Hemoglobin A1C - PubMed

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The hemoglobin A1c test—also known as glycated hemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c, or simply A1c—is used to measure an individual's glucose control levels. The test shows average blood sugar levels over the past 90 days, expressed as a percentage. In addition, it can be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus. Hemoglobin is a protein found exclusively in red blood cells, giving blood its bright red color. The primary role of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body. Hemoglobin becomes glycated or coated with glucose from the bloodstream. As blood glucose levels increase, more glucose attaches to the hemoglobin protein, resulting in a higher A1c value. Since red blood cells have an average lifespan of about 3 months, the A1c test measures hemoglobin levels in the bloodstream over this period, making it a reliable indicator of blood sugar control.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: Emily Eyth declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Muhammad Zubair declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Roopa Naik declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Sections

  • Introduction
  • Etiology and Epidemiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Specimen Requirements and Procedure
  • Diagnostic Tests
  • Testing Procedures
  • Interfering Factors
  • Results, Reporting, and Critical Findings
  • Clinical Significance
  • Quality Control and Lab Safety
  • Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
  • Review Questions
  • References

References

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    1. Sherwani SI, Khan HA, Ekhzaimy A, Masood A, Sakharkar MK. Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomark Insights. 2016;11:95-104. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, Davis M, Rand L, Siebert C. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86. - PubMed
    1. Nathan DM, DCCT/EDIC Research Group The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):9-16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nathan DM. Realising the long-term promise of insulin therapy: the DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetologia. 2021 May;64(5):1049-1058. - PubMed
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