Chapter-2 R EVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 I Nternational ...

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1 Ch-2 R EVIEW OF RELTED LITERTURE 2 1 I 21 1 Thg v 21 2 u m hgy 21 3 W k mv 2 2 N 22 1 Thg 22 2 u v 22 3 W k mv m hgy 2 3 C u

2 HPTER 2 C URVEY OF RELTED LITERTURE S uy, h u, Rv g bm g g vu uvy v h bm, gh v u h Fmy u m hv h k, y h v u bm h m b g gu I v m Thu, u h mmz h u, u h vb, u h k h m h vy m vg my hu h u h v v h h bm g m hv hugh mhg vu gh v mgg, h, v u vb uvy m h hgy m mv k v, hg h ju, bk, vu uy u hugh umu u h v u u mu v m vg u h h h u u u v h vg u gy hugh Ch h v h h v k F u Eh ubv : ub I : Thg v ) ( hgy m u b) ( Wk mv ) ( N : Thg v ) ( hgy m u b) ( Wk mv ) (

3 gg I h m h m u h vb v, hg vg hv h u y u u v y uy, h h h hgy m u h k h h u Ly, vb y h g hv u u hv vb h mv hg : 1 2 v 11 Th 2 (1955) g H m h hh h quy u h h v h h h uy Sv h v bv - u h mg y m h Th u u mu bjv b k h quy u, h gu m F h h u mg h v h u m (1969) m W bgh h m m hgh vg h guh u hh mgh h hgh 3000 h M m u v m m m h m Th x h y h v umg 125 h Ev qu bgh m 81 umg h v u g g h, m bgh h h v m h v h g y 1) ( u bk m h v E h; v 2) ( m h u m m h h v M h; v 3) ( hg h v E 4) ( mjy mv bm h v E h v h u y h u bm m

4 , W 1973) ( mm uy m xm mm uy 119 h g g h v m h m 67 ug k y h v - m : 5 u h v y vy Rh Cmmuy, m P Rg, Bh, u Su h R, Thg C y O vy Rh g R h k m gy hg gh g, Rk, v m x h v u m (1975) K h m v u h v v h yhg I hb I bv h 40 xmy u Ekm m h v guh h h u v h m m h v by h u h mh m m h z hghy x u m mbv h v by h h bu g h x g u h gmy quy hgh mg bu ymhy, v u, vg k m (1975) hm P h hg m y m - u g h hg g y b - v h g m g m b g h - bu u u m g Qu Imvm u I y b hm P u 35,000 xmy u bu u v y u Th h, v h, h vu h bjv, u hv m, g gz m ubj u v Su v h h, buk h h u u gz bjv, hv, (1976) Bk R g h ug g Eu u v hg mmu k mmu m u uy m Ru hg - h : mu m m g ymm,

5 u, m v u, h m vy, h m g mu u u v hg (1977) N hv mg bm xm m u m mmu hugh kg v h h y u v h u h uy, h Uvy S Mhg u mmu gv hg v vb h m g h vb y mmu u: hg v mg mmu G, v, Im vg, R x, m N, P v g v h mmu x v hg v h mv v hg Fum, h, hvu mvg y mmu hvu mmu b v (1977) S g mh u by x h h v v 5 hvu h uy yhgy vg bv g D ubj y 5 Bk m m h h k mk h k bv (1955/1971) Wgh z h g g b b h uy uu mhgy m h bjv, h v v h u I v hvu ub, q quy uu m bh g hvu m h Ev hvu h g mhy uu, g, gz hvu h v h h my, W 1978) ( h m m, u, qu m Im v h y m F uy Pm mby m b v y x h u, v, k h vm, u u ugm by,

6 (1980) h M mu hg v u u 50 vu h m g u z O Uvy Eu O Cg u m h v gu ugu u y b - m um y Rg Mu C, M, u v u h uy ugg u y, g m g, mxmum mv h bjv u mh u y x (1982) K z N v h u hvu hg v yg uu h h h ug m u h T - b v h uy h hv y y v hugh hvu h hh mu, m v: u v uy hh m m ubj u y ; ubj h h k bu h, vv vy u hh ug m mu, gg - u uu g (1986) B h, h m uy xy m vb y h y h m x y, h g xh h 56, 8 v hg by Lh C u T m k u 633 I C Ou Wxm Eh Qu PF 16 C Evu, mu, Sm v hg vu um Wk g h uy y u NCOV h h v, hg m h h h mmy m hv h (1987) uh D vg xby, h mg h y 95 v h v hvu hg m hg u Fquy m k h h v hg v hvu b ugh u 40 ug h g y b - Wk m vu hg m v xby h u h h v Th v h gu ubj v) v g v (b v m v, g

7 hvu m hg u g Hv, m h Fum v h v mgu uby v v v hvu ubj v m v, g g (1987) K v h my 1 v h Rv m k h 02 / T S (1962) Bu (RTI), um Thg u S Ey Th (1984) Dmb Gb mbguy g u v h u M h y v h RTI ub y u P RTI hg h v y g (1988) W h h uy v m vu k h my 233 u Subj v h Th u Qu Im M h 12 m h vu k N m b v mg u g m gu v - bu vm hvm, kg m, k, u vy, vy, vy, (1991) Hv ug B m Pjk jb v x u (1989) B u guu y h u guu y 363 v um m k S U h hh, jb v, h mu h u B Pjk h h h h guu h m gv hg g h h y, v kg hgh um g k hgh g, gv h u guu y v uh, m hg v h h x mv v h h h guu m h v m b (1992) x C h xm h g v h h vg x xm y h

8 vu h vg hum v u v vg vg bv mh h vg Hy, (W, m gy u h, h v, h 1967), E g m g gh m h 235 uy C Suh h mm u P h mu u h g v v g m h h h vg hum, x h yz ubj h v - u m v x g m u h h v u vg hum, h h hum, h mg u, I u vg u, vg C u u vg, h v m h m h, y u y mu v h my h h, y h gy u m,, g g v h y u v v hg gy u y v my h h m g (1997) uk D h g u u h ; h gy u; v: m vy bhg h quy; h m k; g mh u v h ug v, h - - mu, m, ug mh, mg mu, hvm u - h - jb u v, x, m vu, ym vg h u h vug h v m, H 1998) ( y h m m, v hg ju h (Hm v hg uvy S bv 1995), k, B - b m Sk S, k um,

9 1989), (Rgg, vy I - Subj h v um, u u my/y u mu 138 uy g Fm g Okhm Oh uv h h k vu Exvy, ()Em h u y, vg k vu Svy, Em (b) mmu, vb g C, S (), mmu vb hg u, gg by vu h mg v v, H 1998) ( h v h u u bg h 0 5 u bg h v u W g ub h y my v v h v y h v h h v h u bg h hm u hy, uu, bg ug u h m, u h h g v by kgu; b u u h m v humu, h h h g m m u bg h u h v h hgg, m mb h, g v uu u bjv, hvb uuum m vm ( Yk G ) xm m m h My mu y, y b - Fm G, Ty Bgg Ky Obv Cm mu v, hg u hh u gg Rh Ev u uy h y y 16 N h xv jy m - g - g hk - v 41% y h Ov, jugg h g h m my v 18 hg Egh g h h v - g y mm u - h v hg y mm u m xv h - g hk v, - jugm g, - y mm

10 (2002) H h M h vg g, mmy, h v, hg uvy m u m 182 m u? hg vu u h v Thg u h m uvy b v hg v h u I uvy h y z ub um g h h y muv g y - z hg - h y m m m hg m vy x - h v hh ubgu m m - g h vb mg 20, W 2002) ( h, u v vg - gg h x h, gg hg u v h h v 90 h T 30 h x 30 h, v 30 h, v Th hg vb - m v gu x m mgg hm T by : g v g k vm, m vv vy h v mh mv, h vm, gg m hqu u Whg bh K ) (2003 y x u v y h vg uy v mmm v hgh vy b h,, h v 91 u hg y h b gu h Oh u guu h m h gu hugh mmm m h h y, h gg y mmm hgh h h y h k 10 u m mmm h h Mv, mmm h h h h h y h x gh 10 k 1 m k y h hg mmm y k h h mmm h m

11 (2003) h S Chg h m g h um Wh y h h kg DC, g v hg m jb g v g ug uug, vu k Th v vg, z uh quy by m quy, ug, hyg m, mu b h h h u I v m ghg, m, u m mk h P g hg vy u, u qu v h h v h h kh hh, h hg h g D - mm, H ) (2005 h h xm g m hv h h h v m g,, h g h m h, qum g bkg gu u h v mgh u u g k h h T - k h Tx Hu, m v h bu h hvm h u x u, m v g, - g kg y h 5 h g x g hvm u g x v mm - h h u y y g u y h g hvm u g y h, u g, x, h Cg gu u m bu h, h v Th h hv y gy v hg v g, S (2007) hg v u h xm u u h g u mu hvu b hh y g qu Oy g h v v h y u mg u - /h v - h 1936 hvm u vb v u g (SOL) Lg S Vg m 85 S Su, S Mm, Egh, u m v h ug hvm x m h g y K m u hgh h v

12 (g v hgh um g k h v y, h qu y) - v h hvu k uy xy h hvu u g g u hgh u h h h Z - ) (2007 u g u hg y m m v v hg mv uh g v uy hg m v m y hg M u m v mu g h m vb hqu m y m m m h T hu hg h v, v, hg hu u v g, mv, h, u mhz hu h - bg h u y u u g v v, u m, b, hg m u vy y b g h m v m mv T quy Imv 1 v: hu bm g, m Ru 2 h u m u m v v Eh 3 m, K 2008) ( u m u y x h vy u,, v vu h ub Cy Yk N h v uy u h T u vg, u m m m h h m v g h h vy u h y b m v, H u, m h h g m h u I v h g m u, h y, ug m b v uu h m hgy u 12 2 ku N ) 1985 ( h T u uy mu ug h h mu h, h y u, y, hg g, v,

