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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC CẦN THƠTRUNG TÂM ĐÀO TẠO TỪ XA____________________________________________________TÀI LIỆU HƯỚNG DẪN HỌC TẬPAnh văn căn bản 3Biên soạn: Ths Đào Minh TrungLưu hành nội bộNăm 2010Lời mở đầuGiáo trình Anh văn căn bản 3 được biên soạn nhằm giúp sinh viên tựtrao dồi kiến thức tiếng Anh ở mức độ căn bản. Giáo trình này cung cấp chosinh viên nền tảng tiếng Anh dùng cho giao tiếp hàng ngày. Bên cạnh đó, cácđề mục ngữ pháp căn bản cũng được giải thích rõ ràng với các bài tập ứngdụng sau mỗi bài hội thoại. Ngoài ra, các bài đọc sẽ giúp sinh viên làm quenvới kỹ năng đọc trong tiếng Anh.Đề thi mẫu ở cuối giáo trình giúp sinh viên làm quen với dạng đề thi khikết thúc môn học. Phần đáp án ở cuối giáo trình sẽ giúp sinh viên kiểm trakết quả các phần bài tập sau khi làm xong.Để việc tự học đạt hiệu quả cao, sinh viên nên tra cứu các từ mới vàthường xuyên đọc lại các bài đã học để ôn lại từ vựng và ngữ pháp.Mong rằng giáo trình này sẽ phần nào hỗ trợ việc tự học tiếng Anh củasinh viên được tốt hơn.Table of ContentsUnit 1: What’s The Matter?page 01Unit 2: It’s A Very Exciting City!page 10Unit 3: Have You Ever Climbed A Mountain?page 18Unit 4: Tell Me About Your Familypage 26Unit 5: A Change For The Better!page 34Unit 6: A Time to Remember!page 42Sample Testpage 51Answer Keyspage 56Referencespage 67Unit 1WHAT’S THE MATTER?CONVERSATIONSRead this conversationBrian: Hey, Ken. How are you?Ken: Oh, I’m not so good, actually.Brian: Why? What’s the matter?Ken: Well, I have a headache. And a backache.Brian: Maybe you have the flu.Ken: No, I think I just miss Japan – I feel a little homesick.Brian: That’s too bad. But I think I can help. Let’s have lunch at that newJapanese restaurant.Ken: That’s a great idea. Thanks, Brian. I feel better already.GRAMMAR FOCUSHave + Noun: nói đến tình trạng sức khỏe, thường trả lời cho câu hỏi What’s thematter (with you)? hay What’s wrong (with you)?What’s the matter (with you)? – I have a sore throat.What’s wrong (with you)? – I have a headache.Feel + Adjective = To Be + Adjective: diễn tả cảm nhận về tình trạng sức khỏe, tinhthần; thường trả lời cho câu hỏi How do you feel? hay How are you?How do you feel today? – I feel sick.How are you now? – I feel better.Dưới đây là các thành ngữ hay đi với HAVE và FEEL.have a headache: nhức đầufeel fine: cảm thấy khỏehave an earache: đau taifeel happy: cảm thấy vuihave a backache: đau lưngfeel good/ better: cảm thấy tốt/ tốt hơnhave a stomachache: đau bao tửfeel great: cảm thấy rất tuyệthave a toothache: đau răngfeel terrific: cảm thấy rất tuyệthave a sore throat: đau/ viêm họngfeel sick: cảm thấy bệnh1have sore eyes: đau mắtfeel awful: cảm thấy khó chịuhave/ get a cold: bị cảmfeel bad: cảm thấy khó chịuhave a cough: bị hofeel sad: cảm thấy buồnhave a fever: bị sốtfeel terrible: cảm thấy khủng khiếphave/ get the flu: bị cảm cúmfeel tired: cảm thấy mệt mỏiRead this conversationDoctor:Hello, Ms. West. How are you today?Ms. West: I feel terrible.Doctor:So, what’s wrong, exactly?Ms. West: I’m exhausted.Doctor:Why are you so tired?Ms. West: I just can’t sleep at night.Doctor:OK. Let’s take a look at you. I’m going to give you some pills.Take one pill every night after dinner.Ms. West: OK.Doctor:And don’t drink coffee, tea, or soda.Ms. West: No soda?Doctor:No. And don’t work too hard.Ms. West: All right. Thanks, doctor.GRAMMAR FOCUS: ImperativesCâu mệnh lệnh (imperative) dùng để đưa ra các mệnh lệnh, các chỉ dẫn, yêu cầu ai đólàm gì. Câu mệnh lệnh có thể là xác định (yêu cầu ai làm gì) hay phủ định (bảo aiđừng làm gì). Cấu trúc câu mệnh lệnh như sau:Xác định: VERB + (Object)!Take a pill every night.Drink lots of juice.Listen and repeat!Phủ định: DON’T + VERB + (Object)!Don’t work too hard.Don’t stay up late.Don’t smoke here.2Practice 1: Read these instructions and complete the advice. (Đọc các lời hướng dẫnvà hoàn thành các lời khuyên sau)SIMPLE WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR HEALTHBelieve it or not, you can greatly improve your health in these ten simple ways.1. Eat breakfast. Breakfast gives you energy for the morning.2. Go for a walk. Walking is good exercise, and exercise is necessary for