left the house, he appeared

= Harly had I left the house when he appeared

= No sooner had I left the house than he appeared

12, Not………..any more : không còn nữa No longer + dạng đảo ngữ S no moreV

VD: I don’t live in the courtryside anymore

= No longer do I live in the coutryside

= I no more live in the coutryside

13. At no time + dạng đảo ngữ: không khi nào, chẳng khi nào VD: I don’t think she lovesme

= At no time do I think she loves me

14. Tobe not worth = there is no point in doing sth: không đáng làm gì

15. Tobe not worth doing sth = there is no point in doing sth: không đáng, vô ích làm gì

VD: It’s not worth making him get up early

There is no point in making him getting early

16. It seems that = it appears that = it is likely that =it look as if/ as though: dường như rằng

VD: It seems that he will come late

= It appears that / it is likely he will come late

= He is likely to come late.

= It look as if he will come late

17. S + V + N = S + be +adj

18. S + be + adj = S + V +O

19. S + be accustomed to + Ving = S + be used to +Ving/N

20. S + often + V2/ed= S + be used to +Ving /N

VD: Nana often cried when she meets with difficulties.

= Nana is used to crying when she meets with difficulties

21. This is the first time + S + have + V3/ed= S+be + not used to + Ving/N

VD: This is the first time I have seen so many people crying at the end of the movie.

= I was not used to seeing so many people crying at the end of the movie.

22. S+ would prefer = S + would rather S + Past subjunctive (lối cầu khẩn)

23. S + like sth/doing sth better than sth/doing sth = S + would rather + V + than + V = S + prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing..

24. S + V + O = S + find + it (unreal objective) + adj + to +V

.....................

II. Bài tập viết lại câu có đáp án

Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences that keep the same meaning.

1. You should take the train instead of the bus.

-> If................................................ .................................................. ..................

2. I'm sure that someone forgot to lock the door.

--> Someone must.............................................. .................................................

3. They bought this house ten years ago.

--> They have.............................................. .................................................. .....

4. The course finished with a big party.

--> At the end............................................... .................................................. ....

5. We invited a pop star onto the chat show, but he didn't turn up.

--> The pop star.............................................. .................................................. ..

6. Although she said that she would come, I don't think she ever will.

—> Despite........................................... .................................................. ...........

7. The plane had hardly left the airport when the accident happened.

--> No sooner............................................ .................................................. .......

8. You feel tired now because you didn't sleep very well last night.

-> Had............................................... .................................................. ..............

9. When did you start the project?

—> How long.............................................. .................................................. ....

10. Their wedding will be held in a lovely church.

--> The church............................................ .................................................. ......

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences that keep the same meaning.

1. My father used to play football when he was young.

My father doesn't........................................... .................................................. .. ,

2. Jane gave me a present on my last birthday.

I was............................................... .................................................. .................

3. "Let's go swimming".

She suggests.......................................... .................................................. .......

4. "Would you like a cup of coffee?"

He................................................ .................................................. ................

5. We got lost in the jungle because we didn't have a map.

If we had............................................... .................................................. .......

6.I last saw Bob when I was in Ho Chi Minh City.

I haven't seen.............................................. .................................................. ..

7. It is a three-hour drive from Hanoi to Namdinh.

It takes............................................. .................................................. ............

8. It's a pity you didn't tell us about this.

I wish.............................................. .................................................. .............

9. They think the owner of the house is abroad.

The owner............................................. .................................................. ......

10. The children couldn't go swimming because the sea was very rough.

The sea was too............................................... ..................................................

Exercise 3: Rewrite each of the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same

1. When did you first know him?

How............................................... .................................................. ............................

2. Their trip lasted three day.

They had............................................... .................................................. ......................

3. It may rain hard this afternoon, so take the rain coat with you.In case.............................................. .................................................. ..........................

4. She had to do the washing up but she didn't.

She forgot............................................ .................................................. .......................

5. English id easy to learn.

It................................................ .................................................. ................................

6. Don't leave the lights on all night, you will waste electricity.

If................................................ .................................................. ................................

7. The furniture was too old to keep.

It was............................................... .................................................. ..........................

8. Gary is the best guitarist in her class.

No one else.............................................. .................................................. .................

9. Since the invention of computer, people have saved a lot of time.

Since the computer was............................................... .................................................. .

10. It's necessary for everybody to clean up their neighborhood once a week.

Everybody......................................... .................................................. .........................