13 18 h 586 uy m xm x h u T h ub my h v qu m h, yzg u qu ub qu (1) : Fg g m uz bby v 05 u v h T v u ug mug Th (2) u v hu x mu y bu u, mvg g mug u v u g u hvm u mug mu u by k x h Thugh (3) u vg v hgh y m, v O (4) g v mug uy, xm b u g hv m h mu ug ug m h ug, g Wh (5) mu u ubgu, m h m h v, my (8 x hg mu - m gy y) 15 m y ug mu (1988) v D h hh y u xm mu u my 229 m m g Lk m 25 h v m h u mh Sh NOV u ubj vg Ru y g h hh 9580% h m mu u u v h uy hh y u g v hugh h h m m mu u u x, hg y hy, g, k h x mu mu g, mu mu u, mu (1988) m H h u h y u m k Gg 331 mmu h v um uvy m mmu NOV, uy - mm u P u h y u h u I y u u v y mmu

14 x ym, h z, h v, g x, g, k b v k uy (1992) K ug D h u v u v m gy u h bv y mu; u v Hv, mu u h v uh h mu gg bu um h h h v u v my h hugh u u hgy u mk ub m y mu, hv y mm my kg k m uh m, g g: h u v m mgg kh v u m v h g h (1992) B W h u g h my g h uh 70 m h mu g u uy k u h mu; hg ub h g bu g mu - mu u m h h; u - mu bu kg k v u u vb mu um g h m uum; h hm (1995) L h h kg 250 uvy y ug I, uy v h v ub hg, C kg u, mu h y v vy v h h 90% v h h u h h mjy mu ug u u uvy kh, hugh mu mu h m h u v h h Vy u (1995) W R x hhb xm 171 uz mu v y 117 h, Emy ub v h 54 h hum y 200 h, mu hhb mu h m h mu x, mu h, mgh u vby, hhb, h my (1) h: Ru u mu

15 h (2) h; hum y h my uy h mhy mu u h g bu m m, m v (3) mu; u g bu, mu bu m m x mu hugh h h y hhb, x hg g, g,, y u m h hy, vby, mu g hhb m (1998) kh B h m g hh x m u: h u mu h u g mu, u h m, mu g mu, u h u u, mu h u h, h hh v g h, h hh uum m m h y um h, g h, (Vg) Cuy C m h uy u m g um uvy Sh ub P u mu u mu h yz uvy m u u mu hh m hqu g hqu gu m m u h u ug mu u h mv g z g v, u mu h F m mm m Tg v, u, u, h Cuy C mu u h g v g vub Chy M ) 1998 ( h Cy N Yk u u mu u u ug uu h g xm h b h u v mu u h x h u h mu h vvm uvy mgh S Lk h g h - m g um uvy b qu mgh uvy mu u u h ub Cy Yk N 150 bu h m u B - y b - qu mgh m y vb, v y h mb um uvy mu u u v h m h u

16 h g h u uy Th u mu h vvm v mu u (1998) M Th G Nh u u mu m u (Cmu qu Lk u Th Suvy h 522), (CQ Qu 590 Th Mx 78 m (TC 222)) Cmu Nu S m 4 G h N R Qu Tx Guju, Ló, v vb S, mg mj v y v g hv m E m bh mu m h u mg u v m Ló, Nuv R m Qu h u u h, O S v m jym Cmu Tx u Guju Tx uju G m h y, O mu jyg ug bu hu m m Th u Tx h Guju hu h g bu m m uju G h hy hv m m Tx h bu m, mu v (1999) x B g S Thgy: h T - y Suv h S m hgy bu y h k 31) V ( Lk qu, mgh u I - 5, k - u u bu qu, hgy ugy m hgy g ug mu m uv h T y 97 Tx h h hgh mg bu m h h hgh (74%) 72 hh uvy h h h Fg m (56%) 54 m (40%) 39 mu h my h, hgh h m h bu bu mv u h y hgy u u uuum hgy g k y hv h v b x, C (1999) g xmg uy u m v g qu hg ICT uk m 28 m 44 m u h mu - h g u y h h h h u uu v ICT, ug h ICT u gu

17 u u x hg k u h uu h m m m u m, g, m mkg : hg jyb m u mvg m v, m u, m : m g m, vg h m gvg u, mu g m m h mkg g, m h gvg h, u vg ugh h (1999) Hgg y M m m u u v h ICT u m uuy h h h u y h u v hv h Th ICT u gv h y m ug vy ICT v m hv hgy u uuy h h h u h h uy vu h u u ICT u h, C ) (2000 mv gv m x h m y h mu u h v - mu, h h 1997) 1986; (Bu, y u Egh m m, y mu h 43 m 1997) Cy, (Ehu v v v hh qu ubj m h m vu xg hgh v Ru x mu - m y h uggg x, mu y mu u v gv (2002) Su y G uy u h m xm h y u ICT hvg v ICT u h, ubj y Fm h m 393 v u uvy, m h Exm m h h m vy u m h h, ubj v h, bu Hv, ICT u g h hugh m u v u hgh, qu y mug vby g h hgh, u v h, qu uy, g - h g ugh

18 y h h, ICT k hg hh y hgg y ICT u h hgg, - h S h u by y m muh y h bu ICT u m ICT u mxm vm u m, D ) (2003 k G gg bv ICT u u h h y ICT ug h h h uy uuum g b y vg k y bu ICT uh uu h x h y g g h ug ICT h gu g v h v my g v h Th gh h h u u m ICT u x kg h u mhz h v v h h mb g hu h h uh mgy h Suh v g x mu h mmu g x bhm mgh x u g u h bg - g v g x h k (2003) E v h h xm u uy u h vg hugh u hgy mu g, u, x h h xm u bu h v u B h 97 bu qu hugh qu, u h 12 m - v u qu v u g y g hgy mu ug h h h u mu u m h h h F hg gug u hgy mu - u v u g ug u v h m u vu bh u v u hgy mu ug my h h u g g v u h g h ugg u hgg bh ky u hgy

19 híó, M ) 2003 ( ICT u u h, hg h hg ICT u u v h hgh I 14 u uy h 906 u % h S qu h T uy h g m uh 2002 uy h v h h hgh I mg mm qu u h hg u m N h h T v m m u ICT v Th y j u y bu hg, mu u b h g (81%) v uh, ICT u g vg kg xm hg ICT u h v y N u b um u (2003) Vyz uu T y u vg Th hgy m mu h hh uy u h xm kg h, hh y m v 107 uvy ubj - h Ch Ey Dm g v gmm y u G k, Uvy Eu u m bu v m h u hh y h g u u Th mu y g v h mu x hm, u y mu b (2004) b hgh Sy h EFL u vg u h h x u ICT h h m xm u Th vb jz v Du (1995) Rg mk: v qu R M (1980) Fh m 326 bu uvy u m my h g - 15 m uu h v h h h quv quv bh m Ru h u v h h Wh u ICT vy y mu, bu v mh h h y Sy ICT v uu bu u mu v Sg g, m, v ICT u h x v

20 mu, uu bu, mu ug vb, mu, mu m, y g Mu g g h vb bv h y h 058% h u ICT u mu vu v x u mu v h u vb uy h (2004) B y h h g h vg hgy h k B D vg h hugh 3 h 15, y h h h h Fg Eu My m h hgy v hugh kg mu qu Th h h g y h g h u hgy h h uy h I gv mu bu kg m h y h h h, I mu h kg vv g m h mu h h u g mu h ym m mm uy ubj mh h m h h g h h vv u g m b (2004) Sk C vb y ugh uh m gmy v y hgy u h - uy xm vb my h I hgy h g, hgy h hgy, u h, uy Th u u mu h hgy u vb my h gu um x, hg gmy vb: mgh Fu b mu mj, mm g ugh, gmy u h v u h g h D ugh gmy um u mu hgy h bh u h u h h y h Fy, u h g u mu u (2004) ömkz G u gg h v x g uvy h Egh 150 hgy

21 m 36, g E u gv v ug m u h h hgy u u v hv h h m I v hgy u b y hgy bu (2004) m S h m u hgy xm H 103 m u, u Tx b m uh g h h my bgu bu (1) gg m h k Mx u g (2) m, uu g h hgy z hgy u - (3) hgy, uzg y mu hgy uz bu g u hgy h mu my y m SD M, 506 x v u hgy u h Ru h bgu gu hh x u,, m hgy u ug, S ( ) hgy bu h xm,, - jz, mkg quv Quv Bhvu P y (1985) uh h u m h - S U g u hgy h u Ov m m hh, hgy u vu h Ex qu bu uyg g ug) (g u xu m ky u hgy g h (2005) E g, M h h xm h m m h gg y h hgy hgy - u hgh m u m x hgy hg vyg h h Egh h - h h v uy m Ru vg hu hgy u h h gh u m bu b h m, g m y vm k u y h u, mu Th b gu m hgy my u y h uy h h x y h y

22 uu qu y h m m; hgy h M vm g u h h y R, g hgy j qu hv, uy, gg Fm bugh hgy h mu h yug y u, m h h, h, uy h h mu u g h u u u h v y g hg g u u g hm y hgy, uh h, m, x y u g um v, S (2005) v u h mu m my uy m mg (IT) hgy h y - h h, h h v J Tgh Mk Gjh, M: h g k h 160 u um uy m h v u gug My qu h h bh g IT u v h m IT v h m h m h y h v y my hg hgy g k IT k h y MNOV u g m gu g h m IT u v xy, uu, m ug, S ) 2005 ( (TPB) Bhvu P y h Sx u hgy h 1988) jz, ( m - m h u h v, uu - 5 4, u - TPB y qu y quum, h qu m h u y u hgy h g b xmg vu uu h Bhvu P y h - y u hgy g uy, mkg u h g m h u h ug m x gy g h, K 2006) ( Gk u u g x ICT, u h my ub hg my h 951 m u

