Interactive 3D Chemistry Animations — ChemTube3D

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• Organic
  • Organic Chemistry Animations Introduction
  • Nucleophilic Addition to C=O
    • Borohydride reduction
    • Cyanide addition
    • Hemiacetal formation
    • Organometallic reagents
    • Grignard addition
    • Organolithium addition
    • Diastereoselective ketone reduction
  • Nucleophilic Substitution at C=O
    • Ester hydrolysis and transesterification
    • Amide formation from acid chloride
    • Acid Chloride Formation – Thionyl Chloride
    • Acid chloride formation-Phosphorus Pentachloride
  • Addition to C=O - loss of carbonyl oxygen
    • Acetal formation
    • Cyclic acetal formation
    • Spiroketal Formation
    • Enamine formation
    • Wittig reaction
    • Imine formation
    • Oxime formation
    • Hydrazone formation
    • Wolff-Kishner Reduction
  • Stereochemistry
    • Stereochemistry Home Page
    • Chiral Cyanohydrins – Configuration
    • Achiral cyanohydrins - Symmetry
    • Chiral molecules R or S
    • Chiral or achiral?
    • Molecules with a Plane of Symmetry
    • Molecules with a Plane of Symmetry – Feist’s Acid
    • Chiral Allenes Without Stereogenic Centres
    • BINAP C2 Axis of Symmetry
    • Diamides Showing a Centre of Symmetry
    • Non-superimposable Spiro Amides
    • Achiral Diastereoisomers
    • Symmetry of Epoxide Diastereoisomers
    • Conformation vs Configuration
    • Conformations of ethane – Newman projection
    • Conformations of Butane
    • Conformations of Butane - Newman
    • Conformations of Butane – energetics
    • Conformational Analysis – Pea Moth Pheromone
    • Tartaric acid – Newman projections
    • Cyclohexane conformations
    • Decalin conformations
    • Cis-Decalin conformations
  • Nucleophilic substitution
    • Simple SN2 reaction
    • SN1 and SN2
    • Substrate structure controls substitution mechanism SN1 or SN2
    • Stability and structure of carbocations
    • SN2 examples
    • SN2 Reaction: Allyl Chloride with HS –
    • SN2 Reaction: Benzyl Chloride with HS –
    • SN2 Reaction: 2o Benzyl Chloride with HS –
    • SN2' Mechanism
    • Mitsunobu Reaction
  • Elimination
    • E2 to form cyclohexadiene
    • E2 stereoselective for E alkenes
    • E2 Stereospecific from diastereoisomers
    • E2 Regioselective Elimination to Menthenes A
    • E2 Regioselective Elimination to Menthenes B
    • E1 unimolecular
    • E1cB unimolecular conjuagte base
    • Nitrile Oxide Synthesis Via Oxime
    • Formation of Nitrosonium Ion
    • Formation of Diazonium Salt – Diazotization
  • Electrophilic addition to alkenes
    • Ethylene and Bromine
    • Stereospecific addition
    • Regioselective addition
    • Racemic mixture formation
    • Racemate formation - acyclic
    • Unsymmetrical alkenes - HBr
    • Epoxidation peracid
    • Epoxidation of E-Allyl Silanes
    • Butadiene bromination
  • Electrophilic aromatic substitution
    • Nitration of benzene
    • Friedel-Crafts alkylation
    • Friedel-Crafts acylation
    • Sulfonation of benzene
    • Azo-dye Synthesis
  • Electrophilic alkenes
    • Benzyne formation
    • Benzyne formation – Diazotization-decarboxylation
    • SNAr Addition-Elimination
    • SNAr Two Nitro Groups
  • Oxidation
    • Jones Oxidation
    • Swern Oxidation
    • Allylic Oxidation SeO2
    • Oxidation of dihydropyridine by DDQ
    • Syn-dihydroxylation of alkenes OsO4
    • Periodate Cleavage of 1,2-Diols
    • Glycol Oxidative Cleavage Pb(OAc)4
    • Ozonolysis
    • Sulfoxide - -oxidation to enones
    • Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation
    • Epoxidation of Z-Allyl Silanes
  • Enols and Enolates as nucleophiles
    • Cyclopentanone aldol - acid cat.
