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keyboard_arrow_downTitleAbstractKey TakeawaysInformatics and Database DevelopmentLiterature-Review MethodologyReduced Costs for Raw Materials and ManufacturingWeighted Fuzzy Assessment Method (Wfam)Fuzzy Method for Sustainability EvaluationDiscussions and Key IssuesUnavailability of Relevant DataIntegrated Assessment MethodologyMethodBackground InformationData PreparationThank You IntroductionAnalysisData ProcessingConclusion and Future WorkStudy AreaProfile of Study SiteData and MethodsLivelihood Assets AnalysisDiscussionRelated WorksExperimental Results and DiscussionCasesElemental AnalysisMorphology StudyStudy Area and Causes of Landslides in MalaysiaData and Modelling ProcessRG Design Goals and AssumptionsDesign GoalsComputation Procedure and ResultsDiscussion of ResultsExperimentalProcedureExperimental ResultsCircuit DesignMeasurement ResultCoil Antenna Design and MeasurementExperimental Result and DiscussionExperimental WorkExperimental ResultMFC Design and Set-UpMaterials and MethodsMaterialsAnalysis of FactorsConclusionMethodologyConclusionsInteractive Hexagonal-Tiling Design ToolComponent DesignControl MethodResultsIntroductionResults and DiscussionReview ArticleReferencesFAQsAll TopicsEngineeringEnvironmental Engineeringdownload

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Download Free PDFJournal of Science & Technology Journal of Sciences & TechnologyIylia Elena Abdul JamilIndubhushan PatnaikuniForruq RahmanSupranto Suprantohttps://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJANTIMICAG.2008.09.022visibility

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Abstract

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This issue of the Journal of Science & Technology features a diverse collection of 27 articles including 3 reviews and 14 regular articles. Topics range from environmental sustainability to advanced technologies in manufacturing and agricultural management. The contributions come from various authors with international backgrounds, showcasing advancements in both theoretical and practical applications in science and technology.

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Key takeaways

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1. High strength concrete requires balancing stiffness with ductility through additives like basalt fibers.
2. Using ultra-fine fly ash and lime water improves compressive strength of high volume fly ash concrete significantly.
3. A two-layer model effectively predicts shear forces in solid-liquid flows, enhancing understanding of cutting particle transport.
4. Recovery of metals from spent etching waste solutions using electrowinning demonstrates potential environmental benefits.
5. Web-based GIS applications enhance precision farming by integrating data for better decision-making in agricultural practices.

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Green technology is potentially important concept which plays a role to achieve the global sustainable development. Today the world needs a new serious innovation, which would lead for a better environment. The basic objective of the study is to realize the requirement of innovative green products for today's global market and also try to identify the negative impact of non-green products. For the purpose of the study, a particular city (Ahmedabad-Gujarat) has been selected, collected required data from various available resources, analysed with suitable statistical methods and identified facts. The study reveals that the so called green products or organic products has more positive impact to the mankind's and helps to eradicate certain issues pertaining to green technology. It helps for the sustainable development. The study also throws a light on future research opportunities.

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Developing countries rapidly grow when green technology, which is referred to as eco-friendly processes or methods, is developed in parallel. Here, some examples of green technology research and development in Thailand will be overviewed. A huge amount of agricultural waste is generated during agricultural processes. Applying these agricultural wastes in order to maximize the benefits for environmental cleanups of water, soil and air has been studied and commercialized. For example: 1) Application of agricultural waste and/or biochar developed from agricultural waste as biological adsorbents for wastewater treatment in some industries, such as textile/dye industries, and printing industries. In addition, this agricultural waste can also be applied in decolorization of sugar syrup from sugar industries; 2) The research on modified biomaterials as adsorbents and packing materials in biofilters would also be presented, and now, pilot scale biofilters have been developed and applied to solve air pollution problems in the field for future commercialization; 3) Some agricultural waste and/or biochar developed from agricultural waste in our laboratory can promote rice growth and improve rice quality via the reduction of Cd uptake and translocation in rice. Phytoremediation technology, in which plants are used to improve the environmental quality in water and air, has also been studied and would be presented. 1) Some species of native Thai plants can effectively remove heavy metals and dye from wastewater. For this research, a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment was developed and applied in a real contaminated site. 2) In air phytoremediation, some plant species harbor highly volatile organic compound (VOC) removal efficiency. In addition, plants do not only absorb organic pollutants, but also they have the innate ability to degrade organic compounds and use them as carbon sources for their growth. In addition, plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria inoculation into plants can enhance airborne pollutant removal. From this research, an indoor air phytoremediation system was developed in order to reduce CO2 emissions with high VOC removal efficiency.The high cost of technology transfer is a major problem, especially in developing countries, and green technology research and innovation can overcome this problem along with efficient allocation of resources and technologies.