23 mjy hugh h v u uy v m h g, hg uu ICT h v x h g y g y y h h, u mm vby bu v uy my u hg (2006) k, S u h Egy u u h m v D mu I h 443 h m bu u hgh h h v, h bv h m h u v m h v h h h Mv, u u v mu u h h mu h u v m x h T hgh h mu u h uu m h x hg g h h h, h hg u mu m ky m (2006) mk S u u my h x J (ICT) hgy mmu m Egh h 1995), (Rg, v Du (EFL) gug g y hvu u h v 1980) Fh, (jz R mk u m - EFL h m gug b uvy m m mm J, y v bh ug yz uz 63 3 u v h h EFL J h h uy hgh hv m mu m h y ICT gv h x hg g h u I ICT h u h v h qu h u, g, Ty u g v k hg G, x g gh ICDL C, bg h, m u h gy u v G u h EFL J v 64% ICT bu uy: vb m u x ICT uu m,, zy, W (2006) h, g vg my 764 mg hgy mu u u, h

24 h ub v m bh h y Ug Qu xy - (TIQ) Qu Imm Thgy y, vu hgy, u u h mgh, h, v x () h: u uy uvy u vby y v g u m m v vu u hg u mu u (b) h; mg u mu hgy u h g m v my hg mu u h () m; CD Wb W W (g, mv" " - (g, "xv" ROM) u g) B 2007) ( u h xm hgy u - ( u b v ) 6, h hgh Th u uv gy u m h u u g h, u 6 - m - muz, 6 uvy v h h R gzg gh () h u mv m v () ggm, u (b) g, u ug vy hugh mv u mv () k, uy u u mu (2007) Hu ug H mu u u yz - b qu T h y u (CBT) hgy mu u h vg v h h y 100 m m u CBT k y mu, u v vy h h uvy g h gy u u h u v h gy h m y mu mu - m hgy b mm g m m h m u, CBT m u g h m, g m CBT u, g h m h g m - CBT m g h x m g h gu hugh v h, v yug h u u v m h v y y mu

25 g h, m h bu m h m CBT g mu u v u (2007) P yhm v S u Cmu Gk u Gk u mu gv,, ub: h h m, 30 (GCS) x uy v h GCS, x mu h x, mu g, u hh m, Gk m u Qu u g m 222 vy), vu, 354 (185 (1) h: Ru yz u, ugu 99 h y ( by h b (u) vy ) (2) qu; GCS h u mu g h mu g hv x h g, h x mu v (3) ; u u vub gy mu mu (2008) guk O h u, mu vg h 120 Ng h y mu u u Ng Ogu S, v u m uy U Oh u, Cmu my um b v T u S m S Ly Cmu S my g mu v Pg, v h h h v g y u quy h u, mu, mu u u h y mu h jy mu vuy h hgh h g v, C (2009) h my Tukh vg h h x u ICT u hh u (g, h h, x) mu hm, h mu g, 1071 m h v (STTICTE) um g 7 bu umy m h Tuky g gh ummz u v y, u m m

26 u v hv h Tukh h hugh ICT gg g, gg ICT u h x mu hm h mu g, Chg, h C h h h vm hh mk gzg u muu guh uy h, T kg, k u, h u y hgy h m h 175 Ey Ch gm S H Sh Pub Chg Dm h m h 134 h, 175 O uy - y y m h 41 mg g mu uy - g h gm vm b gy h h m h h - O qu vu m m h qu, u P k, u, m k, u, h mu mg g b gm hgy h h mg h h u mg g g h, vm, u k, u g Hgh y gg h ugg hh u k u m, y hgy g xm kg g h u vby h y u v v h h m, v k, g mu bu hu ky m u mu mu uu k, y by g v hgh gy gm Fu, h m hgy k 13 Wk mv 2 k, M 9 (1 2) 7 h vu j k ; my, v, mv, mug um qu bu h; vb m u h b v - u hy ub my 3400 gz u qu m uy K h h, v mh x, mv x vb: 14

27 , my ug vg h h g hqu y m g mu hgh h h y my m h jb h, jb m hgh h g v m u, k vm, hg M hgh u k h uug, hy hgh h h my Th jb m vb - - v vum, k - - bu qu - hy k, M 1979) ( k xy h hy u vu v, m vm uu k, Sm v jb h m Subj u u hgh h hgh ju m - u qu, Jb yz vum, mv, xy gu bh mv Exy vb gm jb m, F m jb v mxy ugg g ug m m y mv xy h u vu k, M 1980) ( h y x k v m,, m u v vm, h gy b j bu h u hgh y my y b j m v m h (1984) um K h u by xm Hzg v M - k mv h gu y y Hyg, vu guh hy uh," "hyg, ; y, uv, z, y,, kg by, hvm, g, uh," "mv (1) mu: v qu jb mmm/v (3) hyg/; (2) mv/; R h h y my 198 m b Mv Hzg h u uy - u u y Hyg B k hyg k mv guh u

28 u h bh mm m k mv y, h hg - h vb Dmgh k mv mv g g b (1985) yv S mv uyg gu xm h h ub v quy y h g h umy, k uh m, k - gh h - um h bu Q g m u 7 3 m mu h 167 gu m - ub 135 uvy Okhm y z (76%) qu R vb h: hh, x ug yz v u; g m g ; uv k ; y uh m x h m g ; v by k g u y bu u gv h mb vm - - ; u y jb x, uy, h u uy k xv y m b mv h hvm, b y m k v, u m uh hm g, u u B v uuv y m hh gz my y (1986) h P mmm mv, h k bh h h h y 181 z m ug m Ogz Qu, N Emy B gu y Qu mmm C u R Evu Th y S m mmm gz mv, u P, quy u - mu, mm g v g y hv, mmm; gz mv h h gu y mv g (1987) R h u mv, k h m h my hvm gv y h Dg Jb u h 25 m k h 222 Dmg Qu D Bhvu L uvy, S Fm D h gv mu u Sk B T I h

29 y u g mu Hh hvm g y h mv k h h h ugh h y u h v gv u h h, mv, k h g mv k h hvm E ( ) x hg h h Dg Jb Ug h mv k u ugh uy M, Ch Jb (1979) Hkm b Suvy m h 425 m m m Cu, Cuy, F g, m jb v h mvg v h h bk umy, v xm jb h, jb g h uv, quy h gh mv, k jb, hg h Fg gh vu v u h h yg ug, mvg, y mk u y hh - u mv Th mmm g g hg jb uug y b hg g m v, hv, u g - uz (1988) m L mv h u hh x v h S ym h ub my h u I v m x h m h mv u y hv y P gm h - mv vy hg k (1989) m H h u mv hh m h u 74 h h h h h 74 gu Bh m y ugh mv m 11 v qu 55 um uvy gv v y m uv muv, yz T u h I h hvm k hg uu h y bh mv gy m h mv y m, g, Hv,

30 u h m m k uv h h h h u m m Lhm (1990) k L h, - k y b mb m jb v m g xy, g, g h: - h, jb bu, gv, uv quy, - hgh m ug mmm hgh h g mm gz h g I y m h xy hgh m hg hgh I g u g u - mmm : h gv u, m hgh y, Hgh u by, qu bk, g, m mhm, u hugh hv Hgh g k vm,,, u hh, jb g, m, gz mmm m h m g h, - u gm, m vć P - ( jkć B 992) v mv k u : x Mv Yugv h h y mv) k g (Th mv v Th u) h k mv (h B mv yz - mv Wk v m mg Th u h mg B mv hgh h - h v m h h gmm Th gg u h m, mv gh h y h h v B v h h gmm h h h h (gmm mv x h h h gh h m ) h mv mv hghy Th vb h m h v m vu y B; mv u hgh hg g kg h T mv vy m h h h h v m y B, mv, mv kg x (1994) Bu B M Ch Jb Ohm, Hkm v v M v hh

31 mv k yhg h, jb h m Ru Suvy Dg Jb m h Qu 247 hg um m y u g u yhg h u I mv h g um mv h jb h (1996) hy B jb h vg m uvy mu mv jb Lv v x ug u h 12 m h 50 m mv jb h u I mh mg g hg y g, ubj, g, v, by h y gy zg h Ru vy x, F hg u h hgh h v mv gu h v, u v h h k h h hgh v v jb m (1996) y B h h m mv h y ub y h v y ub ub 15 Mhg u uy h 15 m h 1350 m D h R v Ch Ogz P Lk u Wm M H Jy v vy Mv Wk mm u P ug h g y v mh v mv h y y h h h my h h (1996) z O mv vg h v u m u m h m H mv h hy m vk h mg y h u Sm m vmhz m u h vu mv yhg m y h H - - m x,, - - mv h y g gh (1998) g P h uy u b h y h h Qu D Bhvu L qu, T mv

32 v h m Qu, S M my Fg h y ub Cuy T M mv h u h Sg (1) u ub, mv Th y h v x,, h gvy, g Th hvu uu g ub, h uu g v m h h h hv m h h h gvy u (2) g x,, mv hgh h gu g g vb x,, g vb (3) g g h gu h g ub x g Hv, 2 g h u 25 g h v Oy y , 6 vb (4) m v m, gu h g x hg gh h g Hv, g 13 x y 12 1 h h ub, x g vb (5) x y 18 gu Hv, g h Bk uy ub, x g h (2000) Ky M g mg h vg mv, h y, uy h m hvm u Su h u 10 h h P T hvm C ug hvm - - hgh u g mm g hvm y v h h y v h h x u Qu Mv Th D h v m g SPSS ug ug yz by, qu, y, - h h h u I h h mv xy y m y v u h y v h hvm y g