    • Intramolecular aldol reactions
    • Knoevenagel condensation
    • Lithium enolates
    • Mannich reaction
    • Enolate alkylation
    • Claisen ester condensation
    • Enamine Acylation
    • Wittig Reaction
    • Acid-Catalysed Bromination
    • Base-Catalysed Bromination
    • Enolisation and formation of syn aldol product
    • Enolisation and formation of anti aldol product
    • Simple Diastereoselectivity - cis gives syn aldol
    • Simple Diastereoselectivity - trans gives anti aldol
  • Conjugate addition
    • Conjugation changes reactivity
    • Robinson annelation
    • Conjugate addition with enols
    • Conjugate Addition Examples
      • Conjugate Addition of MeSH to an Unsaturated Aldehyde
      • Conjugate Addition of Diethylamine to an Unsaturated Nitrile (Acrylonitrile)
      • Conjugate Addition of Diethylamine to an Unsaturated Ester
      • Conjugate Addition of Enamine to Unsaturated Imine
    • Conjugate addition of enolates
    • Robinson annelation
    • Dimedone synthesis
    • Conjugate addition of peroxide to form epoxides
    • Baylis-Hillman Reaction
    • Enantioselective Conjugate Addition
  • Diels-Alder reactions
    • Diels-Alder reaction Overview
    • Identifying a Diels-Alder Reaction
    • s-cis v s-trans conformation
    • Regioselectivity 2-methoxybuta-1,3-diene and acrylonitrile
    • Regioselectivity 1,1-dimethylbutadiene and methyl acrylate
    • Stereochemistry of the Diene Z,Z
    • Stereochemistry of Diene E,Z
    • Stereochemistry of Diene E,E
    • Stereochemistry of the dienophile - diesters
    • Stereochemistry of the dienophile - dinitrile
    • Endo vs exo
    • Endo vs exo again
    • Orbital explanation for the endo rule
    • Working out which product is endo
    • The Woodward Hoffman description of the Diels-Alder
    • Intramolecular Diels-Alder (E)-3-Methyldeca-1,3,9-triene
    • Intramolecular Diels-Alder – 1,3,9-decatrien-8-one
    • 2,3-Dimethylbutadiene and Acrolein(propenal)
    • Quinone as Dienophile – Steroid Framework
    • Intramolecular Diels-Alder – Regioselectivity reversal
    • 8-Phenylmenthol auxiliary-controlled Diels-Alder
    • DA benzyne-anthracene
    • Pyrone Diels-Alder
  • Aromatic Heterocycles - Structures
    • Pyrrole structure
    • Pyridine structure
    • Pyridine N-Oxide structure
    • Tautomerism of Hydroxy Pyridine
  • Aromatic Heterocycles - Synthesis
    • Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
    • Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis via hemiaminal
    • Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis via enamine
    • Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis
    • Thiophene ring formation
    • Thionation of a Ketone
    • Lawesson's reagent
    • Thiazole Formation
    • Pyridazine synthesis
    • Pyrazole synthesis
    • Pyrimidine synthesis
    • Olefin Metathesis - Pyrrole formation
    • 1,2,3-Triazole formation
  • Aromatic Heterocycles - Reactions
    • Pyridine – Nucleophilic Substitution
    • Pyridine – Nucleophilic Catalyst
    • Vilsmeier Reaction
    • Mannich Reaction
    • Oxidation of dihydropyridine by DDQ
    • Ritter reaction
    • Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
    • Furan Hydrolysis
    • Pyrrole decarboxylation
    • Indole Alkylation
    • Indole – Mannich and Substitution
    • Pyridine N-Oxide – Nucleophilic Substitution
    • Pyridine N-Oxide – Remote Oxidation And Rearrangement
