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Abstract

Various ZnO nanostructures such as porous nanorods and two hierarchical structures consisting of porous nanosheets or crystalline nanorods were prepared by the reaction of mixtures of oleic-acid-dissolved ethanol solutions and aqueous dissolved Zn-precursor solutions in the presence of NaOH. All three ZnO nanostructures showed sensitive and selective detection of C(2)H(5)OH. In particular, ultra-high responses (R(a)/R(g) = ∼1,200, R(a): resistance in air, R(g): resistance in gas) to 100 ppm C(2)H(5)OH was attained using porous nanorods and hierarchical structures assembled from porous nanosheets, which is one of the highest values reported in the literature. The gas response and linearity of gas sensors were discussed in relation to the size, surface area, and porosity of the nanostructures.

Keywords: ZnO; gas sensor; nanostructures, hierarchical structures; self-assembly.

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Figures

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

X-ray diffraction patterns of ( …

Figure 1.

X-ray diffraction patterns of ( a ) H-NS precursors; ( b ) H-NS…

Figure 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) H-NS precursors; (b) H-NS nanostructures; (c) NR precursors; (d) NR nanostructures; (e) H-NR precursors; and (f) H-NR nanostructures. H-NS, NR, and H-NR ZnO nanostructures were prepared by heat treatment of H-NS, NR, and H-HR precursors at 500 °C for 1 h, respectively.
Figure 2.

Figure 2.

( a–c ) SEM images…

Figure 2.

( a–c ) SEM images of as-prepared H-NS precursors; ( d–f ) SEM…

Figure 2. (a–c) SEM images of as-prepared H-NS precursors; (d–f) SEM images of heat-treated H-NS ZnO nanostructures; (g–i) TEM images of heat-treated H-NS ZnO nanostructures.
Figure 3.

Figure 3.

( a–c ) SEM images…

Figure 3.

( a–c ) SEM images of as-prepared NR precursors; ( d–f ) SEM…

Figure 3. (a–c) SEM images of as-prepared NR precursors; (d–f) SEM images of heat-treated NR ZnO nanostructures; (g–i) TEM images of heat-treated NR ZnO nanostructures.
Figure 4.

Figure 4.

( a–c ) SEM images…

Figure 4.

( a–c ) SEM images of as-prepared H-NR precursors; ( d–f ) SEM…

Figure 4. (a–c) SEM images of as-prepared H-NR precursors; (d–f) SEM images of heat-treated H-NR ZnO nanostructures; (g–i) TEM images of heat-treated H-NR ZnO nanostructures.
Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and…

Figure 5.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)curves of ( a ) H-NS…

Figure 5. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)curves of (a) H-NS precursors; (b) NR precursors; and (c) H-NR precursors.
Figure 6.

Figure 6.

C 2 H 5 OH…

Figure 6.

C 2 H 5 OH sensing transients of ( a ) H-NS sensor;…

Figure 6. C2H5OH sensing transients of (a) H-NS sensor; (b) NR sensor; and (c) H-NR sensor at 340 °C. (C2H5OH concentration: 0.2–1 ppm).
Figure 7.

Figure 7.

C 2 H 5 OH…

Figure 7.

C 2 H 5 OH sensing transients of ( a ) H-NS sensor;…

Figure 7. C2H5OH sensing transients of (a) H-NS sensor; (b) NR sensor; and (c) H-NR sensor at 400 °C. (C2H5OH concentration: 0.2–100 ppm).
Figure 8.

Figure 8.

Gas responses to 100 ppm…

Figure 8.

Gas responses to 100 ppm C 2 H 5 OH, C 3 H …

Figure 8. Gas responses to 100 ppm C2H5OH, C3H8, CH4, CO and H2 of (a) H-NS sensor; (b) NR sensor; and (c) H-NR sensor at 400 °C.
Figure 9.

Figure 9.

Gas responses to 0.2–100 ppm…

Figure 9.

Gas responses to 0.2–100 ppm C 2 H 5 OH of H-NS, NR,…

Figure 9. Gas responses to 0.2–100 ppm C2H5OH of H-NS, NR, and H-NR sensors at 340 and 400 °C in the present study and other pure ZnO nanostructured sensors in the literature [,,–39]. (HN: hierarchical nanostructures, NW: nanowires, NP: nanoparticles, NR: Nanorods, NF: nanofibers).
Figure 10.

Figure 10.

Pore size distributions of heat-treated…

Figure 10.

Pore size distributions of heat-treated H-NS, NR, and H-NR ZnO nanostructures determined from…

Figure 10. Pore size distributions of heat-treated H-NS, NR, and H-NR ZnO nanostructures determined from the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm.
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