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CHUYÊN ĐỀ: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES( CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN HỖN HỢP, ĐẢO NGỮ, CÁC TH NÂNG CAO)A. GRAMMAR:1. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp :a. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 1: là sự kết hợp của câu điều kiện loại 3 và câu điềukiện loại 2.– Ta dùng câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 1 để diễn tả giả thiết trái ngược với quá khứ,nhưng kết quả thì trái ngược với hiện tại.Cấu trúc:If + S + had + P.P (quá khứ phân từ), S + would + V (nguyên mẫu)Egs:If he had worked harder at school, he would be a student now.(Nếu anh ra học hành chăm chỉ hơn, thì giời đây anh ta đã là một sinh viên rồi.)If I had taken his advice, I would be rich now.(Nếu tôi làm theo lời khuyên của anh ấy thì giờ đây tôi đã giàu rồi)a. Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2: là sự kết hợp của câu điều kiện loại 2 và câu điềukiện loại 3– Ta dùng câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 1 để diễn tả giả thiết trái ngược với thực tại, còn kếtquả thì trái ngược với quá khứ.Cấu trúc:If + S + V (quá khứ) , S + would + have + P.PEgs:If I were you, I would have learned English earlier.(Nếu tôi là bạn thì tôi đã học tiếng Anh sớm hơn.)If he didn’t love her, he wouldn’t have married her.(Nếu anh ấy không yêu chị ấy thì anh ấy đã không lấy cô ấy làm vợ.)2.Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện:- Điều kiện loại I: Nếu trong câu có “should” ở mệnh đề “if“, thì đảo “should” lên đầu câu.If he should ring , I will tell him the news.→ Should he ring, I will tell him the news. Nếu trong câu không có “should”, chúng ta phải mượn “should”If he has free time, he’ll play tennis.→ Should he have free time, he will play tennis.If she comes early, we’ll start.→ Should she come early, we’ll start.- Điệu kiện loại II:If I were a bird, I would fly.→ Were I a bird, I would fly.They would answer me if they were here.→ Were they here, they would answer me. Cấu trúc: Nếu trong câu có were ở mệnh đề” if “ thì đảo were lên đầu câu vàbỏ if đi.If I learnt Russian, I would read a Russian book.→ Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book.If they lived in Australia now, they would go swimming.→ Were they to live in Australia now, they would go swimming. Nếu trong câu không có động từ “were” thì mượn “were” và dùng “ to V”.- Điều kiện loại III• Đảo trợ động từ của thì quá khứ hoàn thành.đảo had lên trước chủ ngưc, bỏ if điVí dụ:If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.→ Had it rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.If he had trained hard, he would have won the match.→ Had he trained hard, he would have won the match.Chú ý: Ở dạng phủ định, “not” được đặt sau chủ ngữ:Had it not been so late, we would have called you.3. Những cách diễn đạt khác của câu điều kiện:*Unless = If …not…: trừ khi/ nếu ..không…o If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your living.o Unless we start at once, we will be late= If we don’t start at once we will be late.IFUNLESSKhẳng địnhKhẳng định (động từ trong mệnh đề chính đổi sang phủđịnh)Phủ địnhKhẳng định (mệnh đề chính không thay đổi)* Even if = Even though: cho dùo You must go tomorrow if you are ready.o You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.* Whether ...or = If ....or: Dù có hay khôngo You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.o You’ll be late* But for/without: Nếu không vì thế (But for/without + would + V-inf / would + have+ Ved2)o You help me everyday so I can finish my work.→ But for your daily help, I couldn’t finish my work.o She encouraged him and he succeeded.→Without her encouragement, he wouldn’t have succeeded.o If he had n’t got my book, he couldn’t have written well the thesis.-> But for my book, he couldn’t have written well the thesis.o If they hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have finished that work.-> Without their help, I wouldn’t have finished that work.- Chú ý: ở dạng phủ định, “not” được đặt sau chủ ngữ:Had it not been so late, we would have called you.* Otherwise (or / else ): Kẻo, nếu không (nếu điều này không xảy ra) + Clauseo We must be back before midnight; otherwise we'll be locked out.o I used my calculator; otherwise I would have taken longer.o I must be early or (else) we won't get a seat.