goodhealth.3. Floss your teeth. Don’t just brush them. Flossing keeps your gums healthy.4. Drink eight cups of water every day. Water helps your body in many ways.5. Stretch for five minutes. Stretching is important for your muscles.6. Wear a seat belt. Every year, seat belts save thousands of lives.7. Do something to challenge your brain. For example, do a crossword puzzle orread a new book.8. Moisturize your skin and use sunscreen.9. Get enough calcium. Your bones need it. Yogurt and milk have calcium. Ordrink orange juice with calcium added.10. Take a “time-out” – a break of about 20 minutes. Do something different. Forexample, get up and walk. Or sit down and listen to music.Complete the advice(hoàn thành các lời khuyên).1. To get exercise, ______________________________________________2. To help your bones, ___________________________________________3. To help your muscles, _________________________________________4. To keep your gums healthy, _____________________________________5. To have enough energy for the morning, ___________________________6. To challenge your brain, ________________________________________Read this conversationJoan: Hi, Craig! How are you?Craig: Not so good. I have a terrible cold.Joan: Really? That’s too bad! You should be at home in bed. It’s really importantto get a lot of rest.Craig: Yeah, you’re right.3Joan: And have you taken anything for it?Craig: No, I haven’t.Joan: Well, it’s helpful to chop up some garlic and cook it in chicken stock. Thendrink a cup every half hour. It really works!Craig: Ugh!GRAMMAR FOCUSIt + Be + Adjective + To Verb … để đề cập đến việc làm nào đó có ích hay có hại.It’s important to get a lot of rest.It’s helpful to chop up some garlic and cook it.Các tính từ thường dùng với cấu trúc này là: helpful, important, necessary, useful.It is important ……It is a good idea ……It is useful …..It’s helpful ……Practice 2: Choose several pieces of good advice for each problem. (Hãy cho các lờikhuyên đúng với các triệu chứng bệnh sau)ProblemsAdvice1. a sore throata. take some vitamin C2. a coughb. put some ointment on it3. a backachec. drink lots of liquids4. a feverd. go to bed and rest5. a toothachee. put a heating pad on it6. a bad headachef. put it under cold water7. a burn (bị bỏng)g. take some aspirin8. the fluh. get some medicine from the drugstorei. see the dentistj. see the doctor1. When you have a sore throat, it’s a good idea to drink lots of liquids.2. ________________________________________________________________3. ________________________________________________________________4. ________________________________________________________________4Read this conversationPharmacist: Hi. Can I help you?Mrs. John: Yes, please. Could I have something for a cough?I think I’m getting a cold.Pharmacist: Well, I suggest a box of these cough drops.And you should get a bottle of vitamin C, too.Mrs. John: Thank you. And what do you have for dry skin?Pharmacist: Try some of this new lotion. It’s very good.Mrs. John: Ok. Thanks a lot.GRAMMAR FOCUS: CAN, COULD, MAY, SHOULDCan I + Verb …. dùng để xin phép làm gì, hay đề nghị giúp đỡ ai 01 cách lịch sựCan I help you?Can I borrow your pen?Could I + Verb … dùng để xin phép, nhờ ai đó giúp đỡ 01 cách lịch sự hơn Can I +Verb ….Could I have something for a sore throat?Could I use your computer?May I + Verb … dùng để xin phép làm gì 01 cách lịch sự (trịnh trọng)May I have a bottle of aspirin?May I come in sir?Should + Verb …. Dùng để đưa ra lời khuyên hay lời đề nghị 01 cách lịch sự. Đôi khishould + verb …. = Verb + (object) …You should drink a lot of fruit juice.You should stop smoking. (= stop smoking)Have dùng trong câu hỏi What do you have for + tên bệnh? đề hỏi về loại thuốc đặctrị cho 01 loại bệnh nào đó.What do you have for dry skin? (bạn có thuốc gì trị cho da khô không?)What do you have for stomachache? (bạn có thuốc trị đau bao tử không?)Practice 3: Complete the conversations with the words: CAN, COULD, MAY, HAVE,SHOULD. (Hoàn thành các bài hội thoại sau với các chữ Can, Could, May, Have,Should)51. A: _________ help you?B: Yes. _________ I have something for tired eyes?A: Sure. I suggest a bottle of eye drops.2. A: What do you _________ for sore throat?B: You _________ try a tube of this ointment. It’s excellent.A: OK. I’ll take it.3. A: _________ I have a box of cold tablets, please?B: Here you are.A: And what do you _________ for insomnia?B: You _________ try some of these sleeping pills.A: OK. Thanks.READINGRead the article and complete the chart. (Đọc bài viết dưới đây và điền thông tin vàobảng)GRANDMA KNOWS BEST!When people have a cold, a fever, or the flu, they usually go to the doctor for help, orthey get some medicine from the drugstore. But many people also use home remediesfor common illnesses. Here are some simple home remedies.Bee stings and insect bitesColdsWash the sting or bite. Put some meatLots of people eat hot chicken soup whentenderizer on a handkerchief and thenthey have a cold. They find it clears theput the handkerchief on the bite for halfhead and the nose. Some people rub oilan hour. To avoid insect bites, it’son their chest for a cold. Other peoplehelpful to eat garlic or take garlic pills.drink a mixture of red pepper, hot water,lemon juice, and milk or vinegar.BurnsCoughPut the burn under cold water or put aDrink warm liquids or take some honey.cold handkerchief on it. It’s importantnot to put ice on the burn.HeadachesApply an ice pack or cold cloth to yourhead, or splash your face with cold6Insomniawater. It’s also a good idea to put youDrink a large glass of warm milk. It’shands into hot water and leave themalso a good idea to soak in a warm bath. there for several minutes. Also, youshouldn’t read or watch TV.AdviceProblem1. hot chicken soup/ rubbing oil on your chest______________________2. a warm bath/ warm milk______________________3. garlic/ meat tenderizer______________________4. an ice pack/ putting your hands in hot water______________________5. cold water/ cold handkerchief______________________6. honey/ warm liquids______________________Read these instructions and choose the best answers. (Đọc các chỉ dẫn và chọn câu trảlời đúng)• Don’t ride a bicycle which is not the right size for you.• Check a bicycle before using it and make sure that the brakes and steeringwheel work properly and the tires have enough air in them.• When riding a bicycle, always use a cycling track at the side of the roadwhen there is one.• Don’t ride too fast, especially when going down hills and turning corner.• Control the speed of your bicycle with your brakes, but always use themgently.• When in a group always ride in single file.• Always keep to the side of the road; do not ride in the middle of the road orweave back and forth on the road.1. You should ride a bicycle which is ______a. higher than you are.c. your right size.b. with high seat.d. your favorite.2. Which part of a bicycle is used for changing direction?a. The front wheel.c. The tires.b. The back wheel.d. The steering-wheel.73. When is the most dangerous to ride fast?a. When riding along the roads.c. When going down hills.b. When turning corners.d. Both b and c4. Which part of a bicycle do you use to control the speed?a. The brake.c. The chains.b. The lights.d. None of these above.5. When you are in a hurry you can ______a. ride in the middle of the road.c. ride dangerously.b. weave back and forth.d. ride in a cycling track quickly.Read these instructions and choose the best answers. (Đọc các chỉ dẫn và chọn câu trảlời đúng)TEN RULES FOR SAFETY WHEN YOU ARE OUTYou can increase your safety on the streets and on public transport by followinga few simple rules:1. Avoid walking in badly-lit area at night, but if you must do so-walk withconfidence and be firm and positive in your actions.2. Keep your purse or wallet out of view.3. If you carry a handbag, always keeps it with you and never leave it open.4. If you have expensive jewelry, avoid wearing it in the street.5. Carry only small amounts of cash.6. Do not carry your identification, cheque book and cheque card in the sameplace.7. Do not put door keys in your bag; keep them in your pocket.8. If you are attacked, scream and shout as much as possible. Try to get away,but be prepared to give up your valuables rather than risk your injury.9. Try to avoid going out alone. Walk or travel with friends if you can.10. On a train, avoid carriages that are empty or have only one other person in.On a bus or train