33 uk, H ( ) v y m vb um k h h) 362 my bk 245 ( u m h bu, kg, k u: k m m h, mym, k vb: um m h xhu, m mv, mv k (1) h: hyz I uv my xhu m (2) h; k my u k k bh uv (3) ; (4) x; um my mu hy, gu v h h - m qu uu ug m y m u g u gy h h h v Fum, m v h bh mm hh m, u h h m, P ) 2002 ( h xu xm uv umy m 12 1 m G ugh h h 254 uh mg, qu uu Ug u h g vu my h (y m bv u v h m h bv u ) m h gu, h uuum, h u v (y m - y m), v h - y u, k mv m - u g h y m m k, m (2004) gbu O mv h u m v h mv Th mvm h my ub 772 u h h hqu m mg g hugh h h y uh m D uy uy y h g um uvy ug h h g umuy m h g h v m v v m I mvm h v h y mm h h mm ( mv quy h vy

34 m hg u h u m v vb) ym h b v (2005) L u J gv g - u v v m u mv mv h m y my 272 mu g v y Pug h mv bu, y, u, x h v, vu g v u h y vb) xgu m ( ggm ugg m g u vb gu v m h my h u h g v m h mv h x b v mv h my ggm h, v mv gv u m uy g - v - m, g g, Suh u h v mv gy mvg h u hu k, U 2005) ( mv h vu - m y m Th u uy h u u 12 h h v uu m y, F - m, h, my u Sy, v kh h mmuy v h h h, h Thy, u k v u h mu y u, v u umy y, bu v O h h my g v mb mv, v g h g, h 92 h bu h ugg h vu gu u h h g h h h h - h v, m - y mv, h P u h g by v mv h u, h ub Th h u u mv h h h u h y h, quy u gy mmu h h, h h uv h y u h h h mv h h h ugg g h h uv h

35 x u mv mv Th bjv h ub quy m m mv h h u u hh y u gy v, u h hm h g h m (2005) ugh V h vu h vg - h y h vb - mmm m h - y g,, mv u vb v u x, h bkgu - v vb uby h h h h h v v S g - m mu vb, m, umy, v y 924 ubj m, uh h h ub h h h m 75 h m ubj - m u h qu h m h ug m u mg Hh m y, mv h ugg Ru y u gy h h h v v x, v v h - u m g, Th vb v 45% xmy g hv g uby h bkgu u h h - y, m v g h - hg mv bh m 12% 36% xmy ug mmm vy um, v (2006) mg M g h vg -, hvm vu, hg mv /x Uzg h u 114, h 230 mg h - g y () : u, bh u h mv, x g v (b) mv, g my mv () g, m hvm vu () g um g h gg u - um g - b m u, mv, h h mv m h g - u ug h

36 (2006) u O v h Rv m hg mv, jb h Wh uy u qu Ng S vu, m u: mu ug yz uy v, v, - uvy NOV g hv m jb u h v; h v u h h m, hg m g u m, g y m, vm (2007) Bk V u B vg k 3,314 uvy m D v ub mv v Bgum my ub 409 hu um h g qu 125 R jb mv, k h qu my;, m, u k, yhm, jb v m, mv xy my ub h m Fg m m m u v hh D I h mv k bv m,, jb x y hy x mv h h Ev k h v b M g, (2007) m u - h h v v Suh mv um h hh x x h ugg I xmy/ m u ( g xm h mv v m my h) m u y v) gb ( g m m h v h mu T h v xm mg y hh h quy m m - v v h mv, h h Ev u quy y v u h v h mv g m v v hv m gv v h u m mu b mv h - b R h uuy h jugm hkg, h u u, mv u uyg gug my h

37 u (g hg mmm : h h), u h - h y u m y ( ( zh gz ), qu y h y g vm g gg g ), (2007) bb W h my h xm mv k h g h jb y h hh x bm g B Bk v h v mv k x h u vg b j m m x hugh h g g h my gh m mm u P, Dv h h I uz y m quv h h u h g y v, g, mb, h gh h h h h u jb h mv, k h k h v, hvm, u, v jb mv h mm h k u, u jb mv h m gv hv v v yy qu mkg Imvm h mjy jb mv h vy h m mm g h u uy L, h gh hughu v u h g y m v jb mv k v, jb mv, k h x y v ) (2008 u B u m m y mv mv u mg u - gh v uy Eg h my x uy hg mgh h bu mgh h h mv h ugg Fg h m h v uh mv, x h my m h mv vy, h, k, F 2008) ( h mu v v v m S Mv Tk Wk k: k

38 mv v g WTMST (WTMST) Th ( u h x j,, mv, u mv) gu, g h, (g, k k x, k mmy mv, mgm, vu, ) y my u ( h hgh my mg uy m = 44) ( h m m u Ov, v v 609) = uy v b 30 m WTMST h v g mv y v k k x g m b Ru h u mu x umh m u g vy v h mv h g k k vu ub WTMST mg h k k u g, g k k mv y h hg m h gu g y m h gu m h y I h mv bu,, v h g vu u k m v hgh h my h u gg h hgh h h gu bu, mmy k mv v m m u, B ) (2009 hvm mv u vg m u gy mv h Egh R u 694 (S) C h 31 h uy u Egh y u g, mvg u h mv h h ugg h y Thu, hvm Egh mv u u h mv h v hgh m ym h u hg u u v mv hu u (2009) y R x m h T h hgh z Suh mv h h Mgm Lh (1998) Jz Lh um, Dg Jb (1975) Ohm Hkm h ju h S Suvy mv "Th uy h hy u (1951) Cbh ug yz D " h m v bh g, bv h, k m h uy, h g B g

39 m mv h gv y g hugh hy j g h mv h h m k, qu bh v y v ug h m mv h h m N 2 2 : v 21 Th 2 (1976) v v u k Sh Sy Hgh m 30 h 160 m h Fm D Ch Th u T uy h gu h u I vg v Pm Eu h hg, u h v v - u uuum hmk hg, uhm, h, S 1977) ( u vu z u v hg mug h h y vu Pujb 12 m k h 500 m hg v - I m u m kg h h v m h m h u Smy v quy h v vm g - x m h, quy h x u h h v m h ub kg Th v h u I h - hg h u m v (1980) uh M u h h v uy y y mv u, y m - hh h h y 300 m v h v D uy S, Ev Th u Eyk Fm, y S Sh M, Pgv v R - Muy S Vu Bhg T, u Thg Svv vy, Py C S Shm vy, jum M gh S vy - h Pg, S ubm S - qu, - y, x, h u I y my mu

40 v m hg u g, gy gy h h v v h h um, u, hg xy, g, hgh h v h jb vu u, v vb, y - jum, m xy, ubm, u, hg, jb um, xv, - m vu, vu, vu, vu, gu y, u v v h gy g vu,, (1981) u G vvm jb uy m m m v hg h h my hg h 39 8 Shkh B ju u h my vvm Jb u T hb Ph Z hk hu P Shu, P P E vy, C, Shu bv O y g mu vvm jb m, ub m u u ub m u h v hg h gy vy gy m v hg h gy v hg m, ub m m, u hg m, ub mg y h g h vy gy v x x m, ub u m h gvy v hg yhg 15 y gu N m v hg x g m m g h ub u (1982) hg B h h y u hgh 12 m h 264 m v hg P Th u Dh N h y y Su Pm Su S, Rg Th vy, Ch h T kb Rhh Pm kg R - U Why M qu - v m h u h y u h h v v uy hz g,, y, u v u v h ug, mgv m ug, u g x u, u y v y ug gv

41 v m mm vm h, v hgh y hz h g y u h y ug u gv h hhy b h y hkg g mgv b y by gz g h y vy h B, h g y vg h v m b umm b u mg v m hvg hz bk h v h bj h v m u uv m gu v h h y B, x m y v y m g hugh u h hugh u v gu bh Bu v m h h h h v M v m v u mg v g (1984) g W h y h u h v m h 500 m g u uk Sg h y m hgh Rv Fm ), (u, Qu PF 16 C vg (PM M Pgv v - II) S m, h vv L Chk Cmm Su L Chk Cmm P h, m jum, Py : g mj vg m m g, g gh h h h v h h (1985) h K (Ev) Suu P Py u k h 500 m D gh Th Sh Hgh uy u h Eh uy RC u u 30 S Th P Su S, Rg Th Dv C T PF 16 S -, m u gy v h y g: Fg u m v u vub hu vy hh h h Ev 1 uu h vu hh m hh h h u

42 h 2 mjum k hvm v h v v hu vy h Ev 3 u hvm v g u v u h (1985) W hg hg uy m h u ugh v hg uy Th v h, bkgu m, mgh vu x v, hg jb, vu, mv, P P E u, h F m hu S y Sh, - Th hu Qu, Vu P Vm Jb u h h vy u v S Ev Th vy S 129 m vg 25 g g h mm C k v V h y 15 hg 60 u vb h vb bkgu C 1 : g h T y, qu, u C 2 g m u u my x, vu m jb, h y, u u vu, g my m mg Sx 3 g (g, gy g y mx, u y, my m, m vvm, m, u ), kgu hum b y (1986) mbhh P hg jb x h h y 960 h h y v g h m ) ub u bh u h (m 180 v h jb () u, u uy ubj (v), my () x, m jb (), v hg mu g - vg v D um by vy bhg () S, vvm Jb Kj Lh (), v ug S Num C Sh () Qu, PF 16 C u Q hqu myg y h k - F, qu, - 1 : g mj R Mu, v y u, vb mgh 11 mg - g,

43 g, g, gy u h my z x mu 2 v hg v u vb u jb v hg - jb jb, my vvm, - g u hg v h 0109 mu u b (1986) khm P u v h vg hg m gz h uy m my hgh XI X IX, hg h h g Ph, Mhy Bu Ru h y v h Sh myg G Shm, L M Qu D Cm Ogz Th Lh, MS P BK S Cmy Thg M, Muh DN Kum Pm S v E - u, v F NOV, - g yg mu m h kg Th 1 : uy m, umu, h h my h h v h m Th 2 m, - u ub Hv, u h h v h h h ub u h kg h u g N 3 v h gvm kg h v h - gvm b u h kg h Hv, m gb h u h, gvm kg h h v h h h C - g N 4 h Ch v h h m m bv hugh, gb h m h my u h m y mgm Ch u y v h h v h bv g v 5 h m m bv h g v y h my hg v h h g vb vu mg 6 m gz m v, hgh gy u my hg m m gz h v h g, u v h x y mgm