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Leather processings involved in isolation in pre-tanning stages generate large volumes of solid wastes and high strength wastewater which are major source of environmental pollution characterized by chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chromium (III) and phenolics with high pH, strong odor and dark brown color. Leather industry wastewaters with high organic content and pollution load are generated from pre-tanning processes. Conventional pre-tanning process utilises chemicals which attributes to 50-60% of pollution load and alkaline effluent discharge of 70-80% toxicity. In our study, the best practices modelling and eco-compatible process shifts were the objectives for the decrement in high pollution load of large effluent portion for leather industry. Soaking, immunization and liming processes were carried out with reductive chemical additives and surfactants, fibre opening auxiliaries, enzyme based and enzyme assisted chemicals in the factories as an eco-friendly designed recipe. Studies were conducted in Bursa Leather Park, Turkey. The results revealed the advantages of time saving, cost effectivity and minimized pollution load compared to conventional process. Moreover, the designed process uses lower amount of alkaline chemicals and water, gives a very high quality pelts with open grain and yield in 50-55% lime split output with 2.2-2.4 mm thicknesses. KEY WORDS: leather, liming, wastewater, environment, sustainability EVALUAREA PERFORMANŢEI PRACTICILOR ECOLOGICE ÎN OPERAŢIA DE CENUŞĂRIRE UTILIZÂND SUBSTANŢE CHIMICE CU POTENŢIAL DE REDUCERE PENTRU SUSTENABILITATEA MEDIULUI REZUMAT. Procesele individuale de prelucrare a pielii în etapele dinaintea tăbăcirii generează volume mari de deşeuri solide şi ape uzate, care reprezintă sursa majoră de poluare a mediului caracterizată prin consum chimic de oxigen (CCO), consum biologic de oxigen (CBO), total solide dizolvate (TDS), total solide în suspensie (TSS), crom(III) şi compuşi fenolici cu pH ridicat, miros puternic şi culoare maro închis. Apele uzate din industria pielăriei cu conţinut organic şi poluant ridicat sunt generate din procesele anterioare tăbăcirii. În procesul convenţional de pre-tăbăcire se folosesc substanţe chimice care reprezintă 50-60% din cantitatea de poluanţi şi de efluenţi alcalini cu 70-80% toxicitate. În studiul nostru, modelarea celor mai bune practici şi schimbările procesului eco-compatibile au reprezentat obiectivele pentru reducerea cantităţii ridicate de poluanţi din efluenţii care provin din industria de pielărie. Procesele de înmuiere, imunizare şi cenuşărire au fost realizate cu aditivi chimici reductivi şi tensioactivi, auxiliari pentru deschiderea fibrelor, substanţe chimice pe bază de enzime şi asistate de enzime, utilizând o reţetă ecologică. Studiile au fost efectuate în Bursa Leather Park, Turcia. Rezultatele au relevat avantajele economisirii timpului, eficienţa costurilor şi încărcarea minimă a poluării în comparaţie cu procesul convenţional. Mai mult decât atât, procedeul conceput utilizează o cantitate mai mică de substanţe chimice alcaline şi apă, se obţin piei gelatină de înaltă calitate, cu fibre deschise şi cu un randament de 50-55% piei şpalt cenuşărite cu grosimi de 2,2-2,4 mm. CUVINTE CHEIE: piele, cenuşărire, ape uzate, mediu, durabilitate