sit near to other passengers so that you can ask for theirassistance should you need it.81. According to these rules when you are out at night, what should you do?a. walk where you cannot easily be seen.b. always walk with other people.c. walk in a bold, relaxed manner.d. look around carefully as you walk.2. What are you advised not to carry in your handbag?a. bank notes.c. jewelry.b. cheque cards.d. door keys.3. If you are attacked in the street, what are you advised to do?a. make a lot of noise.c. try to hurt your attacker.b. show no sign of fear.d. hold on to your handbag firmly.4. According to the rules, when traveling by public transport you should ____a. sit next to another traveler.b. talk to other travelers.c. choose crowded carriages or buses.d. never travel alone.9Unit 2IT’S A VERY EXCITING CITY!CONVERSATIONRead this conversationLinda: Where in Canada are you from, Ken?Ken:I’m from Toronto.Linda: Oh, I’ve never been there. What’s it like?Ken:It’s a fairly big city, but it’s not too big. The nightlife is good too.Linda: Is it expensive there?Ken:No, it’s not too bad.Linda: And what’s the weather like in Toronto?Ken:Well, it’s pretty cold in the winter, and very hot and humid in thesummer. It’s nice in the spring and fall, though.Linda: So, what kind of entertainment is there in Toronto? Is there a lot to do?Ken: Oh, sure! It’s a very exciting city. There’s wonderful theater and music.Linda: Wow! Anything else?Ken:Well, there are some pretty fun dance clubs and really terrific jazzclubs, too.Linda: Toronto sounds like a great place to visit.GRAMMAR FOCUSAdjectives (Tính từ): dùng để diễn tả các đặc tính cho danh từ. Tính từ luôn đứng trướcdanh từ nó bổ nghĩa, hoặc đứng sau động từ TO BE.It’s a beautiful house.He is a good student.We are very tired.Adverbs of degree (Trạng từ chỉ cấp độ) dùng để tăng hay giảm đặc tính của một tínhtừ hay một trạng từ khác. Các trạng từ cấp độ thường gặp là: very (rất), too (quá),fairly (hơi, khá), really (thực sự), so (quá), rather (khá), quite (khá). Trạng từ chỉ cấpđộ thường đứng trước tính từ hay trạng từ nó bổ nghĩa.This exercise is quite difficult.10She is so nice.We feel very happy.Practice 1: Match each adjective in column A with its opposite meaning in column B.(Ghép các tính từ ở cột A với từ trái nghĩa của nó ở cột B)AB____ 1.beautifula. quiet____ 2.bigb. boring____ 3.cheapc. dangerous____ 4.cleand. dirty____ 5.hote. expensive____ 6.interestingf. stressful____ 7.safeg. small____ 8.relaxingh. ugly____ 9.noisyi. coldRead this conversationDavid: Can you tell me a little about Mexico City?Maria: Sure I can. What would you like to know?David: Well, what’s a good time to visit?Maria: I think you can go anytime. The weather is always nice.David: Oh, good! And what should I see there?Maria: Well, you should visit the National Museum and go to the Palace ofFine Art.David: What else?Maria: Oh, you shouldn’t miss the Pyramid of the Sun. It’s very exciting.David: It all sounds really interesting!GRAMMAR FOCUS: CAN, SHOULDCan you + Verb + …. dùng để hỏi/ yêu cầu ai làm điều gì một cách lịch sựCan you help me? –Yes, I can./ - No, I can’t.Can you tell me about Mexico City?You should (not) + Verb + … dùng để khuyên ai nên/ không nên làm gì.You should visit the National Museum.11You shouldn’t miss the Pyramid of the Sun.Should I + Verb + …. dùng để xin ý kiến hay lời khuyên.What should I see there?Should I see the doctor?Practice 2: Complete these sentences about things to do in France. Use the verbs fromthe list. (Hoàn thành các câu nói về các việc có thể làm ở Pháp. Dùng các động từ cho sẵn)1. You _____________ Paris.should spend2. You _____________ the Eiffel Tower.can see3. You _____________ French food.can go4. You _____________ shopping at the flea markets.should visit5. You _____________ a boat ride on the Seine River.should try6. You _____________ a morning at the Louvre Museum shouldn’t missRead this conversationSandy: Say, do you want to go out to dinner tonight?Bob:Sure. Where would you like to go?Sandy: Well, what do you think of Indian food?Bob:I love it, but I’m not really in the mood for it today.Sandy: Yeah. I’m not either, I guess. It’s a big spicy.Bob:How do you like Japanese food?Sandy: Oh, I like it a lot.Bob:I do, too. And I know a nice Japanese restaurant near here – it’s calledIroha.Sandy: Oh, I’ve always wanted to go there.Bob:Terrific! Let’s go!GRAMMAR FOCUS: SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHERĐể nói tôi cũng vậy, chúng ta dùng SO hay TOO.I like Japanese food a lot.