Exercise 4: Rewrite each of the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same

1. It is necessary to finish the work today.

—> You need.......................................................................................................................

2. Sally finally managed to get the job.

--> Sally finally succeeded....................................................................................................

3. This is the last time I go to this restaurant.

--> I certainly..........................................................................................................................

4" I advise you to take a holiday," the doctor continued.

-> You'd......................................... .......................................................................................

5. " If you don't rest yourself you really will be ill”

— > Unless.................................. .................................................. .......................................

6. The doctor told him that he work too hard.

-> You.......................................... .................................................. ...................................

7. Those pictures are beautiful.

—> How................................... .................................................. .........................................

8. It was an interesting film.

-> What................................................................................... ............................................

9. What is the weight of your suitcase?

--> How......................................................................................... .........................................

10. How tall is Peter's father?

-> What................................................................................... .........................................

Exercise 5: Finish the second sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the first one:

1. He can't afford to buy the car.

The car............................................... .................................................. .........................

2. Shirley didn't begin to read until she was eight.

It wasn't............................................ .................................................. .........................

3. Mrs. Taylor regretted buying the second -hand washing-machine.

Mrs. Taylor wished............................................ .................................................. .........

4. Nobody can deny that she has a beautiful voice.

It................................................ .................................................. ...............................

5. Jane is the tallest girl in her class .

Nobody............................................ .................................................. .........................

6. They couldn't find the manager anywhere .

The manager was............................................... .................................................. .........

7. Their teacher is making them study hard.

They.............................................. .................................................. ............................

8. As I get older, I want to travel less.

The older............................................. .................................................. ....................

9.1 have never been to Liverpool in my life .

Never............................................. .................................................. ........................

10. My father speaks very little French.

My father speaks hardly............................................ ................................................. .

Exercise 6: Finish the second sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the first one:

1. He is carrying out a research on how people spend their money for clothes.

A research ......................................... .................................................. ....................

2. Although I had all the necessary qualifications, they didn’t offer me the job.

Despite ......................................... .................................................. ....................

3. “Please do not litter as you are walking along the coast”, the guard said to us.

The guard told ......................................... .................................................. ....................

4. I haven’t bought any clothes since my trip to Hanoi.

The last time ......................................... .................................................. ....................

5. They think that a garden would be a perfect setting for the house.

It ......................................... .................................................. ....................

6. Jack’s parents made him study a lot for the entrance exam to high school.

Jack was ......................................... .................................................. ....................

7. You can’t register for a course abroad if you don’t have a passport.

Unless ......................................... .................................................. ....................

8. “Why don’t we visit the Royal Citadel first?” Quang said.

Quang suggested that ......................................... ..................................................................

9. People expect that he will join the company soon.

He ......................................... .................................................. ....................

10. Shall we use Perfume Pagoda as a theme of the presentation?

She suggests ......................................... .................................................. ....................

ĐÁP ÁN

Exercise 1

1. If I were you, I'd take the train instead of the bus.

2. Someone must have forgotten to lock the door.

3. They have had/ owned this house for ten years.

4. At the end of the course, there was a big party.

5. The pop star that/ who/ whom we invited onto the chatshow didn't turn up.

6. Despite her saying that she would come, I don't think she ever will.

7. No sooner had the plane left the airport than the accident happened.

8. Had you slept well last night, you wouldn't feel tired now.

9.How long is it since you started the project ?

10. The church where their wedding will be held is lovely.

Exercise 2

1. My father doesn't play football anymore.

2. I was given a present on my last birthday.

3. She suggests going swimming.

4. He invited me a cup of tea.

5. If we had had a map, I wouldn't got lost in the jungle

6. I haven't seen Bob since I was in Ho Chi Minh City.

7. It takes three hours to drive from Hanoi to Namdinh.

8. I wish you had told us about it.

9. The owner of the house is thought to be abroad.

10. The sea was too rough for the children to go swimming.

Exercise 3

1. How long have you known him.

2. They had a three-day trip.

3. In case it rain hard this afternoon, take the rain coat with you.

4. She forgot doing the washing up.

5. It is easy to learn English.

6. If you leave the lights on all night, you will waste electricity.

7. It was such old furniture that we couldn't keep it.

8. No one else in Gary's class plays the guitar as well as her.

9. Since the computer was invented, people have saved a lot of time.

10. Everybody needs to clean up their neighborhood once a week.

Exercise 4

1. You need to finish the work today.

2. Sally finally succeeded in getting the job.

3. I certainly will never go to this restaurant.

4. "You'd better take a holiday " the doctor said to him.