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downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightDevelopments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess TechnologyHamed PourzolfaghardownloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightKarakteristik Termal Campuran Biosolar Dan Biodiesel Minyak Biji Randu (Ceiba Pentandra)Digdo Listyadi Setyawan

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Research involving thermal characteristics of mixture of biodiesel from kapok (ceibapentandra) and biosolar has been conducted. Biosolar and biodiesel mixed with 5 different composition:B0 (100% biodiesel), B10 (10% biodiesel), B20, B30, and B100 (100% biodiesel). Laboratory experimentwas conducted to obtain several fuel characteristics: heating value, flash point, density, and viscosity.Biosolar is evaporated at a temperature of 120°C and then the steam is flowed to a bunsen burner with afixed discharge (2 ml/minute) and mixed with air in the equivalent ratio variation (φ) 0.8; 1; and 1,2 andturned on. The resulting flame was recorded with the camera and an analysis of the flame was carriedout. Thermal characteristics of this biodiesel have properties in accordance with biosolar standards ofPT Pertamina Indonesia. The heating value of biosolar is 10,602 cal/gram and biodiesel is 8,641cal/gram, and the mixture has heating value among them. As for the characteristics of the flame wit...

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This is the additional supporting document for the journal which has been published related to Bioderived MgO nanopowder for treating the tannery wastewater

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Purpose: Growing level of automatism, information technologies and other technological achievements on the one hand and unadjusted production companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the other, impose a need for new knowledge from the aspect of adaptability and increasing eco-efficiency of production systems. Engineers face the problems of growing trends of change in the area of technology, organization, decision making process and management of production systems. Changes cause searching for new solutions, and solutions demand innovative action in changed conditions. New and innovated technologies, also wide appliance of recycle procedures of waste materials and their further use, will lead to appliance of new production principle "production-consumerwaste-recycle-entrance", which demands a need for new knowledge connected with relationship between production system and environment. For production systems, strategy of Cleaner Production is primarily applied to reducing pressure during whole cycle of production and services, from design and use to the final disposal. Design/methodology/approach: This work will show how dangerous and toxic waste can be controlled and reduced by using principles of "Cleaner Production", as well as how that task will be transferred to the lower level of managers, who should predict, plan, manage and control the market. Using control of quantity and quality of raw materials, parameters of workability and reduction of waste risk materials can be influenced. The factory producing tools planned and carried out an experiment with the purpose of substitution of the mineral oils for cutting. That experiment has been carried out by the mathematic apparatus "Box-Wilson" with the usage of two-factor plan of the experiment. Findings: Experiment showed that it is possible to use synthetic oils for cutting in certain intervals of work. Synthetic oils are biodegradable thus they have lesser pressure to the environment. Research limitations/implications: This work justifies possibilities of innovative action in the EMS functioning. Technologist can make plans, with permanent goal of achieving higher eco-efficiency only in the conditions of use that have been already explored. Practical implications: There are implications with the need of researching conditions, and with processing of increased demands for the quality. Every problem needs to be approached in a experimental way and confirm the assumption. Originality/value: This work is original in observed conditions of usage and with the usage of given approach in the research. It is confirmed that that synthetic oils for cuttings can be substituted by mineral oils and in that way increase eco-efficiency.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightProceedings of the National Level on Recent Trends in Science and Technology GUJCOST -Gandhinagar Gujarat Council on Science & TechnologyDR. Kulvinder Bajwa, T Silambarasan