44 v j h v x g hv u x my hg u N v h v h gh S 1987) ( hgh v h xm ub h 330 m m UP, g y Juu Gkhu V, g m 22 m u u jum Th vy, u Th Ev Th Pkh Ygy Mk Smhk S, SES vy, m g N 1 : g mj S Rg h m m I 2 bv v h mvy u h h m u h v m m u 3 v h h m u v hg h y h gy vb - 4 hg u g h - h m m u v gy h g, - m jum u (1987) R v hg m uy y m m h mh uvy uy h 215 h u h h, x, 110 D y My h y 54 h h y h, y hugh y - g Mj NCOV mg 1 : uy - v my h ubj, v,, m h h mm u, um y g gz, k 2 g h v y mgy my, (1987) hh V hg vu h xm y gh u gz my h 96 v S u T uy SP Vu Th SD, M, Dv RC D S Rg Th uhh K - u vg h, v g h m y m h v h v h u I h v g vu hum

45 vu P vu h v h v m gy g -, -,, - vu xvg (1988) g bm jum vg (h h v v m v my m 400 my hqu mg uv h); m u Th u T y By h 44 m h hvm Eu Sgh, Sh vy jum vy, I M Ev Th Mug S Rg Th S S u v h ju h v v m bm jum m u h u m h v h, u m (1988) h B hg h h u hg u m h h y hgh v m h m 300 m 300 m m mmuy m gvm, hum - h gvm m y mh m k, u ub T u hg T T Ev Th Shvv Pkh I ug Muh Kum hg h v g h u hg h u h bu v, mmuy h h h gv ub u u g N - gv v u g h h m m (1988) u G vg y jum g h 298 S 46 S h v Ev Th D gh g m m 39 k Muh, Kum S P Ygy Mk mhk S kh RKT, Shu P P SKMg vy jum SD m m, m, u y S u RRTh ku, k, - h - h v h u I qu hyy yhgy y, y, ju, gy ju y h S v h h gu bh Hv, jb hgh h h

46 g, v Th jum h v um h g h bu x y (1988) M h u u y, h 500 m m h y v hg D, Ghh Bh Wh, Ngu, h m y k 16 C u T mg uv hugh - Qu F P (H Th Shvv Jkh T u Thg v), ug C Muh Kum S Ev 6 y F Py 16 u h u I hqu quv u hh v hg h vy u h y m m g hg (1988) gh S jb y hg xm - uy m h h y u m g Fzb m h h y 300 Muh, Kum Qu S Jb ug S - S Su m E Thg Dv S Kuhh u Cv y C mm Pu S Ey x h v h u I g h, jb y hg y hg - m ub u y hg h y h u hg bu gy h h y u h m m y h m gy, m u (1988) gh S h v hvu hg y m h hgh m h 300 m h y D gh g Ev S Rg my Qu Dv Cm Ogz Dv, RC Th yz D u F Bhvu Thg C H h u I F SD, m, g u uu x, ubj, m hg v vg h (1989) Bhhy ghv V h mv hvm h, y m v hvm h

47 u vz m k h y Fu v h h u u gv h ub u gv my h, h, ub Th R, S Mv hvm u S v E I u k h h vy v h h u g h my ub h gy v hh hvm, gvm hvm gh h hvm hg h (1991) hh S v h m u jb, vu, g, u, h m h u y, v, m mg v hg h v y 2000 uy h v y Oy hqu mg m mug g Gh u qu m h Ey Th Shm, Sgh By T u Thg J, Chuh S T, g O T Gu Uy, S u Th S Jb D, S C S Shh, S Vu gh E S Jb Shm Qu x Cm Ogz Sh Uy, Py Exv v Uy Fm y Mv SD, M, Shh vy I - F - g, v h h u I g h mu jb u, jb, jb u, hg gy gz g,, vu y, mv, qu, u v h, y y, k Vb m x m v h m hg x g gh (1991) S hg g vy u h y 300 u Sm h h y v mg m mug hugh Pujb, h Cv O T T u uy u um hqu hkg T Fm, b V T, RK Pkh Ygy Mk Smk, C Muh Kum S Ev Th F, mu m, g - h u v hg h u I g vy m gy, xby, uy, h vy

48 jy k g vy h g hg y k v (1991) Vm hh V Vg Rhh xm m h 200 m Sm y h v v Rh u, u y g h u v h m Kum Muh S Ev Th T, kb h m m, Pg hu S - I u qu mk h u, m u h v u h h h h y h xuy, b u (1993) v D h u quy m by v h x h m m h 710 m u hvm Th S Guj Bkh Mh, (hu) S u Th Kum), (Muh S Ev R u (Guky) Qu hvm Su by hvm k xm u b mk g vg Nmku NOV m x hugh yz Cm g qu g Mj mu v m m 5117% bu h Ev (1) : hgh x h v hgh u h g v, (2) u ug h x v hgh h h m Ub u h v h h m u h hgh, u h (19 D B ) 5 9 h y v uvy h m m y h u Tu h mvy h m v h gy u h uh v m y P (1999) Mkhu u x m g mj hg h v v hvg h v g (1) u: m x gh h Hgh (2) u

49 h hg v u h v x h v g (3) h v x u g Yug (4) hg v h hg u gv h h v h (2000) uk K m y m m uy mv y h h h hg my, Sy Hgh 1000 my m m v D S) (Kk m Bju u 1000 h Sh v, h h SD, ug yz h M (1) : uy g, h M (2) hg vg h m h v v hg mm h gv h h gh (3) h v h h m m v hg jum h v my h v g (4) h m h m u (5) h m m bh v g ub (6) h m ub h hg v m h (7) h m u h hg v m h m h m m v m u h um m h m m um m h h (2000) g Y v h u u Ry Rg h hy mg h D Mk x g (1) : uy g Ph Bu v hg hg u bh h S hy P h v m v (2) u h h m v Thg h h h m (3) h m h hgh gy bh bh h m hg u g (4) v h v, h O (5) g u ub hg v y B 10 (6) h u h h v h h ub u(7) h v h hgh h

50 h v h h h v gvm, h mgm u h h u y J (2001) m k v h u Pmy 250 u uy u hvm Sh 160 m V u 750 Th Sh u T D zgm V vy, O Wk v hvm m Su S Ev Th yz u hqu C R C vg Rg (1) : uy g k v h g y u u, hvm h mg g, x, y, Ex (2) b ub h hgh gy mk x hg h mk h TTC (3) v h v (4) v h BE v g h mgh y u h T vb m uh Rgg (5) v h u x u kg h h hg, g gu U (6) u b h m (7) v h h h gu h u hvm v v Sub h Vu (8) v h v ub h b hvm h v h mg k v h vy u h (2001) y R y m v h jb u m h my Th 258 m m h h u S Ev Th S Jb Vkhm D (1) : uy g mug yz jb gh H b hg v u h h h h h g (2) um g x v h h h v Th (3) v g h m 4) ( Sx, (5) v h h h v m g, mgm, y h, u, m v G (6) v h v u gmm g qu u h m h x v

51 m gy jb hgh h Th (7) v h Th (8) v h g jb h h v h gh h h h h m gy jb g v (2003) g v h g m u, m qu, u g, x, h b u, mv, x, hg gy, u h 557 m mh hugh m Th S g S D B h y v E mu yz u S : uy g NOV h v, y, h m m hg u h Fm (1) h m m m, m, u Th (2) v h gb v h m m m hgh u g y 25 Um (3) v m h m h v h m m m, h h Sy (4) v h gb gu h Ru (5) v h,, m, h ub m v h m y m h b g x (6) v h gu P (7) h h y v h m y m m,, m, hgh v h (8) v h gb 6 5 u hvg hg x h - m hgh y 10 h gb v h m m v 6 1 hvg h x hg y 25 hgh h Ju (9) v h m hgh h m y m, m, y S v (10) m hghy u h, m, hgh Ru 2000 u g y h m v h m y m h v h g y - hgh Ru 4000

52 v h m m m, m, 8000 bv g y h v h m m hgh u R Tmy (11) v h m, h m m h v h m y m, Pv (12) v h m hgh h h v h m y m, m, h h my v h m m m m, gh h v h m b CBSE h (13) v h m g S (14) B UP h m v v h g u D (2004) Bh h v h u h h y 100 m k y g m Ev Th u T O D B m v Shu S g Em Muh, um K - I y u mm u, v h h v g h u m g (2007) J h v hg m hg h y x, h hg u v bv v hg x vg h 75 m Gy v u h v uy h Dh y hg h hg h u v hg x g x hg h y, m xhb h v hg h m x u x u h gv g hg hg h v (2007) N v, h h vg u uz m m, u, k y mg (ICT) Thgy Cmmu m u h N h h h v gvm m 60 h 150 h, h Dmgh, u T m k

53 S S Jb (1974), Muh Kum v Th Shm gh S Mh, Bhuh m u (1999), m u hk Uz M (2004), vg v Thgy mmu C, k Thqu, NOV, v, m, - gvm gg h h y h u I u S Lgug vz, m m ug h v mb xhb S S m M v h u ICT u Th y v gvm m m h h k xhb h v M h h u, v h ICT u uz m m, gvm m F h v gvm h u v h h, h v vy u uz m m, u, k h CT I m hgy u 22 2 (1990) huhy C Tv Sh u h u h STV) ( jb hvu m m h g v, hvg vg 104 h h my m m v h u h T K Ju u C v hu NOV, ug h - vub y h h u h u h qu u STV u STV v y h m hg mum b v m u u jb STV u Th h m vy (1993) um K h u u u g gmm m gmm v u Tm Rh u Mh Exm H u V 4 h h gv v h) mu (20 C 6 m k m Luk Thgy, Eu C