* In case: Trong trường hợp + Clause (chia ở thì hiện tại or quá khứ or should)dùng để giải thích lí do cho mệnh đề chínho I'll come tomorrow in case Ann wants.o You should take umbrella in case it rains.*If only: Giá mà → dùng để nhấn mạnh tình huống mang tính giả thiết.A. If only + will / thì hiện tại – diễn tả sự hy vọngo If only he comes in time. = we hope he will come in time.o If only he will listen to her. = We hope he will be willing to listen toher.B. If only + thì quá khứ / quá khứ hoàn thành – diễn tả sự hối tiếco If only he didn't smoke. = We wish he didn't smoke.o If only Tom were here. = We wish Tom were here.o If only you hadn't made her sad = We are sorry you made her sad.C. If only + would – diễn tả sự hối tiếc về một hành động hiện tại hoặc1 ước muốn vô vọng trong tương laio If only he would drive more slowly.o If only the rain would stop.Những câu điều kiện cũng có thể được bắt đầu bằng những liên từ: as long as,assuming (that), even if, on the condition (that), provided/ providing (that), so long as,suppose/ supposing (that) …= ifEgs:He’ll definitely win, even if he fails over.Anh ta dứt khoát sẽ thắng ngay cả nếu như anh ta thất bại hết.Providing that you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.Nếu bạn dọn dẹp bàn của bạn tối nay, ngày mai bạn có thể nghỉ.Supposing that we miss the train, what shall we do?Cho là nếu chúng ta bị lỡ chuyến tàu, chúng ta sẽ làm gì?They’ll lend us their flat on the condition that we look after it.Họ sẽ cho chúng ta mượn căn hộ của họ với điều kiện chúng ta giữ gìn nó.A. PRACTICE:* Ex 1: Give the correct verb form1. Bring him another if he (not/like) __________this one.2. She (be) angry if she (hear) __________this tomorrow.3. Unless you are more careful, you (have)__________ an accident.4. If you (like)__________, I (get) __________you a job in this company.5. If grandmother (be) 5 years younger, she (play) __________some games.6. If the sun (stop)__________ shinning, there (be)__________ no light on earth.7. If I (be) __________a millionaire, I (live) __________on Mars.Key: 1. Bring him another if he doesn’t like this one.2. She will be angry if she hears this tomorrow.3. Unless you are more careful, you will have an accident.4. If you like, I will get you a job in this company.5. If grandmother were 5 years younger, she would play some games.6. If the sun stopped shinning, there would be no light on earth.7. If I were a millionaire, I would live on Mars.* Ex 2: Rewrite sentences using the suggested words1. I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now. If I………………………………….2. If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop.But for………………………………………3. If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it. If I ………………………………………4. I only come if they invite me. Unless……………………….5. He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam. If he………………………………………………6. His sister sent her money, so he continued to study. But for…………………………………………7. The park is over there, only 5 minutes’ walk. If you walk……………………………….8. In case it rains, we’ll stay at home If it……………………………..Key:1. I didn’t eat lunch, I feel hungry now. If I had eaten lunch, I wouldn’t feel hungry now.2. If it hadn’t rained, we would have a better crop. But for rain, we would have a better crop.3. If you want my advice, I wouldn’t buy it. If I were you, I wouldn’t buy it. Unless they invite me, I won’t come.5. He didn’t revise all his lessons, he failed the exam. If he had revised all his lessons, he wouldn’t have failed the exam.6. His sister sent her money, so he continued to study. But for his sister’s money, he wouldn’t have continued to study.7. The park is over there, only 5 minutes’ walk. If you walk to the park, it will take you 5 minutes.8. In case it rains, we’ll stay at home If it rains, we’ll stay at home.