- I do, too/ - So do I.I’m interested in pop music.- I am, too/ - So am I.I can swim 100 meters.- I can, too/ - So can I.Để nói tôi cũng không, chúng ta dùng EITHER hay NEITHERI don’t like Indian food.- I don’t, either/ - Neither do I.12I’m not fine today.- I’m not, either/ - Neither am I.I can’t run fast.- I can’t, either/ - Neither can I.Practice 3: Write responses to show agreement with these statements. (Hãy viết cáclời hưởng ứng cho các câu sau)1. I’m not crazy about French food.___________________________2. I can eat any kind of food.___________________________3. I think Mexican food is delicious.___________________________4. I can’t stand greasy food.___________________________5. I don’t like salty food.___________________________6. I’m in the mood for something spicy.___________________________7. I’m crazy about Korean food.___________________________8. I don’t enjoy rich food very much.___________________________9. I always eat healthy food.___________________________10. I can’t eat bland food.___________________________Read this conversationWaiter:May I take your order?Customer: Yes. I’d like a hamburger and a large order of French fries, please.Waiter:All right. And would you like a salad?Customer: Yes, I’ll have a mixed green salad.Waiter:OK. What kind of dressing would you like?We have vinaigrette, Italian, and French.Customer: Italian, please.Waiter:And would you like anything to drink?Customer: Yes, I’d like a large soda, please.GRAMMAR FOCUS: WILL, WOULDWould like … dùng để diễn tả ý thích, ý muốn (trong việc chọn thức ăn, sở thích).Trong câu hỏi, (What) would you like … dùng để hỏi ai thích, muốn gì (trong ănuống). Đôi khi Will có thể dùng như Would trong câu hỏi.Will have … thường dùng để nói lên ý định muốn (ăn, uống) gì.What would you like to eat?- I’d like a hamburger.- I’ll have a hamburger.13What would you like to drink?- I would like a large soda.- I will have coffee.Would you like anything else?- Yes, please. / - No, thank you.Practice 4: Complete the conversation using WILL, WOULD, LIKE. (Hoàn thành bàihội thoại sau bằng cách them vào chữ Will hay Would, Like).)Waitress: What ________ you like to order?Customer: I ________ have the fried chicken.Waitress: ________ you like rice or potatoes?Customer: Potatoes, please.Waitress: What kind of potatoes would you ________?Mashed, baked, or French fries?Customer: I ________ like French fries.Waitress: OK. And what will you ________ to drink?Customer: I guess I ________ have a cup of coffee.Waitress: Would you ________ anything else?Customer: No, that ________ be all for now, thanks.LaterWaitress: Would you ________ dessert?Customer: Yes, I ________ like ice cream.Waitress: What flavor ________ you like?Customer: I ________ have chocolate, please.Waitress: OK. I’ll bring it right away.READINGRead description of the three cities. Circle the correct city to match each description.(Đọc các miêu tả về 03 thành phố. Chọn tên thành phố được miêu tả)FAMOUS CITIES1. This beautiful city in northeastern Italy is built on about 120 small islands. Thecity has no roads. Instead, people use boats to travel along the canals. Flatbottomed boats called gondolas were once the main means of transportation,but today motorboats are more popular. You should see St. Mark’s Square – thecenter of activity in this city. It has wonderful Renaissance buildings.Which city: A. ParisB. Venice14C. Rome2. This American city is the main business and cultural center of the Midwest. It isfamous for its music, opera, and theatre. It also has excellent museums. Whenshopping in this city, you can visit a long row of fashionable stores on NorthMichigan Avenue. This area is called the Magnificent Mile. One of the world’stallest buildings, the John Hancock Center, is also on this avenue.Which city: A. New YorkB. San FranciscoC. Chicago3. Travelers use many words to describe this South American city: beautiful,glamorous, sunny, friendly, and exciting. It