  • Pericyclic reactions
    • Introduction to Pericyclic Reactions
    • Cycloadditions
      • Ozonolysis 1,3-dipolar
      • 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions - nitrone
      • 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Isoxazole from nitrile oxide
      • [4+3] Oxyallyl Cycloaddition
      • [4+6] Thermal Cycloaddition
      • 1,2,3-Triazole formation
      • Tetrazole formation
      • Intramolecular carbonyl ene
      • Syn-dihydroxylation of alkenes OsO4
      • Periodate Cleavage of 1,2-Diols
    • Sigmatropic rearrangements
      • [3,3]-Claisen rearrangement - aromatic
      • [3,3]-Claisen rearrangement - acyclic
      • [3,3]-Ireland-Claisen
      • [2,3]-shift sulfoxide
      • [1,5]-H shift
      • [1,7]-H shift
      • [3,3]-Fischer indole
      • Citral tandem Claisen-Cope
    • Electrocyclic reactions
      • Electrocyclic reactions are stereospecific
      • Conrotatory ring closure/opening - cyclobutene
      • Disrotatory ring closure/opening - hextriene
      • Endiandric Acid Cascade
      • Nazarov Cyclization
      • Norcaradiene Ring Opening
    • Stereospecific Cheleotropic Reactions SO2
  • Rearrangements
    • Benzilic Acid
    • Neighbouring Group Migration
    • Pinacol
    • Semipinacol rearrangements of diazonium salts
    • Ring expansion means rearrangement
    • Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement
    • Payne rearrangement
    • Beckmann rearrangement
    • Favorskii rearrangement
    • Tiffeneau-Demjanov Rearrangement
    • Rearrangements with different nucleophiles
    • Retention of stereochemistry can indicate neighbouring group participation
    • Which Group Migrates?
    • Baeyer-Villiger
    • Neighbouring group participation: alpha-lactone formation
  • Radical reactions
    • HBr Addition to Isobutene
    • Termination Steps
    • Chlorination of alkanes
    • Conjugate Addition to Acrylonitrile
    • Bu3SnH reduction of C-Br
    • Cyclisations exo/endo
    • Cyclisation Tin Hydride
    • Pinacol Coupling
    • Julia Olefination
    • Radical Copolymerization
  • Fragmentations
    • Bond polarization
    • Ring expansion
    • Beckmann fragmentation
    • Fragmentations are controlled by stereochemistry
      • Controlled by stereochemistry (Cis isomer)
      • Conformational flexibility (Trans)
      • Controlled by stereochemistry (Trans – Less severe interactions)
      • Controlled by stereochemistry (Trans – Severe interactions)
    • Fragmentation of diastereoisomers (Trans-decalin I)
    • Fragmentation of diastereoisomers (No ring fragmentation)
    • Juvenile hormone synthesis
  • Carbene chemistry
    • Photolysis of diazomethane to produce a carbene
    • Methylation of carboxylic acid using diazomethane
    • Formation
      • From diazocarbonyl compounds
      • Via alpha elimination
      • Thermal decomposition via hydrazone
    • Carbenes – Reactions
      • Alkene insertion – Singlet v Triplet
      • Alkene insertion – Singlet carbene
      • Alkene insertion – Triplet carbene
      • O-H bond insertion
      • C-H bond insertion
    • Bamford-Stevens reaction
    • Cyclopropanation of an Alkene by a Carbenoid
    • Simmons-Smith reaction
  • Stereoselectivity
    • Wittig Reaction
    • Cyclopropanation
    • Felkin-Anh reduction LiAlH4
    • Chelated reduction zinc borohydride
    • Chelate Cram Addition MeMgBr
    • Beta-Keto Sulfoxide reduction
