E = Mc² | Equation, Explanation, & Proof - Encyclopedia Britannica

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Ask the Chatbot a Question Written by Sidney Perkowitz Charles Howard Candler Professor of Physics Emeritus, Emory University, Atlanta. Author of Empire of Light, Universal Foam, Hollywood Science, Slow Light, and others. Sidney Perkowitz Fact-checked by Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Britannica Editors Last updated Nov. 23, 2025 •History Contents Ask the Chatbot a Question

E = mc2, equation in German-born physicist Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity that expresses the fact that mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other. In the equation, the increased relativistic mass (m) of a body times the speed of light squared (c2) is equal to the kinetic energy (E) of that body.

Key People: Albert Einstein (Show more) Related Topics: mass kinetic energy special relativity speed of light mass-energy equivalence (Show more) On the Web: Physics LibreTexts - E=mc² (Nov. 23, 2025) (Show more) See all related content

In physical theories prior to that of special relativity, mass and energy were viewed as distinct entities. Furthermore, the energy of a body at rest could be assigned an arbitrary value. In special relativity, however, the energy of a body at rest is determined to be mc2. Thus, each body of rest mass m possesses mc2 of “rest energy,” which potentially is available for conversion to other forms of energy. The mass-energy relation, moreover, implies that, if energy is released from the body as a result of such a conversion, then the rest mass of the body will decrease. Such a conversion of rest energy to other forms of energy occurs in ordinary chemical reactions, but much larger conversions occur in nuclear reactions. This is particularly true in the case of nuclear fusion reactions that transform hydrogen to helium, in which 0.7 percent of the original rest energy of the hydrogen is converted to other forms of energy. Stars like the Sun shine from the energy released from the rest energy of hydrogen atoms that are fused to form helium.

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