Carboxylic Acids - Organic Chemistry - OCR 21C - BBC
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- Alkanes
- Alkenes
- Reactions of alkanes and alkenes
- Alcohols
- Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids
The carboxylic acidscloseA homologous series of compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH. form a homologous seriescloseA 'family' of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties. . Like all homologous series, the carboxylic acids:
- have the same general formulacloseAn algebraic formula that sets out a rule or trend which is followed by all members of a homologous series. For example, all non-cyclic alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2.
- differ by CH2 in molecular formulaecloseChemical formula showing the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule. from neighbouring compoundscloseA substance formed by the chemical union of two or more elements.
- show a gradual variation in physical propertiescloseA description of the appearance of a substance or how it acts without involving chemical reactions. For example, state, melting point, conductivity, etc., such as their boiling pointscloseThe temperature at which a substance rapidly changes from a liquid to a gas.
- have similar chemical propertiescloseA description of how a substance reacts with other substances. For example, flammability, pH, reaction with acid, etc.
Functional group
The functional groupcloseAn atom, or group of atoms, that determines the main chemical properties of an organic compound. in the carboxylic acids is the carboxylcloseA functional group found in the carboxylic acids, -COOH. group, –COOH.
It is responsible for the typical reactions of carboxylic acids, which are weak acidscloseSubstance producing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. . Vinegar is a dilute solution of ethanoic acid.
General formula
The general formula for the carboxylic acids is CnH2n+1COOH (where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, minus 1).
Remember that the O atoms are not joined to each other:
Worked example
Decanoic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its moleculescloseA collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. contain 10 carbon atomscloseThe smallest part of an element that can exist.. Predict the molecular formula of decanoic acid and explain your answer.
The formula will be C9H19COOH. This is because n = (10 – 1) = 9. So, 2n+ 1 = (2 × 9) = 18 + 1 = 19.
Question
Hexanoic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its molecules contain 6 carbon atoms. Predict the molecular formula of hexanoic acid.
Show answerHide answer
The formula will be C5H11COOH.
Structures
The table shows four carboxylic acids, their molecular, displayed and structural formulae.
Acid properties
The carboxylic acids have the typical properties of acids. For example, they:
- dissolvecloseWhen a substance breaks up and mixes completely with a solvent to produce a solution. in water to form acidiccloseHaving a pH lower than 7.solutionscloseMixture formed by a solute and a solvent. with pHcloseScale of acidity or alkalinity. A pH (power of hydrogen) value below 7 is acidic, a pH value above 7 is alkaline. values lower than 7
- react with metalscloseShiny element that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, and which forms basic oxides. to form a saltcloseThe substance formed when the hydrogen ion in an acid is replaced by a metal ion. and hydrogen
- react with basescloseA substance that reacts with an acid to neutralise it and produce a salt. to form a salt and water
- react with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide
These properties are due to the –COOH functional group.
Next upTest your understandingPrevious pageAlcoholsMore guides on this topic
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