* Ex 3: Find and correct mistakes1. Should anyone rang, could you take a message?2. Were the customers not complained, nothing would have been done.3. Was I a bird, I would fly.4. Unless you don’t have a good command of English, you won't be able to work for thiscompany.5. Were they live in Australia now, they would go swimming.Key:1. Rang  ring2. Were  had3. Was  were4. You don’t have  you have5. Were they live  were they to live* Ex 4: Choose the best answer1. I would have visited you before if there _____ quite a lot of people in your house.A. hadn'tB. hadn't beenC. wouldn't beD. wasn't2. If you had caught the bus, you _____ late for work.A. wouldn't have beenB. would have beenC. wouldn’t beD. would be3. If I _____, I would express my feelings.A. were askedB. would askC. had been askedD. asked4. If _____ as I told her, she would have succeeded.A. she has doneB. she had doneC. she doesD. she did5. Will you be angry if I _____ your pocket dictionary?A. stoleB. have stolenC. were to stealD. steal6. You made a mistake by telling her a lie. It _____ better if you _____ to her.A. would have been/ hadn't liedB. would be/ didn't lieC. will be/ don't lieD. would be/ hadn't lied7. John would be taking a great risk if he _____ his money in that business.A. would investB. investedC. had investedD. invests8. She wouldn't have given them all that money if we _____ her to.A. wouldn’t adviseB. won't adviseC. hadn't advisedD. didn't advise9. If the tree hadn't been so high, he _____ it up to take his kite down.A. could have climbedB. climbC. is climbingD. climbed10. If the wall weren't so high, he _____ it up to take his ball down.A. climbedB. could climbC. is climbingD. climb11. If I _____ her phone number, I _____ her last nightA. had known/ could have phonedB. knew/ would have phonedC. know/ can phoneD. knew/ could phone12. If he ______ the truth, the police wouldn’t arrest him.A. tellsB. toldC. had toldD. would tell13. If you press that button what _____?A. would happenB. would have happenedC. will happenD. happen14. She says if she _____ that the traffic lights were red she _____.A. had realized/ would stopB. realized/ could have stoppedC. has realized/ stoppedD. had realized/ would have stopped15. I am very thin. I think, if I _____ smoking, I might get fat.A. stopB. had stoppedC. will stopD. stopped16. If I _____ that yesterday, I _____ them.A. had discovered/ would informC. had discovered/ would have informedD. had discovered/ could informC. discovered/ can inform17. If you _______ to the course regularly, they ________ a certificate last year.A. go/ gaveB. go/ giveC. had gone/ would have givenD. went/ would give18. I think he is not at home. If he _____ in, he ______ the phone.A. was/ answeredB. were/ would answerC. were/ would have answeredD.had been/ would have answered19. If I ______ in London now, I could visit British Museum.A. wereB. had beenC. have beenD. would be20. If Columbus _______ money from Queen Isabella, he _______ across the Atlantic.A. do not receive/ could not sailB. had not received/ might not have sailedC. did not receive/ might not have sailedD. would not receive/ might not sailKey:1. B6. A11. A16. B2. A7. B12. B17. C3. A8. C13. C18. B4. B9. A14. D19. A5. D10. B15. A20. B* Ex 5: One of the four underlined parts marked A, B, C, D in each sentence is notcorrect in standard English. Identify them.1. If Lucia had been here now, she would find out the truth about her uncle’s accident.ABCD2. If a student takes a course on Computer Science, it will take him four years doing thecourse.ABCD3. Unless it did not rain, Peter would pay us a visit.ABCD4. If had I known you were in financial difficulty, I would have helped you.AB CD5. If I had knew the time when the match started, I would have told you.ABCD6. If she had finished the work, she can go home.ABC D7. If I had spoken more confident at the interview, they would have offered me the job.ABCD8. If we had had a map, we would not be lost yesterday.ABCD9. Had I known Alice’s address, I would write to her.ABCD10. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red, I would stop.ABCD11. If had you sent the application form to that company, you would have been offered ajob.ABCD12. If you don’t care conservation the environment, we will get unavoidable disasters.ABCD13. He spends money carelessly as if he was a millionaire.ABCD14. Unless you work harder, you will be sack because of your laziness.ABCD15. Unless there had been the heavy storm, the climbers will not have died.ABCD16. She has found that nobody can help her if she did not try her best to do it herself.ABCDKey:1.A 2.D 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.D9.C 10.D 11.A 12.B 13.D 14.C 15. D 16.C

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