    • Intramolecular carbonyl ene reaction
    • Cyclohexene epoxide opening axial
    • Aldol Reaction syn product
    • Aldol Reaction anti product
    • Stereoselective Aldol Reaction – Cis gives Syn
    • Stereoselective Aldol Reaction - Trans gives Anti
    • Allyic strain - Enolate alkylation
    • Epoxidation of Z-Allyl Silanes
    • Epoxidation of E-Allyl Silanes
  • Baldwin's rules
    • Classes of cyclization
    • Classes of cyclization (3-exo-tet)
    • Classes of cyclization (5-exo-trig)
    • Classes of cyclization (6-endo-dig)
    • Endo-trig reactions
    • Endo-trig reactions (6-endo-trig)
    • Endo-trig reactions (5-endo-trig)
    • Endo-trig reactions (5-endo-trig orbital overlap)
  • Organo-main-group chemistry (B/Si/S)
    • Asymmetric Sulfoxidation
    • Sulfonium ylids
    • Sulfoxonium Ylids
    • Pummerer rearrangement
    • Swern Oxidation
    • Sulfoxide elimination
    • Julia Olefination
    • Hydroboration
      • Hydroboration (Addition of boron hydride to alkenes)
      • Hydroboration (Oxidation)
    • Hydroboration of cyclopentadiene Ipc
    • Crotyl boranes react stereospecifically
    • Alpine Borane
    • Vinyl silanes react with electrophiles
    • The Peterson reaction
    • Stereospecific Peterson reaction
    • Stereospecific Peterson reaction (Base )
    • Silicon alpha anion stabilisation
    • Epoxidation of Z-Allyl Silanes
    • Epoxidation of E-Allyl Silanes
  • Organometallic chemistry
    • Pd-Suzuki Reaction
    • Pd-Mizoroki-Heck Reaction
    • Pd-Kosugi-Migita-Stille Reaction
    • Pd-Carbonylative Kosugi-Migita-Stille Coupling Reaction
    • Pd-Butenolide Formation From Carbonylation Of A Vinyl Bromide
    • Pd-catalysed nucleophilic allylic substitution of functionalised compounds
    • TMM Pd Catalysed Cycloaddition
    • Ru-Hydrogenation of Ketones
    • Ru-Hydroformylation OXO reaction
    • Ru-Olefin Metathesis macrocycle
    • Ru-Olefin Metathesis unsaturated pyrrole
  • Enantioselective auxiliaries
    • Methylation of an enolate
    • Benzylation of an enolate
    • Evans oxazolidinone syn Aldol
    • Evans ent-oxazolidinone syn Aldol
    • Evans oxazolidinone Diels-Alder
    • 8-Phenylmenthol Diels-Alder
    • Asymmetic Alkylation of SAMP Hydrazone
    • Conjugate Addition - Oppolzer's sultam
    • Meyers enolate alkylation
    • Schöllkopf amino acid
  • Enantioselective reagents
    • Sparteine controlled deprotonation
    • Hydroboration of cyclopentadiene Ipc-borane
    • Ketone Reduction with BINAL-H
    • Acetylenic Ketone Reduction – Alpine Borane
  • Enantioselective metal catalysts
    • Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation
    • Direct Sulfoxidation
    • Hydrogenation of Ketones – Ru(II) cat.
    • Cyclopropanation – allylic alcohols
    • Dimethyl Zinc addition to aldehydes
  • Enantioselective organocatalysts
    • Ketone reduction with CBS
    • Intermolecular aldol - proline
    • Intramolecular Aldol - proline
    • Aldol dimerisation - proline
    • Intermolecular aldol -proline – hydroxyacetone
    • Intramolecular SN2 Me-proline
    • Indole Alkylation - Imidazolidinone
    • Pyrrole - Friedel-Crafts alkylation
    • Carbonyl Ene - Phosphoramide
    • Imine Hydrophosphonylation - Phosphate
  • Medicinal Chemistry at Liverpool
    • Medicinal Chemistry Research at the University of Liverpool
• Inorganic
  • Solid state Cubic structures
    • Simple cubic
