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ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI & NHÂN VĂN Tô Minh Thanh TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI TUYỂN SINH SAU ĐẠI HỌC CHUYÊN NGÀNH Giảng dạy tiếng Anh(Tái bản lần thứ nhất, có chỉnh sửa) chuyên ngành Giảng dạy tiếng Anh và (2) được trình bày thành bốn phần: Phần 1: Các từ loại (Word Classes) Phần 2: Các loại ngữ, cú và câu (Types of phrases, clauses and sentences) Phần 3: Các mối quan hệ ngữ pháp (Grammatical relations) Phần 4: Một số đề thi và đáp án đã thực tế được dùng trong các kỳ thi gần đây. Tài liệu này cũng có thể nằm trong thư mục sách tham khảo giúp sinh viên hệ tại chức và hệ chính quy bằng 1 và bằng 2Preface vii Outline for revision ix Table of notational symbols xii Section one: WORD CLASSES 1 Parts of speech, word classes and grammatical categories 1 2 Classification of word classes 2 2.1 Major classes vs. minor classes 2 2.2 English major classes 3 2.2.1 English form classes 15 4 Adjective phrases vs. adverb phrases 15 5 Attributive vs. predicative adjectives/adjective phrases 17 6 Noun phrases vs. verb phrases 18 7 The N-bar (N’) as a level of NP-structure that is intermediate between the phrasal (NP) level and the lexicalVerb participles 29 8.7 Gerunds 30 8.8 Restricters 31 9 Types of post-nominal modifiers 32 9.1 Prepositional phrases 32 9.2 Adjective phrases 33 9.3 Participial phrases 35 9.4 Infinitive phrases 35 9.5Ditransitive verbs/verb phrases 43 11.4 Monotransitive verbs/verb phrases 47 11.5 Prepositional verbs/verb phrases 51 11.5.1 Monotransitive Prepositional verbs/verb phrases 51 11.5.2 Ditransitive Prepositional verbs/verb phrases 53 11.6 13.3 Subordinate clauses vs. embedded clauses 64 14 Covert subjects vs. overt subjects 66 15 Types of finite dependent clauses 67 15.1 Nonimal clauses 67 15.2 Relative clauses 67 iii15.3 Adverbial clauses 68 15.4 Reporting clauses 68 15.5 17.3 Complex sentences 72 17.3.1 Embedded nominal clauses 73 17.3.1.1 As the subject 73 17.3.1.2 As the direct object/the predicator complement 78 17.3.1.3 As the indirect object 89 17.3.1.4 As the subject(ive) complement 90 17.3.1.5 99 20 Types of syntactic structures 100 20.1 Structures of modification 100 20.2 Structures of complementation 101 20.3 Structures of coordination 101 20.4 Structures of predication 103 iv21 Constructions vs. constituents 104 22 Immediate constituents vs. ultimate constituents 104 23 -adjectival modifiers 109 29 Classification of English adjectives according to their post-modifiers 111 30 Types of adverbial adjuncts 112 31 Noun phrase analyses 123 32 Mis-diagraming 125 33 Structural ambiguity in English noun phrases 126 33.1 Define a structurally ambiguous noun phrase 126 33.2 Explain structurally ambiguous noun phrases 128 33.3 adjuncts of an intransitive verb 141 34.3 Prepositional phrases as the sP/sC of an intensive verb or as the optional adverbial adjunct of any verb 142 34.4 IntransVAC vs. intransV—Adv 143 34.5 MonotransVAC—NP vs.of a ditransitive verb 148 v35.3 Explain the difference between two sentences 151 35.4 Re-analyse sentence pairs, using tree-diagrams 154 36 Structural ambiguity in English verb phrases 157 37 Phrase structure 162 37.1 Definition 170 39 Surface structures vs. deep structures 172 40 Signals of syntactic structures 174 40.1 Word order 174 40.2 Function words 174 40.3 Inflection 175 40.4 Derivational contrast 176 40.5 Prosody 176 41 (cho chuyên ngành Giảng dạy tiếng Anh) 1. Linguistics (a) Semantics - The expression of meaning in English at the word and sentence level; - The relations of different kinds of meaning; - Meaning shifts or words; - Use of language in social interaction. (b) Syntax - Word classes; - Grammatical relations; - Types of phrases, clauses & sentences. 