is the city of the Carnival wheneveryone dances the samba in the streets. Tourists also love to visit its fabulousbeaches and mountains. You shouldn’t miss the National Park of Tijuca – oneof the largest city parks in the world.Which city: A. Mexico CityB. Rio de JaneiroC. HavanaRead the article. Then answer the questions below. (Đọc bài và trả lời các câu hỏitheo sau)To Tip or Not To Tip?Canadians and Americans usually tip in places like restaurants, airports, hotels,and hair salons because many people who work in these places get low salaries. Atip shows that the customer is pleased with the service.At airports, porters usually get a dollar tip for each bag. Hotel bellhops usuallyget a dollar for carrying one or two suitcases. A hotel door attendant or parking valetalso gets about a dollar for getting a taxi or for parking a car. Many people also tiphotel room attendants, especially when they stay in a hotel for several days. Theyusually leave a dollar for each day.The usual tip for other kinds of services – for example, for taxi drivers, barbers,hairdressers, waiters, and waitresses – is between 10 and 20 percent of the bill. Thesize of the tip depends on how pleased the customer is. In most restaurants, thecheck does not include a service charge. If the group is large, however, there may bean added service charge. There is no tipping in cafeterias or fast-food restaurants.151. How much should you tip someone in North America who:a. takes your bag at an airport?______________________b. parks your car at a hotel or restaurant? ______________________c. serves you in a fast-food restaurant?______________________2. What tip should you leave for the following:a. $27 haircut?______________________b. $50 restaurant check?______________________c. $14 taxi fare?______________________Read the article. Then decide whether the statements followed are True or False..(Đọc bài và quyết định các câu theo sau đúng hay sai)READING FACESAn old proverb says, “You can’t judge a book by its cover.” This means thatyou can’t tell what people are like just by looking at them. But, most people feelthey can learn some things form reading someone’s face. If nothing else, they try toread people’s faces to tell how they are feeling at a given moment.Consider the smile. It is one of the most easily recognizable human facialexpressions. We can see a smile on someone’s face from hundreds of feet away.But, there is a subtle difference between a genuine smile and a false one. Forexample, when two old friends meet, they smile with their eyes as well as with theirlips. The muscles of the face contract and pull the lips up, while the muscles aroundthe eyes wrinkle the skin around the corners of the eyes. On the other hand, when aclerk in a grocery store smiles politely, the lips move but the smile doesn’tnecessarily reach the eyes.We may be able to read common emotions like joy, sadness, and anger fromfacial expressions, but that’s not all. Research suggests that we also tend to judgecharacter, and even stereotype people, based on the shape of their faces. In her bookReading Faces, professor Leslie Zebrowitz documents her research showing thatbaby-faced adults (people with big eyes and round cheeks) make the rest of us feelprotective, as we do towards children. In one study of cases in a Boston courtroom,Zebrowitz found that people with “baby faces” were more likely to be successfulthan people with more mature-looking faces.16So, it might be a good idea to think twice the next time you have a quickimpression of someone. Your assumptions may or may not be true!____ 1.People often try to look at faces to learn how someone feels.____ 2.A smile is one of the easiest expressions for people to see.____ 3.A false smile uses muscles near the eyes, but a real smile does not.____ 4.Professor Zebrowitz found that people react in a specific way to “babyface” people.