    • Body-centred cubic – bcc
    • CsCl – Caesium chloride
  • Simple close packed
    • Hexagonal close packing – hcp
    • Cubic close packing – ccp
  • AB structures
    • NaCl – Sodium chloride
    • NiAs – Nickel Arsenide
    • ZnS – Zinc Blende
    • ZnS – Wurtzite
  • AB2 structures
    • CaF2 – Fluorite
    • Na2O – Antifluorite
    • CdCl2 – Cadmium chloride
    • CdI2 – Cadmium iodide
    • TiO2 – Anatase
    • TiO2 – Rutile
  • AB3 structures
    • YCl3 – Yttrium trichloride
    • BiI3 – Bismuth triiodide
    • Li3Bi - Lithium Bismuthide
  • Advanced solid structures
    • ReO3 – Rhenium trioxide
    • CaTiO3 – Perovskite
    • MgAl2O4 – Spinel
    • Mg2TiO4 – Inverse Spinel
  • Simple Solids
    • Tungsten bcc
    • Silicon Sulfide – SiS2
    • Iron-Chromium Alloys
    • Calcium Carbide – CaC2
    • Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)
    • Cu3Au Auricupride
    • Zirconium Oxide with Calcium Impurity
    • Calcium Carbonate – CaCO3 – Polymorphs
    • DNA/RNA Base Pairs
    • Lone Pair Orientation
  • Hydrogen
    • Li2NH (antifluorite) & LiNH2 (defect antifluorite)
  • Group 1 Elements
    • Caesium Superoxide CsO2
    • Dipotassium Pentasulfide (K2S5)
    • Lithium nitride (Li3N)
    • Na172In192Pt2
    • K4Ge4
    • [Cs(18-crown-6)2]+e–
  • Group 2 Elements
    • Calcium Carbonate – CaCO3 – Polymorphs
  • Group 14 Elements
    • Calcium Carbide – CaC2
    • Kaolinite Al2(OH)4Si2O5
    • Muscovite – KAl2(OH)2Si3AlO10
    • Zeolites X & ZSM-5
  • d-block Elements
    • Scandium Chloride – Sc7Cl10
    • Garnet – Y3Al5O12
    • Zirconium Chloride – ZrCl
    • Zircon – ZrSiO4
    • Vanadium Oxide – V2O5
    • Molybdenum Disulfide – MoS2
    • Copper (I) Oxide – Cu2O
    • BISCO Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide – BSCCO
    • HgO-Mercury(II) oxide
    • Hexatantalate [Ta6O19]2-
  • f-block Elements
    • Lanthanum(III) chloride – LaCl3
    • Cerium Tetrafluoride – CeF4
    • Gadolinium Orthoferrite – GdFeO3
    • Garnet – Ca3Al2Si3O12 – Grossular
    • Uranium (V) Chloride – U2Cl10
  • Solid State Materials
    • Defects and Ion Transport
    • Metal Oxides, Nitrides and Fluorides
    • Chalcogenides, Intercalation Compounds and Metal-rich phases
    • Framework Structures
    • Hydrides and Hydrogen Storage Materials
    • Inorganic Pigments
    • Molecular Materials
  • Bioinorganic Chemistry
    • Bioinorganic Chemistry Gallery
  • Metal Organic Frameworks
    • MOF – home
    • MOF-5 (or IRMOF-1)
    • IRMOF-10
    • IRMOF-16
    • ZIF
    • HKUST-1
    • UiO-66
    • MIL-53 (Sc)
    • NOTT-112
    • AgFe mixed metal [AgFe(dppd)3]BF4·2DMSO·2H2O
    • Zn(GlySer)2
    • ZnGlySer Pore closure animation
    • ZnGlyThr
    • Zn-Carnosine
    • Zn-Carnosine pore animation
    • Ni-Asp-bipy
  • Lithium Ion Batteries
    • Lithium Ion Battery Materials – Home
    • Cathode (Positive electrode) material examples
      • Lithium Iron Phosphate-LiFePO4 – Conduction animation
      • Lithium Cobalt Oxide – LiCoO2
      • Lithium Manganese Oxide – LiMn2O4
    • Anode (Negative electrode) Material Examples
      • Graphite anode
      • Lithium titanate-Li4Ti5O12– Conduction animation
      • Silicon Anode
    • LISICON – Solid Electrolyte example
• Structure and Bonding
  • Atomic Orbitals
    • s-orbitals
    • p-orbitals
    • 3d-orbitals
    • 4f-orbitals
    • 5f-orbitals
    • 5g-orbitals
    • 6g-orbitals