ABSTRACT: As an alternate to the conventional methods, in the present study, response surface methodology was employed for the optimization of biodiesel production from Neochloris aquatica RDS02 using different growth medium viz., BBM, BG11, Modified CHU10 and COMBO. A box-behnken design was three axials, four factorial points and seven replicates were analyzed to 4 factorial models for optimizing the microalgal growth, lipid, total chlorophyll, and biomass and biodiesel production process. Mathematical equations were formulated by software programming with a box-Behnken model using the design expert(version 7.0.0) software. The present model was analyses 2-D and 3-D response surface graphs.The optimal process using four different algal growth medium obtained for achieving the maximum yield from Neochloris aquatica RDS02 were BBM=75ml/L, BG11=12.5ml/L, Modified CHU 10 =10.5 ml/L and COMBO=10 ml/L respectively. The maximum predicted value of lipid, total chlorophyll, biomass and biodiesel obtained 219.98 mg/L, 327.32 mg/L,14.49 g/L, 5.7 ml/L respectively. The results conclude that the RSM approach eventually helps in the optimization and bulk production of Neochloris aquatica RDS02 which possess various industrial applications. Keywords: Algal growth

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightKaji Eksperimen Angka Asam Dan Viskositas Biodiesel Berbahan Baku Minyak Kelapa Sawit Dari PT Smart TBKLia Laila

Jurnal Teknologi Proses dan Inovasi Industri

Tbk merupakan perusahaan yang mempunyai luas lahan kelapa sawit terbesar di Indonesia. Minyak kelapa sawit atau CPO (Crude Palm Oil) hasil produksi PT Smart Tbk sangat berpotensi untuk menyuplai bahan baku biodiesel. Beberapa parameter yang sangat berpengaruh pada kualiatas biodiesel adalah nilai angka asam (TAN-Total Acid Number) dan viskositas. Nilai angka asam dan viskositas yang tidak sesuai standar dapat menurunkan kinerja mesin. Pada penelitian ini, nilai yang diukur adalah biodiesel murni, solar, dan biodiesel campuran hasil blending dengan solar. Pembuatan biodiesel dari CPO dilakukan dengan menggunakan reaksi transesterifikasi dengan katalis basa. Standar pengujian untuk angka asam mengikuti standar pengujian yang telah teruji berdasarkan aturan dari forum biodiesel Indonesia, sedangkan pengukuran viskositas dilakukan pada temperatur 40˚C (sesuai standar SNI viskositas biodiesel) menggunakan viscometer Ostwald. Nilai angka asam dan viskositas pada SNI maks 0,5 mg-KOH/g sampel dan 2,3-6,0 mm 2 /s (cSt). Nilai angka asam dan viskositas hasil penelitian berkisar antara 0,202-0,531 mg-KOH/g dan 3,62-4,35 mm 2 /s (cSt). Ditinjau dari nilai angka asam dan viskositas tersebut, biodiesel berbahan baku CPO dari PT Smart Tbk memenuhi SNI dan dapat direkomendasikan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel nasional. Sehingga diharapkan penggunaan biodiesel dapat terlaksana secara terus menerus dan berkelanjutan sebagai sumber energi pengganti fosil di Indonesia.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightDetermination of the framework conditions and research-development needs for the dissemination of cleaner (sustainable) production applications in TurkeyEmrah Alkaya, Goksel DemirerdownloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightkeyboard_arrow_downView more papers

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Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile derived from humans: a systematic review and meta-analysisMehdi Forouzesh

Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control

Background Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is an important pathogen of healthcare- associated diarrhea, however, an increase in the occurrence of C. difficile infection (CDI) outside hospital settings has been reported. The accumulation of antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile can increase the risk of CDI development and/or its spread. The limited number of antimicrobials for the treatment of CDI is matter of some concern. Objectives In order to summarize the data on antimicrobial resistance to C. difficile derived from humans, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed. Methods We searched five bibliographic databases: (MEDLINE [PubMed], Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) for studies that focused on antimicrobial susceptibility testing in C. difficile and were published between 1992 and 2019. The weighted pooled resistance (WPR) for each antimicrobial agent was calculated using a random- effects model. Results A total of 111 studies were includ...