2. Academic Writing Write an essay of 250 - 300 words on an issue of second language teaching and learning. REFERENCES Fromkin V. et al (1988) An Introduction to Language. Sydney: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Hurdford, J. R. & Heasley, B. (1984) Semantics. A Course Book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jordan, R.R. (1990) VI. Synonymy vs. Antonymy VII. Homonyms (homophones and homograph), acronyms, anomaly VIII. Speech Acts Propositions-Utterances-Sentences Performative sentences Presuppositions and Implicatures Felicity conditions Speech events Deixis (time, place, person) Pragmatic meaning Maxims of conversation Maxims of politeness xiENGLISH SYNTAX Introduction • Syntax: “the study of how words combine to Four basic types of syntactic structures: modification, predication, complementation, and coordination (Francis, 1958) Endocentric and exocentric constructions (Bloomfield, 1933; Nida, 1966) • Chapter 6 in Francis (1958) • Chapter 6 in Fromkin et al (1990) • Chapter 1in Nida (1996) • John Lyons (translated version) pp. 368-70 Noun phrases Types of modifiers in noun phrases • Premodification: identifier, numeral/quantifier, adjective, noun modifier • Postmodification: relative clauses, non-finite clauses, prepositional phrases Chapter 3 in Jackson (1980) Verb phrases: tense, aspect, mood, voice Chapter 4 in Jackson (1980) Adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and prepositional phrases Chapter 5 in Jackson (1980) Clauses Co-PP = a coordinate Prepositional phrase Co-NP = a coordinate noun phrase Co-AP = a coordinate adjective phrase DEG = degree adverb DEM = demonstrative DET = determiner dO = direct object ditrans = ditransitive verb ditrans-prep = ditransitive prepositional verb EmACl = embedded adjective clause EmAdvCl = embedded adverbial clause EXCLAMATORY DET = exclamatory determiner [EEEE] = empty/covert/zero/implicit subject H = the head headN = the head noun headPRO = the head pronoun headPropN = the head proper noun headA = the head adjective headGer = the head gerund IC = immediate constituent InfP = infinitive phrase intens = intensive verb intrans = intransitive verb PossMarker = possessive marker PossNP = possessive noun phrase predC = predicator complement P = preposition prep = prepositional verb prepO = prepositional object prepC = complement of a preposition PP = prepositional phrase PartP = participial phrase Q = quantifier QA = quantifying adjective RESTRIC = restricter S = sentence xiiiS’= S-bar sC = subject(ive) complement sP = subject-predicative SubACl = subordinate adjective clause SubAdvCl = subordinate adverbial clause VP = verb phrase Vgrp = verb group V-Part = verb participle V-Ger = gerund Prt = adverbial particle“The traditional term ‘parts of speech’ is puzzling; it’s not clear why kinds of words — really, classes of words — would be ‘parts’ of speech any more than, say, phonemes, allophones, morphemes, allomorphs, or even phrases or sentences. In fact, instead of ‘parts of speech,’ linguists usually employ the terms ‘word class’ or ‘grammatical category.’ The term ‘grammatical category’ is a useful one, since it captures an important aspect of a ‘part of speech,’ namely, that all tokens of a particular part of speech share important grammatical characteristics that other parts of speech lack. The term ‘word class,’ however, is valuable in its simplicity and is certainly an improvement over ‘part of speech’.” [Kaplan, 1989: 105] 1 “The syntactic categories of words and groups of words are revealed by the way they pattern in sentences. If you didn’t have knowledge of these syntactic categories, you would be unable to form grammatical sentences or distinguish between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences.” [Fromkin et al, 1988: 214] For example, the child belong to a family that includes the minor. major classes minor classes 1. The major classes — nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs — have a great many members, e.g. a hundred thousand nouns. 