____ 5.In the study of court cases, people with mature-looking faces were moresuccessful.17Unit 3HAVE YOU EVER CLIMBED A MOUNTAIN?CONVERSATIONRead this conversationTed:Are you enjoying your trip to New Orleans?Brenda: Oh, yes. I really like it here.Ted:Would you like to do something tonight?Brenda: Sure. I’d love to.Ted:Let’s see. Have you been to a jazz club yet?Brenda: Yes. I’ve already been to several clubs here.Ted:OK. What about an evening riverboat tour?Brenda: Actually, I’ve gone twice this week.Ted:So, what do you want to do?Brenda: Well, I haven’t been to the theater in a long time.Ted:Oh, OK. I hear there’s a terrific show at the Saenger Theater.Brenda: Great! Let’s make a reservation.GRAMMAR FOCUS: Present Perfect TenseThì hiện tại hoàn thành dùng để diễn tả hành động vừa mới xảy ra trước lúc nói khôngxác định thời gian, hay một hành động đã xảy ra gần đây (không xác định thời gian).Cấu trúc động từ của thì hiện tại hoàn thành: To Have + VERB-ED/ V3. To Have sẽchia theo chủ từ số ít (Has) và số nhiều (Have).I have been to several clubs here.We have gone there twice this week.She has watched that movie many times.Trong câu phủ định, thêm NOT vào phía sau TO HAVE.She has not finished her homework yet. (has not = hasn’t)They have not been in Da Lat. (have not = haven’t)I haven’t been to the theater in a long time.18Trong câu hỏi, TO HAVE làm trợ động từ, nên sẽ đặt phía trước chủ từ và sau từ đểhỏi (WH-word). Trong câu hỏi YES-NO, HAVE (HAVEN’T) hoặc HAS (HASN’T)được dùng trong câu trả lời.Have you ever climbed a mountain? – Yes, I have./ - No, I haven’t.Where have you been for a long time? – I have been to Da Lat.Has she typed the letter yet? – Yes, she has./ - No, she hasn’t.Trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành, ALREADY, YET, JUST, EVER, NEVER, RECENTLY= LATELY thường được dùng với các ý nghĩa khác nhau:Already: sau động từ TO HAVE, diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra rồi.Just: sau động từ TO HAVE, diễn tả hành động vừa mới xảy ra gần đây.Recently: sau TO HAVE hay cuối câu, diễn tả hành động vừa mới hoàn thành.Yet: thường ở cuối câu, hay dùng với câu phủ định (nghĩa vẫn chưa)Ever: sau TO HAVE, thường xuất hiện trong câu hỏi (để hỏi về kinh nghiệm)Never: sau TO HAVE, để chỉ ai đó chưa bao giờ kinh nghiệm về 01việc gì.I have already finished my homework.We have just returned from our trip.They have worked very hard recently.She has not made any progress yet.Have you ever had a toothache?He has never been abroad.Practice 1: Complete these conversations, using present perfect tense. (Hoàn thànhcác bài hội thoại, sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành của động từ).1. A: Have you done much exercise this week?B: Yes, I _________ already _________ to aerobic class four times. (be)2. A: Have you played any sports this month?B: No, I ________________ the time. (have)3. A: How many movies have you been to this month?B: Actually, I ________________ any yet. (see)4. A: Have you been to any interesting parties lately?B: No, I ________________ to any parties for a while. (go)5. A: Have you called any friends today?B: Yes, I _________ already _________ three calls. (make)6. A: How many times have you gone out to eat this week?B: I _________________ at fast-food restaurants a couple of times. (eat)19Read this conversationDave: So, how was your weekend?Sue: Oh, really good. I went to see David Copperfield.Dave: The magician?Sue: That’s right. Have you ever seen him?Dave: Yes, I have. I saw his show in Las Vegas last year. He’s terrific.Sue: Yeah. He does some incredible things.Dave: Have you ever been to Las Vegas?Sue: No, I’ve never been there.Dave: You should go sometime. It’s an interesting city, and the hotels arewonderful.GRAMMAR FOCUS: Present Perfect vs. Simple PastThì quá khứ đơn (V-ed/ V2) diễn tả hành động xảy ra ở 01 thời điểm xác định trongquá khứ.We went to the movie last weekend.He stayed up late yesterday.Thì hiện tại hoàn thành (To Have + V-ed/ V3) diễn tả hành động đã hoàn thành xongtrước lúc nói, không xác định rõ thời gian.We have gone to the movie many times.He has stayed up late recently.