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightClostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisJorge Correa

Infectious Diseases and Therapy

Introduction: The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection is rapidly increasing worldwide, but prevalence is difficult to estimate in developing countries where awareness, diagnostic resources, and surveillance protocols are limited. As diarrhea is the hallmark symptom, we conducted a systematic review and metaanalysis to determine the prevalence and incidence of C. difficile infection in patients in these regions who presented with diarrhea. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases to identify and analyze data from recent studies providing prevalence or incidence rates of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries within four regions: Africa-Middle East, developing Asia, Latin America, and China. Our objectives were to determine the current prevalence and incidence density rates of first episodes of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries. Results: Within the regions included in our analysis, prevalence of C. difficile infection in patients with diarrhea was 15% (95% CI 13-17%) (including community and hospitalized patients), with no significant difference across regions. The incidence of C. difficile infection in 17 studies including this information was 8.5 per 10,000 patient-days (95% CI 5.83-12.46). Prevalence was significantly higher in hospitalized patients versus community patients (p = 0.0227). Conclusion: Our prevalence estimate of 15% is concerning; however, low awareness and inconsistent diagnostic and surveillance protocols suggest this is markedly underestimated. Enhanced awareness and management of C. difficile infection in patients with diarrhea, along with improvements in infection control and surveillance practices, should be implemented to reduce prevalence of C. difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightDouble-Serine Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mutations Advance Major International Clones and Lineages of Various Multi-Drug Resistant BacteriaMiklos Fuzi

Frontiers in Microbiology

The major international sequence types/lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and ESBL-producing E. coli were demonstrated to have been advanced by favorable fitness balance associated with high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones. The paper shows that favorable fitness in the major STs/lineages of these pathogens was principally attained by the capacity of evolving mutations in the fluoroquinolonebinding serine residues of both the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. The available information on fitness balance incurred by individual and various combinations of mutations in the enzymes is reviewed in multiple species. Moreover, strong circumstantial evidence is presented that major STs/lineages of other multi-drug resistant bacteria, primarily vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), emerged by a similar mechanism. The reason(s) why the major ST/lineage strains of various pathogens proved more adept at evolving favorable mutations than most isolates of the same species remains to be elucidated.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightPhylogenomic analysis of Clostridiodes difficile ribotype 106 strains reveals novel genetic islands and emergent phenotypesFarhan Anwar

2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundClostridioides difficile RT106 has emerged as a dominant molecular type in the USA in recent years, but the underlying factors contributing to its predominance remain undefined. As part of our ongoing C. difficile infection (CDI) surveillance in Arizona, we monitored RT106 frequency and characterized the genomic and phenotypic properties of the recovered isolates.ResultsFrom 2015-2018, RT106 was the second-most prevalent molecular type isolated from CDI patients in our surveillance. A representative RT106 strain displayed robust virulence and 100% lethality in the hamster model of acute CDI. We identified a unique 46 KB genomic island (GI1) in all RT106 strains, including those in public databases. GI1 was not found in its entirety in any other C. difficile clade, or indeed in any other microbial genome; however, smaller segments were detected in select Enterococcus faecium strains. Molecular clock analyses suggest that GI1 was horizontally acquired and sequentiall...

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightPhylogenomic analysis of Clostridioides difficile ribotype 106 strains reveals novel genetic islands and emergent phenotypesFarhan Anwar

Scientific Reports, 2020

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major healthcare-associated diarrheal disease. Consistent with trends across the United States, C. difficile RT106 was the second-most prevalent molecular type in our surveillance in Arizona from 2015 to 2018. A representative RT106 strain displayed robust virulence and 100% lethality in the hamster model of acute CDI. We identified a unique 46 KB genomic island (GI1) in all RT106 strains sequenced to date, including those in public databases. GI1 was not found in its entirety in any other C. difficile clade, or indeed, in any other microbial genome; however, smaller segments were detected in Enterococcus faecium strains. Molecular clock analyses suggested that GI1 was horizontally acquired and sequentially assembled over time. GI1 encodes homologs of VanZ and a SrtB-anchored collagen-binding adhesin, and correspondingly, all tested RT106 strains had increased teicoplanin resistance, and a majority displayed collagen-dependent biofilm fo...

