Dự Phòng - COVID Reference

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Phần thảo luận kỹ lưỡng về phòng chống SARS-CoV-2 sẽ được trình bày trong phiên bản thứ 5 của COVID Reference bởi Stefano Lazzari. Hiện tại, xin vui lòng tìm trong bản phác thảo này với các chủ đề và tài liệu tham khảo chính. Hiện tại, dựa trên sự hiểu biết hiện có về sự lây truyền SARS-CoV-2 được trình bày trong Chương 2, một số biện pháp phòng ngừa có thể được xem xét ở cấp độ cá nhân, cơ quan, cộng đồng và xã hội:

1. Biện pháp phòng chống nhiễm trùng cá nhân

• Vệ sinh tay (rửa với nước hoặc dung dịch khử trùng)
• Thực hành vệ sinh hô hấp tốt /che miệng khi ho.
• Sử dụng khẩu trang
• Giãn cách xã hội. Tránh những nơi đông người
• Nói khẽ, không gào thét (hoặc hát)!
• Tăng cường sức khỏe và miễn dịch
• Vệ sinh đồ dùng trong nhà
• Tự cách ly tại nhà
• Giãn cách xã hội
• Dự phòng bằng thuốc (chưa có sẵn)

2. Các biện pháp phòng ngừa ở cấp cộng đồng và xã hội

• Bắt buộc đeo khẩu trang
• Cấm tụ tập đông người (sự kiện thể thao, vũ trường, quán bar, sự kiện tôn giáo, v.v.)
• Phong toả từng khu vực hoặc trên toàn quốc
• Hạn chế đi lại/đóng cửa biên giới
• Thực hiện xét nghiệm một cách rộng rãi, truy vết tiếp xúc kĩ càng (có hoặc không có ứng dụng điện thoại thông minh)
• Kiểm dịch và cách ly các trường hợp nghi ngờ hoặc được xác nhận nhiễm bệnh

• Vệ sinh và khử trùng môi trường
• Tiêm phòng vaccine cúm mùa và COVID-19 (hiện tại chưa có)

3. Các biện pháp phòng ngừa ở cấp cơ quan

• Bệnh viện
• Viện dưỡng lão

• Đơn vị chăm sóc dài hạn
• Nơi làm việc
• Trường học
• Nhà tù
• Nhà cho người vô gia cư

Các biện pháp phòng ngừa cấp độ cá nhân

Thực hành vệ sinh hô hấp tốt /che miệng khi ho.

• Chavis S, Ganesh N. Respiratory Hygiene and Cough Etiquette. Infection Control in the Dental Office. 2019;91-103. Published 2019 Nov 18. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30085-2_7

Vệ sinh tay

• Kratzel A, Todt D, V’kovski P, et al. Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by WHO-Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 13;26(7). PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32284092 Full-text: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200915
• WHO Interim recommendations on obligatory hand hygiene against transmission of COVID-19. 1 April 2020
• Guide to Local Production: WHO-recommended Handrub Formulations. WHO 2020.

Sử dụng khẩu trang

• Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ. COVID-19 Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort (SURGE) study authors. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020 Jun 1. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32497510. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9
• Meselson M. Droplets and Aerosols in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 21;382(21):2063. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32294374. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009324
• Prather KA, Wang CC, Schooley RT. Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2. 2020 May 27: eabc6197. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32461212. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc6197
• Chan JF, Yuan S, Zhang AJ, et al. Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020 May 30:ciaa644. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32472679. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa644
• WHO Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19. Interim guidance, 5 June 2020

Giãn cách xã hội. Tránh những nơi đông người

• Zhang J, Litvinova M, Liang Y, et al. Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. 2020 Apr 29. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32350060. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8001
• Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. 2020 May 22;368(6493):860-868. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32291278. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5793

Nói khẽ, không gào thét (hoặc hát)!

• Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, Barreda S, Bouvier NM, Ristenpart WD. Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Sci Rep. 2019 Feb 20;9(1):2348. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/30787335. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z

Vệ sinh đồ dụng trong nhà

• Radhika Gharpure; Candis M. Hunter; Amy H. Schnall; Catherine E. Barrett; Amy E. Kirby; Jasen Kunz; Kirsten Berling; Jeffrey W. Mercante; Jennifer L. Murphy; Amanda G. Garcia-Williams. Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention — United States, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. May 2020 Early Release, June 5, 2020/9. Full-text: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6923e2.htm
• Chang A, Schnall AH, Law R, et al. Cleaning and Disinfectant Chemical Exposures and Temporal Associations with COVID-19 – National Poison Data System, United States, January 1, 2020-March 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 24;69(16):496-498. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32324720. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6916e1
• Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. Lancet 2020: April 02, 2020. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3

Dự phòng bằng thuốc

Dự phòng sau phơi nhiễm (PEP) với thuốc kháng virus sau khi phơi nhiễm được ghi nhận có thể làm giảm nguy cơ nhiễm bệnh. Trong tương lai, dự phòng sau phơi nhiễm SARS-CoV-2- có thể được sử dụng để làm giảm sự phát tán virus trong các trường hợp nghi ngờ và như là một phương pháp điều trị dự phòng cho người tiếp xúc.

Các biện pháp phòng ngừa ở cấp cộng đồng và xã hội

Bắt buộc đeo khẩu trang

• Recommendation Regarding the Use of Cloth Face Coverings, Especially in Areas of Significant Community-Based Transmission, US CDC 2020
• WHO Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19, Interim guidance, 5 June 2020
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Using face masks in the community. Stockholm: ECDC 2020

Cấm tụ tập đông người

• McCloskey B, Zumla A, Ippolito G, et al. Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: a political and public health dilemma. 2020 Apr 4;395(10230):1096-1099. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32203693. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30681-4
• Ebrahim SH, Memish ZA. COVID-19 – the role of mass gatherings. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Mar-Apr;34:101617. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32165283. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101617

Phong toả từng khu vực hoặc trên toàn quốc

• Cowling BJ, Ali ST, Ng TWY, et al. Impact assessment of non-pharmaceutical interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Public Health. 2020 May;5(5):e279-e288. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32311320. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30090-6

Hạn chế đi lại / đóng cửa biên giới

• #COVID19 Government Measures Dataset, ACAPS, 2020
• Updated WHO recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak, WHO 29 February 2020
• Habibi R, Burci GL, de Campos TC, et al. Do not violate the International Health Regulations during the COVID-19 outbreak. 2020 Feb 29;395(10225):664-666. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32061311. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30373-1
• Devi S. Travel restrictions hampering COVID-19 response. 2020 Apr 25;395(10233):1331-1332. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32334692. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30967-3
• Mateus AL, Otete HE, Beck CR, Dolan GP, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS. Effectiveness of travel restrictions in the rapid containment of human influenza: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2014 Dec 1;92(12):868-880D. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/25552771. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.135590

Xét nghiệm, điều trị và truy vết

• Contact tracing for COVID-19: current evidence, options for scale-up and an assessment of resources needed. ECDC, April 2020
• Contact tracing in the context of COVID-19: Interim guidance, WHO 10 May 2020
• Steinbrook R. Contact Tracing, Testing, and Control of COVID-19-Learning From Taiwan. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 May 1. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32356871. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2072
• Cheng HY, Jian SW, Liu DP, Ng TC, Huang WT, Lin HH; Taiwan COVID-19 Outbreak Investigation Team. Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 May 1:e202020. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32356867. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020
• Salathé M, Althaus CL, Neher R, et al. COVID-19 epidemic in Switzerland: on the importance of testing, contact tracing and isolation. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020 Mar 19;150:w20225. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32191813. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20225. eCollection 2020 Mar 9

Ứng dụng truy vết tiếp xúc

• Jia JS, Lu X, Yuan Y, Xu G, Jia J, Christakis NA. Population flow drives spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 in China. 2020 Apr 29. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32349120. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2284-y
• Oliver N, Lepri B, Sterly H, et al. Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the COVID-19 pandemic life cycle ScienceAdvances 5 June. Full-text: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/23/eabc0764
• Ferretti L, Wymant C, Kendall M, et al. Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing. 2020 May 8;368(6491). PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32234805. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6936

Kiểm dịch và cách ly các trường hợp nghi ngờ hoặc được xác nhận nhiễm bệnh

• Little P, Read RC, Amlôt R, et al. Reducing risks from coronavirus transmission in the home-the role of viral load. 2020 May 6. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32376669. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1728
• Bi Q, Wu Y, Mei S, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 27:S1473-3099(20)30287-5. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32353347. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5
• Wu J, Huang Y, Tu C, et al. Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Zhuhai, China, 2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 May 11. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32392331. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa557