Để nhận biết được thì nào sẽ được sử dụng trong tình huống, ta cần lưu ý các từ dấuhiệu. Trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành hay có các từ như: just, recently, already, ever, yet,never. Trong thì quá khứ đơn thường có các từ như: yesterday, last, ago, hay thời điểmxác định trong quá khứ.We have never gone to Da Lat.They went to Da Lat last summer.Practice 2: Complete these conversations. Use the present perfect and the past simpleof the verbs given and short answers. (Hoàn thành các bài hội thoại sau, chia động từở thì hiện tại hoàn thành và quá khứ đơn, và trong các câu trả lời ngắn).1. A: __________ you ever __________ skiing? (go)B: Yes, I __________. I __________ skiing once in Colorado.2. A: __________ you ever __________ something valuable? (lose)B: No, I __________. But my brother __________ his camera on a trip once.203. A: __________ you ever __________ a traffic ticket? (get)B: Yes, I __________. Once I __________ a ticket and had to pay $50.4. A: __________ you ever __________ a body-building competition? (see)B: Yes, I __________. I __________ the National Championships this year.5. A: __________ you ever __________ late for an important appointment? (be)B: No, I __________. But my sister __________ 30 minutes late for herwedding!6. A: __________ you ever _________ to a picnic at the beach? (be)B: Yes, I __________. It was fun!7. A: __________ you __________ dinner at home last night? (have)B: No, I __________. I __________ out for dinner. (go)8. A: __________ you __________ sushi? (try)B: No, I _________, but I’d like to.9. A: __________ you __________ breakfast this morning? (have)B: Yes, I __________. I __________ a huge breakfast. (eat)10. A: __________ you ever __________ at a Mexican restaurant? (eat)B: Yes, I __________. The food was delicious!READINGTAKING THE RISKSport World magazine spoke with Jenny Adams, Tom Barker, and Ray Leeabout risky sports.SW:Hang gliding is a dangerous sport. Jenny, what do you enjoy about the sport,and have you ever had an accident?Jenny: No, I’ve never been seriously injured. Maybe I’ve just been lucky. Once, myglider turned upside down, and I lost control. I almost crashed, but I parachutedaway just in time. And I’ve always felt hand gliding is quite safe – thoughlanding is sometimes difficult. But it’s fantastic to be able to fly like a bird!SW: Tom, you’ve been mountain climbing for ten years now. What are some of thedangers that you’ve experienced?Tom: High attitudes are hard on the human body. I’ve experienced lack of oxygen,tiredness, and dehydration. I’ve lived through storms, avalanches, and strongwinds. But that’s what I like about mountain climbing – overcoming danger.21SW:What exactly are the bends, Ray? And have you ever experienced them whilescuba-diving?Ray: You get the bends when you’ve been deep under water. If you come up out ofthe water too quickly, bubbles form in your blood. The bends can be serious,and they can even cause death. But the bends are rare. Scuba-diving isn’t reallydangerous. And it lets you explore another world.Complete the chart to summarize what Jenny, Tom, and Ray enjoy about the sportsthey describe. (Hoàn thành bảng tóm tắt về những điều Jenny, Tom, và Ray thích vềmôn thể thao họ kể)SportsWhat they enjoyThe danger(s)1. Jenny______________________________________ ___________________2. Tom______________________________________ ___________________3. Ray______________________________________ ___________________Read the article and decide whether these statements are True or False. (Đọc bài dướiđây và xác định xem các câu sau đúng hay sai)Eating for EnergyMany professional sports teams have recently added a new member to theirorganization – a nutritionist. That’s because athletes have become aware that foodaffects performance. You don’t have to be an athlete to notice this effect. If you’veever skipped breakfast and then tried to clean the house, you know that you need foodfor energy. Here are some tips about eating to increase your physical performance:1. Eat enough food. Your body needs a certain number of calories each day. Ifyou’re too thin, you’ll often feel tired and you’ll be more likely to get sick.2. Read the labels on food products. This information will tell you how nutritiousthe foods are.3. Avoid eating foods that are high in simple carbohydrates, that is, sugars. Achocolate bar will give you energy, but then it will leave you feeling even moretired.4. Eat a balanced diet, one that includes complex carbohydrates, protein, and fat.Use the food pyramid to help you decide how much to eat of each type of food.Complex carbohydrates provide the body with “fuel”. They are found in fruits22