5. Unless you rest yourself you really will be ill.

6. "You work too hard" the doctor sai to him.

7. How beautiful those pictures are.

8. What an interesting film (it was)!

9. How heavy is your suitcase?

10. What is Peter's father's height?

Exercise 5

1. The car is too expensive for him to buy.

2. It wasn't until Shirley was eight years that she began to read.

3. Mrs Taylor wished she hadn't bought the second - hand washing - machine.

4. It can't be denied that she has the beautiful voice.

5. Nobody in Jane's class is as tall as her.

6. The manager was no where to be found.

7. They are being made to study hard.

8. The older I get, the less I want to travel.

9. Never have I been to Liverpool in my life.

Exercise 6:

1. A research on how people spend their money for clothes is being carried out.

2. Despite having all the necessary qualifications, they didn’t offer me the job.

3. The guard told us not to litter as we were walking along the coast.

4. The last time I bought clothes was in my trip to Hanoi.

5. It is thought that a garden would be a perfect setting for the house.

6. Jack was made to study a lot for the entrance exam to high school by his parents.

7. Unless you have a passport, you can’t register for a course abroad.

8. Quang suggested that we (should) visit the Royal Citadel first.

9. He is expected to join the company soon.

10. She suggests using Perfume Pagoda as a theme of the presentation.

III. Bài tập tự luyện viết lại câu tiếng Anh

Exercise 1. USE THE GIVEN SUGGESTIONS TO COMPLETE SENTENCES.

1. If/ I/ have/ lot/ money/ I/ buy/ car and/ travel/ around/ world.

2. I/ not/ see/ Mai/ since/ we/ leave/ school.

3. My brother/ give/ up/ smoke/ last year.

4. He/ can't/ go/ work/ bicycle/ because/ live/ far/ office.

5. These exercises/ too difficult/ students/ do/ without/ mistakes.

6. It/ be/ such/ cold day/ we decide/ not/ go/ out.

7. Jack/ be/ interested/ learn/ Vietnamese/ much.

8. It/ take/ Lan/ 2 hours/ fly/ Hanoi/ Ho Chi Minh City/ yesterday morning.

9. Mr. Donal/ used/ go/ work/ bus.

1. I/ going/ visit/ home village/ parents/ this summer holiday.

2. Nowadays/ Internet/ increasingly/ develop/ and/ become/ part/ our/ daily life.

3. He/ love/ collect/ stamps/ and have/ hundreds/ stamps/ his collection.

4. Hung/ have/ lot/ homework/ do/ so/ can only play/ games/ short time.

5. You/ better/ not/ eat/ too/ candies/ because/ they/ not good/ your teeth.

6. Lien/ parents/ proud/ her/ because/ she/ always/ get/ good marks.

7. My mother/ just/ reward/ me/ an English book/ good study.

8. She/ prefer/ stay/home/ go shopping.

9. If/ we/ go/ waste/ water/ there/ be/ great shortage/ fresh water/ few decades.

10. The last time/1/ see/Nam/ 10 years ago.

11. Energy-saving bulbs/ should/ use/ save/ electricity.

12. This video film/ be/.so/ interesting/I/ see/ twice.

13. It/ difficult/ learn English/ without/ good dictionary.

14. He/ learn/ English/ two years now.

15. The boy/ who/ playing/ the playground/ be/ my brother.

16. It/ necessary/ students/ wear/ uniforms/ when/ they/ school.

17. We/ help/ her mother/ housework/ next week.

18. I/ now/ tired/ because/ I/ stay/ late/ do/ homework.

19. That/ one/ most/ interesting/ books/I/ read.

20. Know/ how/ use/ computer/ very important/ nowadays.

21. We/ cannot/ sleep/ last night/ because/ noise/ next door.

22. Easter/joyful festival/ which/ celebrate/ many countries/ in/ world.

23. My father/ used/ play soccer/ when/ he/ young.

24. Wear/ uniforms/ encourage/ students/ proud/ school.

25. I/ look forward/ see/ you/ soon.

26. Mother/ used/ getting/ early/ morning.

27. I/ arrive/ Hanoi/ twenty minutes ago.

28. This morning/ I/ eat/ bread/ and/ drink/ milk/ breakfast.

29. It/ often/ me/ fifteen/ minutes/ get/ school/ foot.

30. You/ drink/ coffee/ every day?

31. How far/ it/ your house/ your school?

32. My brother/ can/ guitar/ but/ not play/ violin.

33. Let/ me/ congratulate/ you/ success.

34. Yesterday/I write/ my friend/ who/ live/ Ho Chi Minh City.

35. Although/ he/ take/ taxi/ he/ still/ arrive/ meeting/ late.

36. People/ many countries/ often/ exchange/ greeting/ cards/ Christmas/ New Year’s Day.

............