1. The minor classes — pronouns, numerals, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, and so on — have few members. It’s easy to list all the articles of English: a, an, and words, “the open classes bear the greatest load in terms of meaning, in the sense of refrence to things in the world while the function of closed classes is oriented more towards internal linguistic relationships.” [Jackson, 1980: 7] 3. Major classes are receptive to new members. As a result, major classes are also called open classes [Jackson, 1980: 7]. Originating in slang or casual contexts are the following new nouns, verbs, and adjectives (new adverbs are harder to come up with): teflon, yuppie, nerd (nouns); scam, boot up, book (verbs); rad, gnardly, killer, tubular, (adjectives). 3. Minor classes are not receptive to major/open classes according to their meaning. “According to the meaning they represent, nouns may be divided into several classes: common or proper, concrete or abstract, collective, individual, mass, material, etc.” [House and Harman, 1965: 22] “When classified as to meaning, adjectives are descriptive or definitive, some of each class having definite and some indefinite application.” [House and Harman, 1965: 73] 2. Fromkin et al [1988, 214-215] present three types of criteria to define which belong to more than one word class (kick, love, drink), but those whose meaning remains essentially the same. Meaning is therefore best regarded as a secondary criterion, to be used to check the purely grammatical criteria of form and function. 3. Kaplan [1989:108] points out that one problem with the traditional definition of noun and verb since it is meaning-based (a noun, which will be later labelled as nominals, verbals, adjectivals, or adverbials. 2.2.1 English form classes 2.2.1.1 Nouns Noun are identified as nouns by two aspects of form, their inflectional morphemes, and their derivational morphemes. 2.2.1.1.1 The two noun inflectional suffixes in English are:  The noun plural morpheme {–S1}: book–s, apple–s, box–es, etc.  The noun possessive morpheme {–S2}: man–’s, girl–’s, students–’, 3}: walk–s, find–s, mix–es, etc.  The verb present participle morpheme {–ing1}: play–ing, typ(e)–ing, dig(g)–ing, etc.  The verb past simple morpheme {–D1}: flow–ed, work–ed, creat(e)–ed, drank, broke, thought, show–ed, etc.  The verb past participle morpheme {–D2}: flow–ed, work–ed, creat(e)–ed, drunk, broken, thought, show–n, etc. 2.2.1.2.2 Verbs are identified not only by inflectional morphemes but also by verb-forming derivational affixes added to nouns or adjectives: knowledge → acknowledge, bath → bathe, ripe → ripen, large → enadjective-forming derivational suffixes3 added to nouns or verbs: athlete → athletic, child → childish, collect → collective, read → readable, etc. In short, “a word which is inflected with –er and –est and which is capable of forming adverbs with –ly and/or nouns with –ness is called an adjective.” [Stageberg, 1965: 202] Or, “an adjective will be any word which has one or more of the following positive attributes: i. it can occur between Article and Noun. “These are uninflected words (UW’s) because they take no inflectional endings. Although they do have the prefix a- in common, it seems unwise to label them formally as either adjectives or adverbs since positionally they appear in both adjectival and adverbial slots.” [Stageberg, 1965: 206] 6 2.2.1.3.4 Adverbs 2.2.1.3.4.1 The two adverb inflectional suffixes in English are:  The adverb comparative morpheme {–er1 [1965: 196-219], the four positional classes in English are the nominal, the verbal, the adjectival and the adverbial. 2.2.2.1 “Any word, whatever its form-class (noun, verb, comparable, pronoun, uninflected word) will be tabbed a nominal if it occupies one of the seven noun positions” [Stageberg,1965:196] listed below: 1. The position of the subject: - Upstairs IS the safest hiding place. 4 “In the word-stock of English there are many uninflected words often employed in the adverbial positions: 1. Uninflected words: anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, nowhere. 6. “-ways” series: crossways, sideways; also, anyway. 7. “-time” series: meantime, sometime, anytime, sometimes. 