54 D T v Pmy Sh Luk Cy u T Eu Pgmm S hvm T Gghy S Su u yz mug Pg g uy : (1) Bh h u h vub u u v gmm (3) Su h g h h gmm u uh y u u 13 j Jh (2006) xm v u ICT h Rm mg hqu u g m m 18 m h m h u Uvy, Kym u ICT v vg u F yg - h- qu u I u h 54% m h hv hgh v u ICT (b) 78% m h hv hgh v u ICT () 68% MG h hgh v u ICT () g m m h u ICT () g u ICT () u qu u () my m (b) m u qu M h P (2007) vm my-b yhmy- u um mu uy u -g 12-m u - g v h hgh bby g v gv u - g Hv, uh ugg h my u by u m u m um g M h P (2007) xm u uy mm m IGNOU -g, y b mv - g u D uy b m 150 u m uy m m h IGNOU ug uvy mh g ugg h xv u mu m h hgh h h v u - g m g b v uy u u k g - g, u y u g - g () m

55 hg, u hgy, u u mv hgy v u uu jk R ) (2007 yu V h y hgh u mu u kg mu h g m Cu h 670 my m u h hqu kg Tm Cu u Sh Sy Hgh vg (CKT T Kg Cmu : u T Nu, K (1997) Svj D Kum S Cmu u 2007) ( v m h T g,, - u P, - mm 6040% muh h u I y u 3960% y mu u vub vy h h hm h vy uvub Th mu u m, ub u g kg h h, m m mu h, u ub h h gvm kg h h gu h g y h, v mu u g S h gu h g y h g y mu u vub h gu h gu mu u g h Pgu h gu h gu h g mu u vub h u kg mu h v h y h hgh mu 23 Wk M 2 v (1980) gh S bjv h k mv h u k mv h h yg m k H h y hgh y m my h 556 u Wk Mv Th v Ju jm m 1) h u H m h z 4) gu, vu 3) g, h 2) hg, - uu 5) v mv h m v v x k

56 (1987) ju R h y mv g 4 h h 287 z m h h - v m M (1970) H L vu v, mv h u H y u gu vm ub u g x, u h h h hv; h h m u v mv m v hv (1988) D y mv jb jb vg 230 Sm O Cuk h h y h mg vy gvm m 35 my h h Ku SP Jb u u hqu ug yz D v M -, g h, - uy g Mj mm u qu hghy h u mv h h h u, mg u mv hgh h g jb gvm u m h h (1992) M k mv h uy xy m vz h mv k hgh h m h, y, b j kg u m gz y 20 m my h 400 m Sm m Sh Bk, m P u Dh h BS k mv Th k, B Qu PF 16 gh, SPGu S S Jb Th K, SD Qu D Cm Og Sh, JPSvv S BKP SPMh S Lkg Su MLShm SD m, u hqu - h, - mm Pu P, qu y g mu b, vg bv vg k mv g, h h m h T u jb gy k v hvg h g, yug h gu, x m gg Th g g h, v, ub kg h y, 10 u x h h k mv hgh y h u mgm h z m, my qu, Su, u

57 y h k mv m muh x m h h S (2005) m h jb mv k k m) 80 m ( z m k Sh h u h hg vuy hg h h y S Jb x D KGgg qu Mv Wk, y F PSgh x KSvv S Ou g h uh u NOV, SD m, u h h mv v hv ; jb jb m g v h (2005) hu S u k, mv h uy m m h kg jum h y X uyg (680) u hvm u (32) h m m m u Shu uy um gg D uy u Th S Lkg Su BSgh, Wk Mv NMBhg vy jum Sh BKP SPMh hg h m h u I u SD M Vyy Ky X v vg bv vg u mv u y g Th mv u hgh ug u h mv hghy, k hvm mh, R 5 (200 ) v m uy u k u h mu jb h, v mv, gvm v b v mv mv m ubh um y kh h v Rjh D Tk h uvy Rjh h h T - Rjh v y uy h mb u h uy quv vg h u h (m, kh 18 h v vv b), mm h NGO, u, h, u gu u h 10 h 3 3 h h qu v h h 12 h gu u h m qu h qu u

58 u h u I v mv h Hv, y g, g, qu, h m h m bk h u vy uu g h v vuy h u I u h g h h O mv u m uy y buu h k h h h, Evy h uky, y, um g g m h vy k mv hghy h 30% 25 h m h 30% my um g qum m, m, guy, - m y m ym h bu h h bu g 45% u mg 40 u ju y v y m (2007) h J y vg k vvm jb my ub k uv mg, mg mv m k gy) h m (50 my 150 m S vvm Jb Guj Vv u g Lh Ru u Shu Mv Wk Svv (1965) Kj vvm Jb u v u h v u u my k mv my C 3 2 R Lu gv u m bv y k hghgh hh qu ubv u h u M vg u b h u h hm g u mu u h gh m h v hg mv m h Sv u mx y u u h hv 1981; (Gu, h v hg u h g h 1997;, 1988; Gu, 1988; Sgh, 1988; Bh, 1987; Sgh, 1986; Pkhm, m u h m Hv, 2001) ym, J h v Yg, 1995; D B 1988; Sgh, 1977; (S, u m u uy h, g 2005) k, 2003; g, 2000; h m h v h m h u (2000) Kuk

59 vg ; (1988) Sgh k Rh hg (2001) Jym h u v hg h (2000) Yg (1980); Muh hugh gy ; (1991) hh S ) (2001 Ry h v h h gy g h um h (2003) g h g, m m h (2000) Kuk h, m m h um m h h h v m u u h L h m m um m 1986; (Pmbhh, v hg v u gy 1991; hh, S u 2001) y, R h h m h, 1977; (S, u u h v m h ub v m u h g h 1986) Pkhm, g 2001; (Jym, h ub k h Fu, 2003), Gu 1981); ( (1988) Sgh (1988); h B g bv (2000) Yg h ub u hg v bv m u vu g y h T h h y v hg uy u vg y u ubh u uy uy u v bh h R hv uh h v hg (R mmu Hm, 1977; N, 1976; k, B 1998);, 1988); (W, vu k 1986; B, 1984, Wg, 1982, (Bhg, y y 9 1, M ; H, h M ); 2003; Whg, (Kbh mmm ( 2003); Sh, 1986; (Pkhm, kg g D - mm, H ; 2005,, K ; 2008), ( y m h Z - ) 2007 u, g u hg ; 1988) Bh, ( 1988); (M, u hg hg 1988) Sgh, 1986, (Pmbhh, jb (1986), (Pkhm, my u y hy h Hv, 1988) (Sgh, u m hg uy m IT, u h v k mv

60 vu vu h u hgy m v h u mu v my hv hg m m mg u h h h mjy u, h Th m u hg xu v u u I ubj vm u m vy y m g mh my h qu h mj hg m v m u y m mu u uu S 1991), W 1982, Gh, & (L mu u h' vu mu u u mm uuy hv Rh 1982) (Sv, m vm hg bv u Ny IT h u k ( x h ; 1995 W, R ) 2005 g, M m h h hv h m m hgy u v hv mu gg bu um h h h ugg u ( h ku, N ; ; 1995 W, R 9 1 x, B ; 9 9, Su Gy 002; 2, híó M ; 2005 Mg, 2004; Gömkz,,2003;, K, 006) 2 hg x, y g, h b h m G x y h y Bu b y hu Gv, v hvg m y k hv y v x m my y gy k mv, mv k v vm kg hgg u gh vm v u gy u my hh h v h v ug u hh hv Rh 1989; Hm, 1988; (Lm, gvy vy h mv R 2008) Bu, Huk, 1996; Oz, 1985; (Syv, h ; 2001 ; 2005 L, u J g, M F, 2007;, hv 2008),

61 mv Wk h mv h y h h (Mk, jb k 1972;, 1990; Lhm, Lk 1988;, D ; 1992, M ; 1996 hy, B ; 2005 hm, S 2007; bb, W ) hg mmm 2007), (Jh, v u (P mmm gz 1984), Kum, ( h 1986), h, 2009), Ry, 2007; Wbb, 1998; Pg, 1996; By, 1987; (R, y m h (R, hvm u 2006), Ou, 1986; (Ph, Bu, 2007; Wbb, 2005; Shu, 2000; MKy, 987; 1 h 2009),, MKy, 1988; (Lm, y 2006) Ou, 2004; (Ogbu, v Rmh, 000; ), ubj u ubh v hugh u m k v, hg h v hv IT u v m my bu v h um g u u mv k uy u uh Hv, v y hv h IT vg u h vy h v u Rv ug IT u mv k h g h h h u u y y v hg h qu vb u h v u u S u ubh uy uy, u y uy u vg h h hg v h h h y mv k u T I u k h hh vu h m h T v hu my h h y vg hgg v vb h v v gg B, mh m xhb u g, h hh, yzg u u, mhgy vg h h h ubqu u h vg