    • Compare shape and size of 1s, 2s and 2p orbitals
  • Molecular Orbitals
    • Hydrogen
    • Nitrogen
    • Fluorine
    • Ammonia
    • Methane
    • Ethylene (Ethene)
    • Acetylene (Ethyne)
    • Allene
    • Formaldehyde(Methanal)
    • Acrolein
    • Carbon Monoxide
    • Hydrogen Fluoride
    • Allyl Anion
    • Butadiene
    • Benzene
    • Aromaticity of cyclic polyenes - Frost
  • Animated Molecular Orbitals
  • Spectroscopy
    • Introduction
    • Symbols, Terminology and Constants
    • Orbitals
    • Vibrational spectroscopy
      • Water
      • Hydrogen Chloride
      • Carbon Dioxide
    • Rotational Introduction
      • Rotational Examples
    • Ultraviolet/Visible UV/Vis
    • Translations
  • Molecular vibrations-IR
    • Water
    • Hydrogen Cyanide
    • Carbon Dioxide
    • Ammonia
    • Boron Trifluoride
    • Methane
    • Ethylene (Ethene)
    • Phophorus Pentafluoride
    • Sulfur hexafluoride
    • Nickel Tetracarbonyl
    • Iron Pentacarbonyl
    • Benzene
    • cis-[PdCl2(NH3)2]
    • trans-[PdCl2(NH3)2
  • UV - conjugation
    • Ultraviolet/Visible UV/Vis Spectroscopy
    • Ethylene (Ethene) and Butadiene
    • Linear Polyenes
    • Colour of Dyes
      • Aniline Yellow
      • Disperse Orange 1
      • Oil Red O
      • Janus Green B
      • Azo-dye Synthesis
  • Dipoles and Electrostatic surfaces
    • Small polar molecules
    • Unsaturated Molecules
    • Lone Pair Conjugation
    • Hydration of Carbonyl Compounds
    • XeF4, ClF3 and CCl3Br
  • Introductory Organic Structures
    • Linoleic acid
    • Amino Acids
    • Carbon Allotropes (Diamond, Graphite, C60)
    • Cyclooctatetraene
    • Cyclophanes and Annulenes
    • Selected Polycyclic Structures
    • Sucrose
  • Shapes of molecules VSEPR
    • H2O Water
    • NH3 Ammonia
    • CH4 Methane
    • PF5 Phosphorus Pentafluoride
    • SF4 Sulfur Tetrafluoride
    • ClF3 Chlorine Trifluoride
    • SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride
    • XeF4, ClF3 and CCl3Br
  • Organometallics (Metal-Ligand Bonding)
    • Carbon Monoxide
    • Phosphine
    • Hydrogen
    • Ethylene
    • Cyclobutadiene
    • Butadiene
    • Benzene
    • Allyl
    • Cyclopentadienyl
    • Carbene
  • Symmetry
    • Symmetry Operations
    • Cnh | Cnv | S2n | Cn Point groups
    • Dnh | Dnd | Dn Point groups
    • Cs | Ci | C1 Point groups
    • Td | Th | Oh | Ih Point groups
    • Symmetry Decision Tree
    • Orbital-orbital Interactions and Symmetry Adapted Linear Combinations
  • Metal reaction mechanisms
    • Point groups of polyhedral structures
    • Distortions of a regular Octahedron
    • Distortions of a octahedral complex with chelating ligands
    • Berry pseudorotation
    • Octahedral [Ru(en)3]2+ enantiomers
    • Delta v lambda M(L-L)3
    • Ligand Substitution Square Planar Complex
    • Ligand Substitution mechanisms
    • Bailar and Ray-Dutt twists
    • Inner Sphere Electron Transfer Mechanism
    • Outer Sphere Electron Transfer Mechanism
    • Bent metallocenes
    • Jahn-Teller distortion
  • Protein Folding Kinetics
    • Framework Model of Protein Folding
    • Hairpin Folding from Chain
    • Folding Process of Myoglobin
  • Gold Nanoparticles
    • Introduction
    • PVP encapsulation
    • Possible morphologies of Au Nanoparticles
    • Au25(SEt)18, Thiolate-Protected Au25 Cluster
    • (p-MBA)-protected Au102 nanoparticle
  • Fluorination of medicinal compounds
    • Introduction
