Gas Laws - Shodor

Gas Laws Gases behave differently from the other two commonly studied states of matter, solids and liquids, so we have different methods for treating and understanding how gases behave under certain conditions. Gases, unlike solids and liquids, have neither fixed volume nor shape. They are molded entirely by the container in which they are held. We have three variables by which we measure gases: pressure, volume, and temperature. Pressure is measured as force per area. The standard SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa). However, atmospheres (atm) and several other units are commonly used. The table below shows the conversions between these units.

Units of Pressure
1 pascal (Pa)	1 N*m-2 = 1 kg*m-1*s-2
1 atmosphere (atm)	1.01325*105 Pa
1 atmosphere (atm)	760 torr
1 bar	105 Pa

Volume is related between all gases by Avogadro's hypothesis, which states: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. From this, we derive the molar volume of a gas (volume/moles of gas). This value, at 1 atm, and 0° C is shown below.

Vm =

Vn

= 22.4 L at 0°C and 1 atm

Where:

Vm = molar volume, in liters, the volume that one mole of gas occupies under those conditions V=volume in liters n=moles of gas

An equation that chemists call the Ideal Gas Law, shown below, relates the volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas, considering the amount of gas present.

PV = nRT

Where:

P=pressure in atm T=temperature in Kelvins R is the molar gas constant, where R=0.082058 L atm mol-1 K-1.

The Ideal Gas Law assumes several factors about the molecules of gas. The volume of the molecules is considered negligible compared to the volume of the container in which they are held. We also assume that gas molecules move randomly, and collide in completely elastic collisions. Attractive and repulsive forces between the molecules are therefore considered negligible.

Example Problem: A gas exerts a pressure of 0.892 atm in a 5.00 L container at 15°C. The density of the gas is 1.22 g/L. What is the molecular mass of the gas?

Answer:

PV = nRT

T = 273 + 15 = 228

(0.892)(5.00) = n(.0821)(288)

n = 0.189 mol

.189 mol5.00L x x grams1 mol = 1.22 g/L

x = Molecular Weight = 32.3 g/mol

We can also use the Ideal Gas Law to quantitatively determine how changing the pressure, temperature, volume, and number of moles of substance affects the system. Because the gas constant, R, is the same for all gases in any situation, if you solve for R in the Ideal Gas Law and then set two Gas Laws equal to one another, you have the Combined Gas Law:

P1V1n1T1

=

P2V2n2T2

Where:

values with a subscript of "1" refer to initial conditions values with a subscript of "2" refer to final conditions

If you know the initial conditions of a system and want to determine the new pressure after you increase the volume while keeping the numbers of moles and the temperature the same, plug in all of the values you know and then simply solve for the unknown value.

Example Problem: A 25.0 mL sample of gas is enclosed in a flask at 22°C. If the flask was placed in an ice bath at 0°C, what would the new gas volume be if the pressure is held constant?

Answer:

Because the pressure and the number of moles are held constant, we do not  need to represent them in the equation because their values will cancel. So the  combined gas law equation becomes:

V1T1 = V2T2

25.0 mL295 K = V2273 K

V2 = 23.1 mL

We can apply the Ideal Gas Law to solve several problems. Thus far, we have considered only gases of one substance, pure gases. We also understand what happens when several substances are mixed in one container. According to Dalton's law of partial pressures, we know that the total pressure exerted on a container by several different gases, is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted on the container by each gas.

Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...

Where:

Pt=total pressure P1=partial pressure of gas "1" P2=partial pressure of gas "2" and so on

Using the Ideal Gas Law, and comparing the pressure of one gas to the total pressure, we solve for the mole fraction.

P1Pt

=

n2 RT/Vnt RT/V

=

n1nt

= X1

Where:

X1 = mole fraction of gas "1"

And discover that the partial pressure of each the gas in the mixture is equal to the total pressure multiplied by the mole fraction.

P1 =

n1nt

Pt = X1Pt

Example Problem: A 10.73 g sample of PCl5 is placed in a 4.00 L flask at 200°C. a) What is the initial pressure of the flask before any reaction takes place? b) PCl5 dissociates according to the equation: PCl5(g) --> PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). If half of the total number of moles of PCl5(g) dissociates and the observed pressure is 1.25 atm, what is the partial pressure of Cl2(g)?

Answer:
a) 10.73 g PCl5 x 1 mol208.5 g = 0.05146 mol PCl5
PV = nRT
T = 273 + 200 = 473
P(4.00) = (.05146)(.0821)(473)
P = 0.4996 atm
b)	PCl5	→	PCl3	+	Cl2
Start:	.05146 mol	0 mol	0 mol
Change:	-.02573 mol	+.02573 mol	+.02573 mol
Final:	.02573 mol	.02573 mol	.02573 mol
XCl2 = nCl2ntotal = PCl2Ptotal
PCl21.25 atm = .02573 mol.07719 mol
PCl2 = .4167 atm

As we stated earlier, the shape of a gas is determined entirely by the container in which the gas is held. Sometimes, however, the container may have small holes, or leaks. Molecules will flow out of these leaks, in a process called effusion. Because massive molecules travel slower than lighter molecules, the rate of effusion is specific to each particular gas. We use Graham's law to represent the relationship between rates of effusion for two different molecules. This relationship is equal to the square-root of the inverse of the molecular masses of the two substances.

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r1r2

=

μ1μ1