Exercise 2: Rerwite the following sentences that keep the same meaning.

-> If................................................ .................

2. I'm sure that someone forgot to lock the door.

--> Someone must.............................................

3. They bought this house ten years ago.

--> They have..............................................

4. The course finished with a big party.

--> At the end...............................................

5. We invited a pop star onto the chat show, but he didn't turn up.

--> The pop star..............................................

6. Although she said that she would come, I don't think she ever will.

—> Despite..........................................

7. The plane had hardly left the airport when the accident happened.

--> No sooner.........................................

8. When did you start the project?

—> How long..............................................

9. Their wedding will be held in a lovely church.

--> The church............................................

Exercise 3: Rerwite the following sentences that keep the same meaning.

1. My father used to play football when he was young.

My father doesn't..........................................,

2. Jane gave me a present on my last birthday.

I was............................................... .......

3. "Let's go swimming".

She suggests.......................................... ..........

4. "Would you like a cup of coffee?"

He................................................ ......................

5. We got lost in the jungle because we didn't have a map.

If we had............................................... .....................

6.I last saw Bob when I was in Ho Chi Minh City.

I haven't seen.............................................. .............

7. It is a three-hour drive from Hanoi to Namdinh.

It takes............................................. .........................

8. It's a pity you didn't tell us about this.

I wish.............................................. .........................

9. They think the owner of the house is abroad.

The owner............................................. ..................

10. The children couldn't go swimming because the sea was very rough.

The sea was too............................................... ......

Exercise 4: Rewrite each of the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same

1. When did you first know him?

How............................................... ................................

Their trip lasted three day.

They had............................................... .................................................. ......................

3. She had to do the washing up but she didn't.

She forgot............................................ .....................

4. English id easy to learn.

It................................................ ..................................

5. Don't leave the lights on all night, you will waste electricity.

-» If................................................ ...........................

6. The furniture was too old to keep.

It was............................................... ..........................

7. Gary is the best guitarist in her class.

No one else.............................................. ............

2. 8. Since the invention of computer, people have saved a lot of time.

Since the computer was............................................... .................................................. .

9.It's necessary for everybody to clean up their neighborhood once a week.

Everybody......................................... .................................................. .........................

Exercise 5: Rewrite each of the sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same

1 It is necessary to finish the work today.

—> You need........................................................... ..............................…

2" I advise you to take a holiday," the doctor continued.

-> You'd.......................................................... .......................................... "

3. " If you don't rest yourself you really will be ill

— > Unless............................................ ................. .......................................

4. The doctor told him that he work too hard.

-> You............................................... ........................... ...................................

5. Those pictures are beautiful.

—> How........................................................................ .........................................

6. It was an interesting film.

-> What........................................................ ............................................

7. What is the weight of your suitcase?

--> How.................................................... .........................................

8. How tall is Peter's father?

-> .............. .................................................. .........................................

Exercise 6: Finish the second sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the first one:

1. He can't afford to buy the car.

The car............................................... .................................................. .........................

2. Shirley didn't begin to read until she was eight.

It wasn't............................................ .................................................. .........................

3. Mrs. Taylor regretted buying the second -hand washing-machine.

Mrs. Taylor wished............................................ .................................................. .........

4. Nobody can deny that she has a beautiful voice.

It................................................ .................................................. ...............................

5. Jane is the tallest girl in her class .

Nobody............................................ .................................................. .........................

6. They couldn't find the manager anywhere .

The manager was............................................... .................................................. .........

7. Their teacher is making them study hard.

They.............................................. .................................................. ............................

8. As I get older, I want to travel less.

The older............................................. .................................................. ....................

9.1 have never been to Liverpool in my life .

Never............................................. .................................................. ........................

10. My father speaks very little French.

My father speaks hardly............................................ ................................................. .