8. Miscellaneous: today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday, now, then, seldom, still, yet, already, meanwhile, also, too, never, not, forth, thus, sidelong, headlong, maybe, perhaps, instead, indeed, henceforth, piecemeal, nevertheless, downstairs, indoors, outdoors, offhand, overseas, unawares, besides, furthermore, always.” [Stageberg, 1965:215] 7- For Glenda to steal the diamond WOULD BE a shame. 2. The position of the direct object: I HATE telling lies5. The position of the subject(ive) complement: This book IS hers. My favorite pastime IS swimming. 6. The position of the object(ive) complement: You’VE MADE me what I am. Theymust have been loafing last week and two in I should leave the house in ten minutes. Also, any verb form taking a subject or a complement (OV, SC, or Adj) or modified by an adverbial is a verbal, regardless of its position. 1. Becoming angry, she broke the dish. 2. Being a minister, Prentice spoke softly. 3. After having eaten the turnips, Prentice tried to look satisfied. verb: The management considered him competent. “In other positions let us say that any adjective or adjective substitute is an adjectival, unless it is in a nominal or adverbial slot”. [Stageberg, 1965: 210] Angry and upset, the applicant slammed the door. 2.2.2.4 Adverbials are the word groups as well as the single words that occupy the adverb positions and perform the adverb functions. Common adverbial positions are: the set WILL NOT FIT properly together. 2.2.2.4.2 Medial position: This includes all positions between obligatory initial and final clausal elements. Several more specific positions can be distinguished:  Between the subject and the beginning of the verb phrase: 9(2)a. She actually EXPECTS to marry him. b. Mary in her own way WAS a darling. c. The environment secretary yesterday MOVED to mitigate the effects of the inland revenue revaluation.  After THE MODAL/FIRST AUXILIARY VERBLIMITED to business.  After THE LEXICAL VERB but preceding other obligatory elements of the clause. (2)h. It IS still three weeks away. i. It IS no longer a casino. j. He IS always/at any event happy. k. He IS certainly/without doubt an expert. l. She IS cleverly VERB (though it may not be the last element if there are other final adverbials in the same clause): (3)a. Tom WAS a doctor for many years. b. Tom WILL PLAY football tomorrow. c. Tom SENT a telegraph to his wife yesterday morning. d. Tom PUT his watch where he can find it in the dark. e. Tom BELIEVED the man crazy after questioning himco-ordinating conjunctions, such as and, or, but, which join two items on an equal footing; and subordinating conjunctions, such as when, if, why, whether, because, since, which subordinate one item to another in some way.” Fromkin et al [1980: 9-11] add to minor/closed classes2.4 Word-class exercises: 2.4.1 Exercises for form classes EXERCISE 1: Review the derivational adverb-forming suffix {-ly1} and the derivational adjective-forming suffix {-ly2}. Then place a check after each word that qualifies as an adverb. 1. swiftly6. richly10. sourly 11EXERCISE 2: Identify the italicized -ly as either the derivational adverb-forming suffix {-ly1} or the derivational adverb-forming suffix {-ly2}. Complete the table. 1. The witness testified falsely. {-ly1} 9. What an unmannerly helot! 10. It was a cowardly act. EXERCISE 3: In the blank place a V to identify the italicized inflectional verb present participle morpheme {-ing1} and an A to identify the italicized derivational class-changing adjective-forming morpheme {-ing3}5. Complete the table. 1. It was a charming spot. {-ing3 9. The attorney made a moving appeal. 10. What an obliging fellow he is ! 5 Notice the derivational class-changing noun-forming morpheme {-ing2} in teaching, a meeting, droppings, etc. 12EXERCISE 4: In the blank place a V to identify the italicized inflectional verb past participle morpheme {-D5. He bought a stolen picture. 6. The invited guests all came. 7. He had a reserved seat. 8. The skipper was a reserved (= quiet) man. 9. A celebrated painter visited the campus. 10. A worried look crossed his face. 2.4.2 Exercises for positional classes EXERCISE 5 Tải File Word Nhờ tải bản gốc Tài liệu, ebook tham khảo khác

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