62 REFERE NCES, R & Bu, M (2008), Mv Dmv Th Pmy Sh: Chg Chg, Eu 3-13, 36(1), g, S (1988) Suy O jum Pbm R F O M m g, Ev L Ev Th (h my v h) C MB Buh (E) F h S uvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1434, ( ) R (2003) S g D B ukh Uvy Th Ev D b, (2004) Ex O F Wh u O j, Hgh Sh EFL Th Sy T m Cmmu T hgy D D Oh S Uvy P & Jh, NM (2006) Th T u T m Cmmu Thgy, 26(2), Thgy, DESIDOC Bu m K (1976) D B Ev v Th C B, B, B, B u, MB Buh (E) Cm; mv, T J u (2004) Th Bu, E u v Suvy O Rh Eu, , Pg 790 M (1994), Th' Rh, 36(2), h g jb hgy: Thgy Th Eu, 12 (3), h B, SR (1986) Rh m Lh Sy Th Py E xy Suy Vb P Thg Ev: D b, 47/6, Pg Mè; W, ; G, R C (2009), Th mv, m gy u, u mv gug hvm, P guum 12, ju 2009, vb : h://ug/ ~/u/pl_um12/2%20m%20bu Bhg, Bh, S Thg D, (1982) Ev Suy O S Py Thugh Ch Rhh Thqu Wh D hb Uvy C MB Bu h (E) Th Suvy Rh Eu, Pg 759, ( ) C (1988) Ev M Thg Cmmuy Vhvhyy C Hgh u Sy Uubh Rh V II, Pg ( ) MB I Sh D Buh (E) Rh Th D h R R Thg T Dugv F h Suvy Eu

63 Bhy, (1996) Th Mv Jb S: Suy Emyg E x Smg Mh Ju U gu S, 3, B, PC & D, T (1995) Suvy Ev Sy Sh Th B kh, Tu Ju Pyhmy Evu, 26 (I), SE (1998) F R Cmu U Th Cm u, D D Fuy Vg Pyh u S Uvy B, RT; F, C III; S, VG (2007) Th' u B x, Bug, u 6 uv hy y v J u u Pyhgy, 34(3), K (1999) Sh Tx Hgh Sh D, TX: Tx C E u Thgy vb : h ://uu/h/h/1hm TH & E v guu Hv, TS (1991) P L F R S Sy guu Th, Ju Eu, 32(4), By, RL (1996) " h h y ub y Bu, C v, h D Gu Sh mv v Wy S D b, 57/12, Pg M, & M v V Bk, Pub H (2007) m Rv 67(1), Pv y S h" Uvy, D Ogz, D Mhg Wk Pub B, Cv, P, Kg, B, & K, T (2009) Suy O S Th' u T h C huhy, C h, T m Cmmu Thg Eu, T ukh O Ju Eu Thgy TOJET, 8 (2), 2 SS (1990) Th u T Sh Tv (STV) I Rh Buh (E) T M M Bhvu Jb S C F h Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1362 ( ) MB, Ov, S, D, m,, C, M (2000) Suyg Th S- Ey B T Cmu, P IEEE Symum Thgy Sy Sm 6-8, Rm T hgy Sy, P g vb : h://xg/5/7314/19786/ =&um= & um=19786 C, T & x, W J (1992) vg h h h v: 1 (1), my uy J u v y P,

64 C, D T hgy & Sk, Sy W (2004) Gmy F u, M m S Thg, 23( 4), R Ju Th U Cmu Cx, M, P, C & Cx, K (1999) Wh F Su Pv Th m Ug ICT Cm? P Bh Eu Rh Sm 2-5 Dg- Hmm, L, D Dh, Th P u Hzm, M: C, DJ, Ev G, bu Uvy SJ, & Th Hg, Sux, JV C, (2005) Bgh, Th D m, Th Ev E u Py y hv, 13(42) u P m Eu mg, M, C, 15 vb : h ://uu//v1342/ BL (1988), M v Sy Sh Cuk D O Th C Eu Rh V II, Pg 1178 ( ) DN & Em Bh, NP g (2004) Ju Th Jb Rh S Jb MB Buh (E) Fh Suvy Ev R Eu X XX (3), 84 T Dv B D (1993) quy P u Th Dv x hvm OJB U Dm, D, D uk, Th (1988) Ev Rby Im Pu D D Guj Uvy Ey Chh Th u Cmu D b, 49/7, Pg S, / h (2003) u Cuu g g : u Cmu Eu, 41 (1), vb : h ://quumm/qk?= &fm=7&i B (2005) "Th u hgy", u hgy Uubh Th D C T S Uvy, U S P h:// D ug, M I vb : - hu//i J (1997) Rh, 7(1), Duh, g h' v Iu M Eu M & K, K (1992) Th u mu: v u Ju Rh Cmug Eu, 24( 3), P B hvu (1987) Th Pv, 48/6, Pg Fxby Th R Ev Cm D Thg b

65 Jb (1988) NH, E P Mv? Th u I C Rg: Rh Eu Eg N Mg u 27 ME, gz (Rk, O - 9) 2 Vbuy Thgy U Cmu T u Th (2003) Ek, I k Uvy, Bk, Uubh u, Mv (2008) HW & Mh, M, D, F, Guy, C, Sé, C, F, h: h hgh my mg k k S Mv Tk k W Th, m C u J, 256 6(2), C, Egh Thgy Eu O U (2004) MN ömkz G Eu, Ju ukh O T : vb 11 (2), 3 ://j//3211 h ( R, Yk, HRD, G Py B Rh 1999) Bgg S Ev Thg Obvb Ch Th, Eu Th C V u J Th u E, 7 4 6(1), u O, U Th S Sy (2002) N & Su, DS Gy, S, ICT, T R Uvy Eu, Fuy v UK S, 1PP, Gg G13 Dv, 76 Suhb hy, S : b ://ubg///u_syhm h Ev N Py jum g, (1988) BD Gu S h T MB C (E) uh B Suvy Fh Rh, u E 8 (198 Pg 883 II, V - 2) 9 Th Sh Pmy O P N vvm Jb (1981) U Gu, hb D D Ev Thg T R MB Bu C vy U (E) h Eu Rh Suvy h T Pg, ( , 8-983) 1 S Ev Thg (1998) S Pu, N, Lbugh, DL, Hm, Dvm, k S Eu Mu Rh u J (1),, (1988) GJ m H u P Sh Sy mu, M b D 5 Pg 31 50/2,, - Ev, Thg Mu Smg (1955) GM g, H Ju Rh Eu ,, G B, H, M,, H Th (1998) K Rh, G, Pg, J, y, M bg Th Ev Ch P Su, h S, Eu Th O Ju u h T N 25, Vum u P 2000 Nvm, 2 Rh : vb D 3 Nv 29, C, Eu

66 H m, h ://juuuu/issues/pdf/252/h MH (1989) Cmg F Whh P Mv Su Th Th T Th D b, 50/5, Pg H uk I, J PPM, Jg J, & Njhu FJN (2001) S R h Wk Ch Wk Mv, Buu Tuv : Mu- S m y Eu Ju Wk Ogz Pyhgy, 10 ( 1), 1-23 Hug, Y - W, & Hu, Y - S (2007) Exmg Th' CBT U Cm: J Suy 10 (3), Rh u Sy (2007) h T Suy Thg XXXIII N 1, Pg J ym, K Ju, O D SN, & (2001) Suy hvm Thg P, h Uvy C, J (2001) Th E u Ev J u Su Ev mgm Thgy & Sy, Th O Eu, V Pmy u R Lv v Ju Eu Mgm, 3, Wk D h Ju, Su N; L, Wy (2005), g M Suy Th Mv, Pyhgy: Rv, 54 ( 1), J-Q Ch & Ch Chg (2006) Tg Jh, K, P Thgy Dvm: Py, Suy Ehg vb : h: //uuu/v81/hhm G (2007), S uv Jb vvm W h Ey Th Chh h Th E y Chh Rh P, 8 (1) Wk Mv mg Mg, Wk Pub S Cmy, Ju Cmmuy Gu Rh, 24(3), TJ, Rk, JE & Sg, DO (2008) Wh u bu h Kum, K h, v? Ev m N Yk Cy, Em Eu Rv, 27(6), Jh C mmm Wh (1984), Rh Th Mv P P u Mg m Eu Rh (N O, L, 23-27) P S h (1985) Suy Py P Suu (Ev) Hgh Th gh D, Uubh D D g U C MB Buh (E) F uh Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 952

67 K, K, P K, (1987) Rv P P D b, 49/7, Pg 1771-, D, C mmu V & Tku, E (2006) Th Th g Ev m Thgy (ICT): G, Ju Thgy Th Eu 14(1), J (1975) Ev Th Ekm Su, Sh Rv, 83(2), Kbh, R N, T & C Whg, MS, Cmmm O (2003) Nv D guu C Th Eu, 20(1), vb : h ://hbvu/ju/jcte/v201/kbhhm Th Th, Ey J u Kuk, H (2000) Cmv Suy M Fm Sy Sh T h E v h Py T, Cmy Thg D D Shvj Uvy K um, B (1993) Suy u Th Su T T Pgmm D U Ph Uvy Luk Im Lg D L hm, L (1995) Ey hh h' mu u, kg, Lm, TL P ub Ey Ch Dvm C, 109(1), (1988) F Whh u Th Mv Sh Sym D b, 50/1, Pg 40- S Lk, E, & Lhm GP (1990) Wk Mv S: Lgh E Tu Pyhg S 1 (4), Mmg, L-Ek, (2006), G- h mv mg h Mh, HW Thg & Cu? u h, Thg Th Eu, 22(1), H J (2002) Ev: R Cmmy, Rh g, Ju Hgh Eu, 73(5), Puvy Mhíó,, D, M & Lv SC (2003) H h u m mmu hgy I hgh h 2002?, Pg M Chy, 4h Cmu ym hg: - Lg, , Ju 19-20, Ru, Bug vb : h://ubg///g/s4/iv-4 PJ (1998) Th u mu h u mu v vvm h mu mg N Yk Cy u h (D C umb Uvy Th Cg, N Yk, DI 59/01, 133 D,