Exercise 7: Finish the second sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the first one

1. Jonah had obviously made an effort to put on smart clothes for the occasion. (UP)

Jonah had obviously made an effort to _________________

2. Losing weight is not so easy as putting on weight. (DIFFICULT)

Losing weight ____________________________________

3. I can’t understand him because he speaks so quickly. (IF)

_________________________________________________

4. The suitcase is so heavy that I can’t carry it. (SUCH)

_________________________________________________

5. It will be very cold tomorrow. (WISH)

_________________________________________________

6. The sun is much hotter than the moon. (SO... AS)

_________________________________________________

7. The last time I saw Lan was at Tam’s birthday party. (HAVEN’T)

_________________________________________________

8. What did he tell you? (NEED TO KNOW)

_________________________________________________

9. Where did they go on holiday? (KNOW)

_________________________________________________

10. Where is the dentist’s office? (HOW)

_________________________________________________

11. It was so late that nothing could be done.

It was too _____________________________

12. He left school and then joined the army.

After ________________________________

13. The leak was repaired by the plumber this morning.

The plumber __________________________

14. Tea is cheaper than coffee.

Coffee _______________________________

15. I adore listening to music every day.

I enjoy _____________________________

Exercise 8: Rewrite these following sentences

1. When I was a child, I liked watching cartoons but now I no longer like them.

-> ______________________________________

2. My brother is very lazy. I can’t stand him anymore.

-> ______________________________________

3. I want to be a university student but I can’t.

-> ______________________________________

4. When Jim was six, he dreamt of becoming a superhero but now he gives up on that dream.

-> ______________________________________

5. Mr. Brown never allows her daughter to go to the party although she always want to.

-> ______________________________________

6. My friend always regrets that he doesn’t live in the same neighborhood as me.

-> ______________________________________

7. “What did you use to do in your free time as a child?” Mary asked me.

-> ______________________________________

8. I am frustrated because I am cleaning the mess Jim has made.

-> ______________________________________

Exercise 9: Rewrite the sentence that has the same meaning with the previous sentence.

1. I fed the chickens this morning.

The chickens ...............................................................................................................

2. The question is so difficult that all the students can‟t answer it.

It is such .....................................................................................................................

3. It is 5 years since Tom and Mary got married.

Tom and Mary……………………………………………………………………….

4. Although he is strong, he can't move that stone.

In spite .......................................................................................................................

5. Where does your brother work?” she asked me.

She asked me ……………………………………………………………………….

6. David had gone home before we arrived.

After ...........................................................................................................................

7. We had lunch then we took a look around the shops.

Before ....................................................................................................................…

8. Shall we go for a walk?

What about ………………………………………………………………………………..

9. Why don’t we visit our teacher?

I suggest …………………………………………………………………………………..

10. I am very pleased that we shall meet again soon.

I’m looking ………………………………………………………………………………..

11. It’s really quite easy to learn English.

Learning ……………………………………………………………………………………

12. I don’t want to go to the movie tonight.

I don’t feel like …………………………………………………………………………….

13. Complaining about the matter is useless now.

It is ………………………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 10. Bài tập viết lại câu đồng nghĩa trong tiếng Anh

1. Since Tony had lived in London for six years, he spoke English fluently. (so)

__________________________________________

2. I am sick and tired of people phoning me during my favourite cartoon. ( while)

__________________________________________

3. I don't know H'Hen Niê very much. Nevertheless, I like her. (Despite)

__________________________________________

4. The weather was very hot, so we all felt tired. (because)

__________________________________________

5. If you don’t want to wake up the baby, speak softly. (so as to)

__________________________________________

6. We are old but we enjoy life. (In spite of)

__________________________________________

7. The game was so easy that even a child could play it. (such)

__________________________________________

8. They opened the window because they didn’t want the smoke to go in the kitchen. (sothat)

__________________________________________

9. There has been a slight drop in the number of people using public transport. (SLIGHTLY)

__________________________________________

10. Revising for exams takes up all my time at the moment. (BUSY)

__________________________________________

11. There was an increased demand for travel, so the government decided to invest in building the very first metro system. (AS)

__________________________________________

12. I don’t know much about historical events, so I can’t help her with her history homework. (IF)

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Exercise 11. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meaning, beginning as shown.

1. Write your paper more carefully or the teacher can't read it.

If ____________________________________

2. This is the first time you have visited Ha Long Bay, isn't it?

He has ____________________________________

3. She always gets up early to do her homework before going to school.

She is used ____________________________________

4. I have already read that book twice this month.

That ____________________________________

5. She was lazy, so she didn’t pass the examination.

Because of ____________________________________

6. “Where will you go on a picnic next weekend, Hoa?” said Mr. Ha.

Mr. Ha asked ____________________________________

7. What a pity! I don’t have a computer at home.

I wish ____________________________________