Vệ sinh và khử trùng môi trường

• Cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces in the context of COVID-19, WHO 16 May 2020
• Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020 Mar;104(3):246-251. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32035997. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
• Disinfection of environments in healthcare and non-healthcare settings potentially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. ECDC, March 2020

Tiêm phòng vaccine cúm mùa và COVID-19 (hiện tại chưa có)

• Arokiaraj MC. Correlation of Influenza Vaccination and the COVID-19 Severity (April 10, 2020). Full-text at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572814 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572814
• Mendelson M. Could enhanced influenza and pneumococcal vaccination programs help limit the potential damage from SARS-CoV-2 to fragile health systems of southern hemisphere countries this winter? Int J Infect Dis. 2020 May;94:32-33. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32194236. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.030
• Singer BD. COVID-19 and the next influenza season. Science Advances 29 May 2020. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0086

Các biện pháp phòng ngừa ở cấp cơ quan

Bệnh viện và các hệ thống chăm sóc sức khỏe

• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-513. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32007143. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
• Infection prevention and control andpreparedness for COVID-19 in healthcare settings. ECDC Second update – 31 March 2020
• US CDC Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Healthcare Settings (Update May 18, 2020)
• Hoe Gan W, Wah Lim J, Koh D. Preventing intra-hospital infection and transmission of COVID-19 in healthcare workers. Saf Health Work. 2020 Mar 24. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32292622. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.03.001
• Ghinai I, McPherson TD, Hunter JC, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. 2020 Apr 4;395(10230):1137-1144. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32178768. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30607-3

Viện dưỡng lão

• Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV. Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020 May 28;382(22):2158-2160. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32329972. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2009758

Đơn vị chăm sóc dài hạn

• Yen MY, Schwartz J, King CC, Lee CM, Hsueh PR; Society of Taiwan Prevention and Control. Recommendations for protecting against and mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic in long-term care facilities. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Apr 10;53(3):447-53. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32303480. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.003
• Lai CC, Wang JH, Ko WC, et al. COVID-19 in long-term care facilities: An upcoming threat that cannot be ignored. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020 Apr 13;53(3):444-6. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32303483. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.008

Nơi làm việc

• Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19 at Work ACTION CHECKLIST, International Labor Organization 16 April 2020
• Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID-19, US CDC and OSHA 3990-03 2020.

Trường học

• UK Department of Education Guidance Actions for schools during the coronavirus outbreak Updated 3 June 2020
• Cao Q, Chen YC, Chen CL, Chiu CH. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: Transmission dynamics and clinical characteristics. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020 Mar;119(3):670-673. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32139299. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.009
• Lee B, Raszka WV Jr. COVID-19 Transmission and Children: The Child is Not to Blame. 2020 May 26:e2020004879. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32457212. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-004879
• Ludvigsson JF. Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic – a systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2020 May 19. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32430964. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15371

Nhà tù

• Yang H, Thompson JR. Fighting covid-19 outbreaks in prisons. 2020 Apr 2;369:m1362. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32241756. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1362
• Burki T. Prisons are “in no way equipped” to deal with COVID-19. 2020 May 2;395(10234):1411-1412. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32359457. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30984-3
• Barnert E, Ahalt C, Williams B. Prisons: Amplifiers of the COVID-19 Pandemic Hiding in Plain Sight. Am J Public Health. 2020 May 14:e1-e3. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32407126. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305713

Nhà cho người vô gia cư

• Tsai J, Wilson M. COVID-19: a potential public health problem for homeless populations. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Apr;5(4):e186-e187. PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32171054. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30053-0
• Wood LJ, Davies AP, Khan Z. COVID-19 precautions: easier said than done when patients are homeless. Med J Aust. 2020 May;212(8):384-384.e1.PubMed: https://pubmed.gov/32266965.Full-text: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50571
• Barbieri A. CoViD-19 in Italy: homeless population needs protection. Recenti Prog Med. 2020 May;111(5):295-296. PubMed:https://pubmed.gov/32448878. Full-text: https://doi.org/10.1701/3366.33409