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Main article: History of writing in Vietnam
 
Quốc ngữ (國語) was used historically to refer to chữ Nôm. Such as in the book, Đại Nam quốc ngữ (大南國語), a Literary Chinese – Vietnamese (chữ Nôm) dictionary.

Chữ Nôm is the logographic writing system of the Vietnamese language. It is based on the Chinese writing system but adds a large number of new characters to make it fit the Vietnamese language. Common historical terms for chữ Nôm were Quốc Âm (國音, 'national sound') and Quốc ngữ (國語, 'national language').

In Vietnamese, Chinese characters are called chữ Hán (𡨸漢 'Han characters'), chữ Nho (𡨸儒 'Confucian characters', due to the connection with Confucianism) and uncommonly as Hán tự (漢字 'Han characters').[17][18][19] Hán văn (漢文) refers literature written in Literary Chinese.[20][21]

The term Hán Nôm (漢喃 'Han and chữ Nôm characters')[22] in Vietnamese designates the whole body of premodern written materials from Vietnam, either written in Chinese (chữ Hán) or in Vietnamese (chữ Nôm).[23] Hán and Nôm could also be found in the same document side by side,[24] for example, in the case of translations of books on Chinese medicine.[25] The Buddhist history Cổ Châu Pháp Vân phật bản hạnh ngữ lục (1752) gives the story of early Buddhism in Vietnam both in Hán script and in a parallel Nôm translation.[26] The Jesuit Girolamo Maiorica (1605–1656) had also used parallel Hán and Nôm texts.

The term chữ Quốc ngữ (𡨸國語 'national language script') refers to the Vietnamese alphabet in current use, but was used to refer to chữ Nôm before the Vietnamese alphabet was widely used.

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