Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - NHS

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Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a very common group of viruses. They do not cause any problems in most people, but some types can cause genital warts or cancer.

HPV affects the skin. There are more than 100 different types.

Symptoms of human papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV does not usually cause any symptoms.

Most people who have it do not realise and do not have any problems.

But sometimes the virus can cause painless growths or lumps around your vagina, penis or anus (genital warts).

How human papillomavirus (HPV) is spread

Many types of HPV affect the mouth, throat or genital area. They're easy to catch.

You do not need to have penetrative sex.

You can get HPV from:

• any skin-to-skin contact of the genital area
• vaginal, anal or oral sex
• sharing sex toys

HPV has no symptoms, so you may not know if you have it.

It's very common. Most people will get some type of HPV in their life.

Important

You do not have to have sexual contact with a lot of people to get HPV. You can get HPV the first time you have sex.

Conditions linked to human papillomavirus (HPV)

Most of the time HPV does not cause any problems.

In some people, some types of HPV can cause:

• genital warts
• abnormal changes in the cells that can sometimes turn into cancer

HPV types linked to cancer are called high-risk types.

Cancers linked to high-risk HPV include:

• cervical cancer
• anal cancer
• penile cancer
• vulval cancer
• vaginal cancer
• some types of head and neck cancer

You can have HPV for many years without it causing problems.

You can have it even if you have not been sexually active or had a new partner for many years.

Testing for human papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV testing is part of cervical screening. There's no blood test for HPV.

During cervical screening, a small sample of cells is taken from the cervix and tested for HPV.

Screening is offered to all women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 64. It helps protect them against cervical cancer.

Find out more about cervical screening and how it helps protect against cervical cancer

How to protect yourself against human papillomavirus (HPV)

You cannot fully protect yourself against HPV, but there are things that can help.

• Condoms can help protect you against HPV, but they do not cover all the skin around your genitals, so you're not fully protected.
• The HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that cause most cases of genital warts and cervical cancer, as well as some other cancers. It does not protect against all types of HPV.

Find out more about the HPV vaccine and who can have it

Treating human papillomavirus (HPV) infections

There's no treatment for the HPV infection. Most HPV infections do not cause any problems and are cleared by your body within 2 years.

If HPV causes problems, such as genital warts or changes to cells in the cervix, you can have treatment for these.

Page last reviewed: 27 May 2022 Next review due: 27 May 2025