    • Amide Mimetic
    • Halex Reaction
    • Conformation Effects
    • Uracil and 5-Fluorouracil
• A Level
  • Atomic Orbitals
    • s-orbitals
    • p-orbitals
    • 3d-orbitals
    • Comparison of 1s, 2s and 2p orbitals
  • Organic Reaction Mechanisms
    • Organic Chemistry Introduction
    • Electrophilic Addition Addition of bromine to an alkene
    • Electrophilic addition to alkenes – Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical
    • Reaction of carbonyl compounds with HCN
    • Nucleophilic Addition Addition of Hydride
    • Cyanohydrin Formation – Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group
    • Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon
    • Nucleophilic Substitution Cyanide + Ethyl Bromide
    • Elimination
    • Elimination – E2 Stereoselective for E alkenes
    • Amide formation
    • Formation of Ethyl Ethanoate
    • Hydrolysis of ethanoyl chloride
    • Nitration of Benzene
    • Friedel-Crafts acylation
    • Friedel-Crafts alkylation
    • Radical Reactions Synthesis of Chloroalkanes
    • Radical Reactions – Initiation Step
    • Radical Reactions – Propagation Steps
    • Radical Reactions – Termination Steps
    • Radical Reactions CFCs and the Ozone Layer
  • Crystal Structures
    • Carbon (Diamond, Graphite C60)
    • Ice
    • I2 – Iodine
    • Magnesium
    • NaCl – Sodium chloride
  • Proton NMR Introduction
    • Ethanol Proton NMR
    • Propanone Proton NMR
    • Ethyl Acetate Proton NMR
    • Ethyl Benzene Proton NMR
    • Ethanol D2O exchange
    • Ethyl Amine (D2O) Proton Exchange
  • Shapes of molecules VSEPR
    • H2O Water
    • NH3 Ammonia
    • CH4 Methane
    • SF6 Sulfur Hexafluoride
    • SF4 Sulfur Tetrafluoride
    • PF5 Phosphorus Pentafluoride
    • ClF3 Chlorine Trifluoride
  • Medicinal Chemistry at Liverpool
    • Medicinal Chemistry Research at the University of Liverpool
  • Polymers A Level
    • Terylene polyester PET
    • Polyvinyl Chloride Poly(chloroethene) PVC
    • Nylon 6,6 - polyamide
    • Polystyrene (PS)
    • DNA/RNA Base Pairs
    • cis-Platin and DNA
• Polymers
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Poly(ether ketone)
  • Polyethylene Polythene (PE)
  • Natural Rubber
  • Polystyrene (PS)
  • Polyethylene terephthalate PET
  • Bisphenol A (polycarbonate)
  • Nylon 6,6
  • Poly(methyl methacrylate)
  • Kapton
  • Polyphenylene I
  • Polyphenylene II
  • Polyphenylene III
  • PAMAM Dendrimer (Polyamidoamines)
  • Polyvinyl Chloride PVC
  • Polypyrrole
  • Polythiophene PT
  • Poly(ether sulfone) PES
  • Poly(phenylene sulfone) PPSF or PPSU
  • Polydimethylsiloxane PDMS
  • Radical Copolymerization
• 360° Lab Safety
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    • Synthetic Chemistry Lab B Exercise
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ChemTube3D contains interactive 3D chemistry animations and structures for students studying some of the most important topics in advanced school chemistry and university chemistry courses. Use the menus to explore them.

Posted: 2 May, 2025

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AI and Chemistry some observations Atomic orbitals now have nodal planes (p and d orbitals) The importance of search and ranking in large web sites Full screen view of molecules and reactions Visualising Symmetry Elements in Molecules 360° Lab Safety exercises

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