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightSurveillance of antibiotic resistance among common Clostridium difficile ribotypes in Hong KongThomas Kwong

Scientific reports, 2017

Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is rapidly increasing and it poses a major health burden globally. However, data regarding the epidemiology of CDI in Asia are limited. We aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common ribotypes of toxigenic C. difficile in Hong Kong. Fifty-three PCR ribotypes were identified among 284 toxigenic C. difficile clinical isolates. The five most prevalent ribotypes were 002 (13%), 017 (12%), 014 (10%), 012 (9.2%), and 020 (9.5%). All tested C. difficile strains remained susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam, but highly resistant to cephalosporins. Of the fluoroquinolones, highest resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed (99%), followed by levofloxacin (43%) and moxifloxacin (23%). The two newly emerged PCR ribotypes, 017 and 002, demonstrated high levels of co-resistance towards clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and moxifloxacin. PCR ribotypes 017 and 002 with mu...

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightPredominance and high antibiotic resistance of the emergingClostridium difficilegenotypes NAPCR1and NAP9 in a Costa Rican hospital over a 2-year period without outbreaksCésar Rodríguez

Emerging Microbes & Infections, 2016

Clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. In a 2009 outbreak of C. difficileassociated diarrhea that was recorded in a major Costa Rican hospital, the hypervirulent NAP1 strain (45%) predominated together with a local genotype variant (NAP CR1 , 31%). Both strains were fluoroquinolone-resistant and the NAP CR1 genotype, in addition, was resistant to clindamycin and rifampicin. We now report on the genotypes and antibiotic susceptibilities of 68 C. difficile isolates from a major Costa Rican hospital over a 2-year period without outbreaks. In contrast to our previous findings, no NAP1 strains were detected, and for the first time in a Costa Rican hospital, a significant fraction of the isolates were NAP9 strains (n = 14, 21%). The local NAP CR1 genotype remained prevalent (n = 18, 26%) and coexisted with 14 strains (21%) of classic hospital NAP types (NAP2, NAP4, and NAP6), eight new genotypes (12%), four environmental strains classified as NAP10 or NAP11 (6%), three strains without NAP designation (4%) and seven non-toxigenic strains (10%). All 68 strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 88% were resistant to clindamycin and 50% were resistant to moxifloxacin and rifampicin. Metronidazole and vancomycin susceptibilities were universal. The NAP CR1 and NAP9 strains, which have been associated with more severe clinical infections, were more resistant to antibiotics than the other strains. Altogether, our results confirm that the epidemiology of C. difficile infection is dynamic and that A − B + strains from the NAP9 type are on the rise not only in the developed world. Moreover, our results reveal that the local NAP CR1 strains still circulate in the country without causing outbreaks but with equally high antibiotic-resistance rates and levels.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightA Sarcina bacterium linked to lethal disease in sanctuary chimpanzees in Sierra LeoneJenny Jaffe

Nature Communications, 2021

Human and animal infections with bacteria of the genus Sarcina (family Clostridiaceae) are associated with gastric dilation and emphysematous gastritis. However, the potential roles of sarcinae as commensals or pathogens remain unclear. Here, we investigate a lethal disease of unknown etiology that affects sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Sierra Leone. The disease, which we have named “epizootic neurologic and gastroenteric syndrome” (ENGS), is characterized by neurologic and gastrointestinal signs and results in death of the animals, even after medical treatment. Using a case-control study design, we show that ENGS is strongly associated with Sarcina infection. The microorganism is distinct from Sarcina ventriculi and other known members of its genus, based on bacterial morphology and growth characteristics. Whole-genome sequencing confirms this distinction and reveals the presence of genetic features that may account for the unusual virulence of the bacterium. Ther...

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