68 M g, E (2005) Th, hgy, hg: Egh h' v, J u MKy, M h Thgy Th Eu, 13(1), 5-24 P hvm, (2000) Th Suy Mv, v Rh Py D mg Su D Fuy Vg Pyh u S Uvy, Bkbug, V g SP (1980) C Ev Thg Mu Su Rg J u Exm Eu, 49( 1), 59-2 Mh S & P S (2007) Dvm F y um 6 mu Fuy u - L g, E u, 5(1), Ju Mh S & P S (2007) E- Lg Mg O Uvy: F uy M k, b L C, mv, Eu M, 44(4), DF, I, T hg J & W x, K ( 1979) D u, Exy Wk Mv, C Vum, Ogz Su, Jb S, P v Pm P u Mg Eu Rh (S F, C, 8-12) M k, C; D F, J & W x, K Mk, M v (1980) T Exy m Wk y Eu Ogz Eu m Quy, 16(1), C G; G, DR; & Hy, RV (1972) Pub Sh Th' Wk Mv, Ogz v, Jb S, Pmy L F, Pj N , Eu D vm W, vb : N C F US Dm Eu Rh Hh, h://gv/ericd//2q/_g_01/ b/80/37/70/ M JP (1992) xy uy h mv k m M, h hgh k mv h C MB B uh (E) Fh Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1033( ) RT Thg (1988) Suy Ev Rh Sy Th Py, D u D N gu Uv C MB Buh (E) F h S uvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1459, ( ) M g, M, K hg, K, & O'Ly, Mh, (2007), Pyh R Thg: M v, m Exmg Gb, N L u Th O Subm, P u Mg Eu Rh (Chg, IL, 10)

69 M y, Muh Nz, Ug D & Hgg, S (1999) Wy F Wh ICT: Ev Numy m T g gy DN C 1983) (1980), P my Cmmu Sh u U vy Thgy Py N Suy O F Ly L: Ev Pggy Th Th MB Buh (E) Th Suvy Rh Eu, Pg 824, (1978- G & K, CK (1982) Tm- B h Suy Th Ev, M Lgug Ju, 66(3), N DR (2007) Th Ev R T Wk S, M Nku, U z u T U O m Cmmu T hgy mg Sy Sh Th O N, D D P jb Uvy K Cmu (1985) Suy O Cm, u T b, 48/11, 2799 O S T Uvy, Th T D N, RW (1977) "Th Ev Fu Cmmu Sy O gbu, Oguk Ou, Oz, C mmu Ybk I, B D Ru, (E), N Buk, N Jy: T Bk, Rug Uvy, Pg FI (2004) Th mv: m v h mvm Ng C g Su Ju 38(1), BJ C mu (2008) Ly Cmu S u, Th Oh Ng, E vm & S Eu, 3 (2), NP (2006) Th Jb S U Mv P Ju Sh E v: m, E y Eu (EIE), V 18, 9 v b : h ://uu/y/v182006/u Mu, T h (1996) Imvg Th Pm: T y Mv P u Mg m Eu Rh (N Yk, NY, 8-12, 1996) Pmbhh, S (1986) Jb S Thg Ev Sy Py, S h Th, D D SVU C MB Buh (E) Fuh S uvy E u Rh, V II, Pg 1034 M v Mkhu, R (1999) uy u v h hg Ju Pyhmy Eu, 30 (I), 43-46

70 P LG, S gu-l v qu,c, & Lgu, L (2002) Pu Fm bv Pu Fm B Dm Th Mv Thg B hv, P g, Ph, Ju Eu Pyhgy, 94(1), PW (1998) P h h mv y h, D b, 58/08, Pg RT P m (1986) mg Rh Ph, 47/6, Pg1963- Sh Mv, Th Cmmm D b P,Ru Gk mu u : u m yhm, Cmu Hum Bhv, 23(1), Pvć- Bjkć, D (1992) Wk mv v y h h Phm, JT Phgj (1975), 25( 1-2), D O Thg Ev S u Rg, Ju O Eu Mum, 12(1), Pkhm, D (1986) O gz D Cm RSU, Suy C R h, V II, Pg 1036 R jk, S & V yu Rj P R ju Th Thg MB Buh ( 2007) Ev Cmy, (E) Hgh Fuh y Fu Uubh Suvy h Mu By Sh D Eu mu k g h u Ju Eu Rh, 19(1&2), 8-69 PM E Dmgh E u Rv, 22(4), 107 R mh Ch Mv V, P M, J S, Shk S, Shm J (2005) Th Mv, Th b uy h mv, hh u h j h vg Suh Fu U Kgm Dm Dvm u, gmm j m vm 2005 R, PT (1987) Cm Thg Ev S Th- - y Ry, S uy, R y, D D M SU E u Rh, V II, Pg 1037 IVR (2001) P my Sh Suy Jb 12 C MB Buh (E) Fuh Suvy S Th Th D D h Uvy Ev C L, (2009) Tm h h mv Suh z hgh h, D D, Uvy DI- 70/07 C

71 R, BJ (1987) Rh Th Wk Mv, P R, L h Sy Cgv hvm D b, 49/7, Pg Emy Sh CL & Bk, SL (1976) Cmmu Thg Ev u Eu, m Eu Rh Ju, 13(3), R LD & W MM (1995) Cmu vby, mu x S, S k, S mk, hhb 11(1), 9-31 JR; Lu T hgy mg WS & ub Cm y R h S mg h, (2005) u Thgy, 2(3), Th, C mu u My Hum Pv O Bhv, m Ju (2006) F ug Th u T P U S h U Cmu: v m vg, Evu Rv, 30(1), Z (2006) Ex O J Egh Lgug Th u, Sk, O m Cmmu Thgy I g J, D D F S Uvy S h, M 2003 "Lkg Sh Fy C Th S S S hh, S u" vb M (1977) N Cghu Eu F : h:// g/ub/huvy Sm m Th Ev Whg E g h Ju Eu Pyhgy, 69(3), B (1991) Rhkh Dm Uv C MB Th Rh, V II, Pg 1480, ( ) Buh Ev (E) D DC D F h Suvy Eu Shm S (2005) E Wk Mv Jb S S Th J u Eu Pyhgy, 63(3), 1 S m, S hu M (2004) Thgy u H bgu h: u, u hgy u m J u u Pyhgy, 31(3), IS (2005) Suy Th Mv, Su jum Lkg Th m hvm Rm- Eh Ju Eu, II (2), S gh B (1980) Th Mv Wk C MB Buh (E) Th Suvy Rh Eu, Pg 843, ( ) Sgh, D (1991) Cvy g C Thg Ev Sy Sh Th D D Pujb Uv C MB B uh (E) F h Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1486, ( )

72 S gh, RS (1987) Suy Th' Ev C Hgh S gh, S gh, S S g Sy Sg E UP, D D G U, C MB B uh (E) F uh Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 992 T (1988) Suy Thg Ey R T Jb S S- Em Su Sy Sh Th D D vh Uv C MB Buh (E) F h S uvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1489, ( ) V (1988) yzg Thg Bhvu Ev Th D Ty O Sh Cm Eh D D g Uv C MB Buh (E) F h Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1848, ( ) SL (1977) Cu Sz S Evu S Thg Ev Sy Sh Th C MB Buh (E) F uh Suvy Eu Rh, V II, Pg 1041 JH, W TJ, Tuk PD & Hm JL (2007) Wh Rh B Th Quy Su hvm? Ex y S uy Ju P Evu Eu, 20 ( 3-4 ), Sug, W, Cy F & F B (2005) Cqug y P Bhvu m h h h gy g u, Bh Ju Eu Thgy, 36 (2), S ug, W, Cy, F & F, B ( 2004) Exmg h' S yv, hgy, Eu Thgy & Sy, 7 (4), R D, (1985) Wh Mk M Mv T uu, C mu Jh, Hum R, 38(9), Th? Suy Th M & Vyz, K (2003) Ey Chh Th u m Thgy: C G T hgy Chh Eu u, 2003 (1), m Uk, J, Muu, P, Nkhb, M (2005) Th Mv v Vhh Lh h j Th Mv v E u, Sub-S h Su h Lh Cg Mu, Lh vb : h://h4vm/pdf/ouu/pysgy/3888th _mv_lh KC (1987) Th Vu I Eu Rv, 22(2), 124 R T Thg Ev Vhh, KC & Vm J (1991) Rhh Vg Ev v Vugh, Th g g Py Ly, u (2005), Eu Rv, 26(3), y h h mv, h, vb: h

73 , vm, D D, Uvy O Vgv, W, W, V Tx u, DI- 66/08 Sm, m Pm- K (1988) Cmv Th Suy Ju Eu Pyhgy, XXXXVI ( 1-2 ) MN (1985) E v, F D Suy D BHU, Thg C S uvy Eu Rh V II, Pg 1043 Ev Fu Ty C MB Buh (E) T h Su Sh Thg Fuh RT, N, H, v M, M; Hm, N (2002) Ch Ev v Th, Th Eu Quy, 29(1), Wg, ML (1984) Th Py C Sh Cm Wbb, W, Th Ev, D D Khm M B Buh (E) F uh Suvy Eu Rh V II, Pg 1005 Sy R(2007), h my h U, C ' h h h mv jb bm' Bk B g, D D, bm S Uvy, DI- 68/11 G (1988) Dv Suy Rh B Th Wk Vu Th Ev W m, J (1969) D b, 50/2, Pg 327- Bgh F Ju Exm Eu, 37(3), Th Ev W, RC, D, ER, W, NL (1973) Ch O Ev Cg T h Pv Mum, 10(1), Wmy, RC, Ev, Fuk, By GL, Mxy, Cgu, RL Thg Sgy, 6(1), 7-20 (1978) Ju Dm Eu Th W, C, & B, DS (1992) Sm g my h u mu C mu Eu, 18 (4), Wg, H K, Wg, R T (2001) H B Ev Th: F Dy Sh Mu V, C: Hy K Wg, Pub, W zy, L, V kh, V, & bm, P Y g, hg: T h G (2006) h', Ju Eu, 14 (1), (2000) Ev D mg Cmv Phy h P h P hd Suy S P Th Immg Rg u Thgy Ry Eu, Om Uvy mu Zh- g u, W (2007) Im m y hg v, C h Eu Rv, 4(3), Th Mk US-