KFC RF130 Colleges Univ Ukrainian - UserManual.wiki

KFC RF130 Colleges Univ Ukrainian

User Manual: KFC-RF130

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130(3".4 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè Ht­lfr­njh...........................................................Vfqrk Ctq­lty­cnhè­rth Dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­ybq ht­lfr­njh............................................................Hj­åèy K. Æuth Ht­lfr­nj­hb......................................................................... Vfqrk Ahèl­vfy Hj­pf­kè Nfh­ujy­crè Af­öèd­wè p gèl­åj­he lj­dèl­rj­djÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ................................... Vf­hè Tyy Utvåk Rt­nè Igè­utkm Lb­pfqy jå­r kf­lby­rb........................................................ Lf­qfy Dj­kdth­njy Aj­nj­ht­lfr­njh........................................................Tyy Vjy­hj Lét­rjåc Db­lf­dtwm..............................................................................Lée­lèn C.Cè­utk Cnfh­ibq ht­lfr­njh .................................................................Léjhlé Rkfr Uj­kjd­ybq ht­lfr­njh..............................................................Hè­xfhl D. Uf­rt­åè Ntö­yèx­ybq lb­htr­njh........................................................... Rhèc­nè­fy Kfh­cjy Gj­vèx­ybr ntö­yèx­yj­uj lb­htr­nj­hf............................................................Rkj Tk­kèc Htl­rj­kt­uèz.................................................. Fktr­cfy­lth C. Atkml­vfy Lét­ht­vè A. Reh­nèy Rtn­kèy Ltq­dèc Rf­hf Ufkkc Gt­htr­kfl yf er­hf­ÿycm­re vj­de................................................. Kt­cz Åf­n eh­cmrf Ht­lfr­njh er­hf­ÿycm­rj­uj gt­htr­kf­le............................................. Jr­cf­yf Ktd­xey Hf­qfy Vfr-Dtq/Taxi/Getty Images Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF geå­kè­reæ tktr­nhj­yyè xf­cj­gb­cb pf g’znm­vf nt­vf­nbx­yb­vb yf­ghzvf­vb gèl pf­ufkm­ybv kj­uj­nb­gjv “eJournal USA”. Wt nf­rè éeh­yf­kb, zr ≤Trj­yj­vèx­yè gth­cgtr­nb­db≥, ≤Cdè­nj­dè ghj­åkt­vb≥, ≤Gb­nfy­yz lt­vjr­hf­nèÿ≥, ≤Yf­ufkm­yè gb­nfy­yz pjd­yèi­ ymjÿ gj­kè­nb­rb≥ nf ≤Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè≥, lt db­cdèn­kñ­ñnm­cz jc­yjd­yè gb­nfy­yz, zrè cnj­znm gt­htl Cgj­ke­xt­yb­vb Inf­nf­vb q vèé­yf­hjl­yjñ cgèkm­yj­njñ, f nf­rjé fvt­hb­rfy­cmrt cec­gèkm­cndj, qj­uj wèy­yjc­nè, gj­ukz­lb q èy­cnb­n e­wèÿ. Oj­vè­cz­wz db­öj­lbnm jlby yj­dbq xf­cj­gbc fy­ukèq­cmrjñ vj­djñ, zrbq gj­nèv gt­htr­kf­lf­ænm­cz ahfy­wepm­rjñ, gj­hne­ ufkmcmrjñ, hj­cèq­cmrjñ nf èc­gfy­cmrjñ vj­df­vb. Jr­ht­vè db­gec­rb nf­rjé gt­htr­kf­lf­ñnm­cz fhfå­cmrjñ, rb­nfq­cmrjñ nf èy­ib­vb vj­df­vb. Rj­éty xf­cj­gbc rf­nf­kj­uè­pe­ænm­cz pf nj­vjv (rèkm­rècnm hj­rèd geå­kè­rf­wèÿ) è xbc­kjv (rèkm­rècnm yj­vt­hèd, oj db­öj­lznm lhe­ rjv ghj­nz­ujv hj­re). Lev­rb, db­c kjd­kt­yè d xf­cj­gb­cfö, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ ñnm gj­ukz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­re ehz­le CIF. Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF yt dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf pvècn xb gj­cnèq­ye lj­cneg­yècnm Èy­nth­ytnht­ceh­cèd, gj­cbkfy­yz yf zrè gjl­fñnm éeh­yf­kb; nf­rf dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­ yècnm kz­ufæ nèkm­rb yf db­lfd­wèd wbö cfq­nèd. Cnfn­nè, aj­nju­hf­aèÿ nf èkñc­nhf­wèÿ, dvè­ot­yè d éeh­yf­kfö, vjé­yf dèl­ndj­hñ­df­nb è gt­htr­kf­lf­nb gj­pf vt­éf­vb Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nèd, pf db­yzn­rjv nbö db­gfl­rèd, rj­kb dj­yb vf­ñnm xèn­rè jå­vt­éty­yz oj­lj fd­njh­ cmrj­uj ghf­df. E nf­rj­ve hf­pè ckèl jn­hb­vf­nb lj­pdèk dkfc­yb­rèd fd­njh­cmrbö ghfd, pf­pyf­xt­ybö e xf­cj­gb­cè. Yf cfq­nè Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/pub/ejournalusa.html db vj­ét­nt pyfq­nb gj­njx­yè nf gj­gthtl­yè db­gec­rb xf­cj­gb­cèd e rèkm­rjö tktr­nhj­y­ ybö ajh­vf­nfö, f nf­rjé gt­ht­kèr xf­cj­gb­cèd, oj uj­n e­ñnm­cz lj db­gec­re. Ghj­cb­vj yf­lcb­kf­nb rj­vty­nf­hè lj Gj­cjkm­cndf CIF e df­ièq rhfÿ­yè fåj lj ht­lfr­wèÿ yf nf­re fl­ht­ce: Ed­itor, eJournal USA IIP/PUBS U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate 301 4th St­reet SW Washington, DC 20547 Unit­ed St­ates of America Tktr­nhj­yyf gj­inf: eJournalUSA@st­ate.gov Kfc­rf­dj ghj­cb­vj Pf­cneg­ybr Lth­éfd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf­hz Rf­hty U’ñp G hj­gj­yeæ­vj dfv jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p yj­dbv yj­vt­hjv tktr­nhj­yyj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce CIF. Lz­reæ­vj pf dfi èy­nt­htc lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö Fvt­hb­rb – xe­lj­dj­ve vèc­wè lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb è plj­åe­nz pyfym. Vb­ye­kjÿ jct­yè vèq cby hjp­gj­xfd yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­ léè, nj­ve z pyfñ, zrbq wt wè­rf­dbq gt­hè­jl lkz cne­lty­nèd nf ÿö­yèö cè­vtq. Oj å db yt öj­nè­kb db­dxf­nb, lt å db yt öj­nè­kb jn­hb­vf­nb jc­dè­n e – xb nj e dt­kb­rj­ve, xb d vf­kj­ve, fåj é e ct­htl­yèö hjp­vè­hèd yf­dxfkm­yj­ve pf­r kf­lè – db pyfq­lt­nt e CIF cghfd­lè yt­jå­vt­ét­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè. Cgj­lè­dfæ­vjcm, oj yfi éeh­yfk lj­gj­vj­ét dfv phj­åb­nb gth­iè rhj­rb e wmj­ve yf­ghz­vè. Vjé­kb­dècnm plj­åe­nb jc­dè­n e æ kb­it jl­ybv èp fh­u e­vty­nèd yf rj­hbcnm db­åj­he yf­dxfy­yz d CIF. Nen cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm cdj­åj­le èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­yj­uj gj­ie­re, gj­kè­nbx­yjÿ gj­kt­vè­rb nf dèl­rhb­nj­uj ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj è öe­ljé­ymj­uj cf­vj­db­hf­éty­yz. Yf­dxfy­yz e de­pfö wèæÿ rhfÿ­yb cghbzæ pvèw­yty­yñ lheé­åb nf dpfæ­vj­hj­pe­vèy­yz vèé cne­lty­nf­vb hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy è rekm­n eh. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Vfq­ét dcè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb CIF nèkm­rb db­uhf­ ñnm dèl dytc­re èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Gj­yfl 565 000 cne­lty­ nèd èp 190 rhf­ÿy yf­dxf­kb­cz e 2004–2005 yf­dxfkm­yj­ve hj­wè e de­pfö CIF. Åf­uf­nj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd pf­jöj­xe­ ñnm cne­lty­nèd hjp­ib­hñ­df­nb uj­hb­pjy­nb pyfym è jcj­åbc­nj pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p åf­ufn­cndjv èy­ibö rekm­n eh, åhf­nb exfcnm e ghj­uhf­vfö gj­ÿp­ljr pf rjh­ljy è yf­dxfy­yz d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö. Cgj­lè­dfæ­vj­cz, oj wtq yj­vth tktr­nhj­yyj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce lj­gj­vj­ét dfv eö­df­kb­nb hè­ity­yz cnf­nb ghtl­cnfd­yb­rjv yf­cneg­yj­uj gj­rj­kèy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, zrè plj­åe­lenm jc­dè­n e d CIF. Èp pf­lj­dj­kty­yzv xt­rfæ­vj yf­uj­lb ghb­dè­nf­nb dfc e yf­ièq rhfÿ­yè. Rf­hty U’ñp Pf­cneg­ybr Lth­éfd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf­hz CIF p gb­nfym uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lbg­kj­vf­nèÿ nf pd’zp­rèd p uhj­vfl­cmrèc­nñ i eJournal USA Dcneg Vfh­uf­htn Cgtk­kèyuc Vè­yècnh jc­dè­nb CIF Vè­yècnh jc­dè­nb CIF Vfh­uf­htn Cgtk­kèyuc Ö j­xe gjl­zre­df­nb dfv pf èy­nt­htc lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ cbc­nt­vb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Vb gb­ifæ­vj­cz yf­ib­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb nf rj­kt­léf­vb. Dj­yb lf­ñnm jc­dè­n e yf­cneg­yj­ve gj­rj­kèy­yñ cdè­nj­dbö kè­lt­hèd. Oj­hj­re lj CIF ghb­ÿp­lznm yf yf­dxfy­yz cj­nyè nb­czx cne­lty­nèd p ecmj­uj cdè­n e. Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb dyj­cznm gtd­ye cgt­wb­aè­re d cbc­nt­ve jc­dè­nb, påf­uf­xeñ­xb cne­ltyncmrt ébn­ nz d rj­kt­léfö. D Fvt­hb­wè db­of jc­dè­nf vfæ cdjÿ jcjå­kb­djc­nè gj­hèd­yz­ yj p èy­ib­vb rhfÿ­yf­vb. D CIF cbc­nt­vf jc­dè­nb pyfx­yjñ vè­hjñ lt­wty­nhf­kè­pj­df­yf, oj cghbzæ vjé­kb­djc­nè ib­hj­rj­ uj db­åj­he vèc­wz jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb – dèl dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­ cb­nt­nèd lj vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd, ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­ybö exb­kbo è ntö­yè­re­vèd. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj Lt­gfh­nf­vtyn jc­dè­nb CIF gèl­nhb­veæ q aè­yfy­ceæ db­oe jc­dè­n e, dèy yt æ wty­nhfkm­ybv jh­uf­yjv eg­hfd­kèy­yz. Plt­åèkm­ij­uj rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb aeyr­wèj­ye­ñnm zr cf­vjd­hzl­yè ecnfy­jdb è vf­ñnm pyfx­ye yt­pf­kté­yècnm è cdj­åj­le. Wmj­uj hj­re vjz cnfh­if lj­ymrf gj­xf­kf yf­dxf­nb­cz yf gth­ij­ve reh­cè rj­kt­lée. Vt­yè åe­kj ghb­rhj, oj dj­yf pf­ kb­ifæ lj­vèd­re, fkt, djl­yj­xfc, wt åed njq vj­vtyn e ébn­nè, rj­kb z dèl­xe­kf ujh­lècnm. Z öj­xe, ojå ecè åfnm­rb vf­kb pvj­u e dèl­xe­nb nf­re cf­ve ujh­lècnm. Jl­ybv èp jc­yjd­ybö ghèj­hb­nt­nèd Lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb æ hjp­ib­hty­yz vjé­kb­ djc­ntq. Vb ddf­éfæ­vj cdj­ÿv pf­dlfy­yzv yf­lfy­yz aè­yfy­cj­ djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub zr­yfq­ibh­ij­ve rj­ke cne­lty­nèd, ojå dj­yb plèq­cyb­kb cdjñ vhèñ ghj jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Yt­oj­lfd­yj z cndjhb­kf yj­de rj­vè­cèñ, gj­r kb­rf­ye lj­gj­ vju­nb yfv hjp­hj­åb­nb yf­wèj­yfkm­ye cnhf­nt­uèñ oj­lj yf­lfy­ yz ibh­ibö vjé­kb­djc­ntq e uf­ke­pè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. D evj­dfö ce­xfc­yjÿ ukj­åfkm­yjÿ trj­yj­vè­rb yfq­rhf­oè hj­åj­xè vèc­wz dèl­lf­ñnm yfq­rdf­kè­aè­rj­df­yè­ibv ghf­wèd­yb­rfv. Åkbpm­rj 80fi hj­åj­xbö vècwm e uf­ke­pzö, oj yfq­idbl­it hjp­db­df­ñnm­cz, db­vf­uf­ñnm jc­dè­nb, db­ojÿ pf ct­htl­yñ. Jn­ét, zr yè­rj­kb hf­ yè­it, dfé­kb­dj cmj­ujl­yè vf­nb db­oe jc­dè­n e. E wmj­ve yj­vt­hè db pyfq­lt­nt rj­hjn­rbq ju­k zl yfq­hèp­yj­ vf­yèn­yè­ibö vjé­kb­djc­ntq plj­åen­nz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF. Cgj­lè­df­ñcm, dèy åe­lt rj­hbc­ybv, f zr­oj e dfc p’zd­k znm­cz lj­lfn­rj­dè gb­nfy­yz, le­ét hf­lée dèl­dè­lf­nb dtå-cfq­n ht­tp://www.educationunsa.st­ate.gov. ii Ghj wtq db­gecr F vt­hb­rfy­cmrè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb è rj­kt­léè, ct­htl zrbö vjé­yf pyfq­nb hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè nb­gb pf­r kf­lèd è ghfr­nbx­ yj yt­jå­vt­ét­ybq yf­åèh ghj­uhfv è cgt­wè­f km­yjc­ntq, dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm, nj­kt­hfyn­yt cnfd­kty­yz lj ghtl­cnfd­yb­rèd hèp­ybö rekm­n eh è ghfu­yty­yz lj dljc­rj­yf­ kty­yz – dct nt yfq­rhf­ot, oj pf­uf­kjv dkfc­nb­dt rhfÿ­yè. Pf lj­gj­vj­ujñ wmj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce gj­nty­wèq­yè èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb, ÿö­yè åfnm­rb q rjy­cekm­nfy­nb pvj­é enm jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p fvt­hb­ rfy­cmrjñ cbc­nt­vjñ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, p yf­dxfkm­ybv ghj­wt­cjv è cne­ltyncmrbv ébn­nzv d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö. Cne­lty­nb, zrè db­dxf­ñnm crkfl­ybq rehc p öè­vèÿ fåj yf­åe­ df­ñnm lj­cdè­le ghfr­nbx­yjÿ hj­åj­nb yf cnf­é e­dfy­yè, gèl­db­oe­ ñnm cdèq jc­dèn­yèq hè­dtym ikz­öjv lb­cnfy­wèq­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz xb db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ñnm hjp­ib­ht­yè reh­cb è lét­ht­kf pyfym, oj ÿö ghj­gj­yeæ Èy­nth­ytn, fåj é yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz yf­åe­nb vfq­cnth­ yjc­nè yf reh­cfö, gj­d’zpf­ybö èp vbc­ntw­ndjv, – ecè dj­yb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö vj­é enm pyfq­nb ghj­uhf­vb q pf­r kf­lb, zrè lf­lenm ÿv pvj­u e htf­kè­pe­df­nb cdèq gj­nty­wè­f k. Cbc­nt­vf db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF yt æ pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ yjñ, xbv è dèl­hèp­yz­ænm­cz dèl åèkm­ijc­nè èy­ibö cbc­ntv. Rjy­cnb­n e­wèz CIF pf­kb­ifæ pf inf­nf­vb dcè nè aeyr­wèÿ eg­hfd­ kèy­yz, zrè rjy­rhtn­yj yt jöf­hfr­nt­hb­pj­df­yè zr at­lt­hfkm­yè. Nj­ve d åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd inf­nb yt­cenm dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm pf dèl­rhbn­nz eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd nf èy­ibö pf­r kf­lèd db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, pf eg­hfd­kèy­yz yb­vb nf ht­u e­kñ­dfy­yz ÿöymjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Inf­nb lf­ñnm lj­pdèk yf cndjhty­yz yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, fkt yt fr­ht­lb­nj­de­ñnm ÿö è yt uf­hfy­n e­ñnm zrjc­nè ÿöymjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Yf­nj­vècnm fr­ht­lb­nf­wèæñ pfq­vf­ñnm­cz ghb­dfn­yè yt­rj­vth­wèq­yè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ. Jl­ye èp dcnf­djr ghb­cdz­xt­yj wèq nt­vè. E xf­cj­gb­cè jgb­cf­yj hèp­yè db­lb db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­ rkf­lèd, gèc­k z xj­uj gjl­fyj cnfn­nè, oj ibh­it db­cdèn­kñ­ñnm cgt­wb­aè­re jr­ht­vbö eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö ghj­uhfv, zrè hj­p’zc­ yñ­ñnm, oj nf­rt ≤cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz≥, zrbv æ cne­ltyncmrt ébn­nz, zrbq cnbkm yf­dxfy­yz d Fvt­hb­wè. Lkz gj­kèg­ity­yz cghbq­yzn­ nz èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ d éeh­yf­kè hjp­vè­ot­yj xbc­kty­yè aj­nj nf ghj­ gj­ye­ænm­cz gj­cbkfy­yz yf dè­ltj­vf­nt­hè­f k. Vb nf­rjé yf­lfæ­vj èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj lét­ht­kf lkz cne­lty­nèd, zrbv gj­nhèå­yf lj­gj­vj­uf e db­åj­hè rj­kt­lée, yf­gb­cfy­yè pf­zd è pf­åtp­gt­xty­yè Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF. Rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­yè wty­nhb p gb­ nfym jc­dè­nb, zrè lè­ñnm e hfv­rfö ghj­uhf­vb ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥, nf ÿö­yèq dtå-cfqn (ht­tp://educationusa.st­ate.gov/) – yfq­rj­hbc­ yè­iè ht­ceh­cb e wmj­ve db­gfl­re. Vb ht­rj­vty­leæ­vj gj­nty­ wèq­ybv èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv nf fc­gè­hfy­nfv gj­xb­yf­nb ghj­wtc gjl­fxè pf­zd ghb­yfq­vyè pf hèr lj rèy­wt­dj­uj nth­vè­ye ghbq­jve lj­re­vty­nèd, èp nbv, ojå jn­hb­vf­nb q gjl­fnb dcè yt­jå­öèl­yè lj­re­vty­nb ghj db­dxt­yè reh­cb q jlth­éf­yè jwèy­rb, f nf­rjé ghj­qnb yt­jå­öèl­yè ntc­nb. Rj­kb vb pfq­vf­kb­cz db­gec­rjv wmj­uj xbc­kf tktr­nhj­yyj­ uj xf­cj­gb­ce CIF ≤Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè≥, yfv gj­cnèq­yj yf­uf­le­df­kb, yf­crèkm­rb dfé­kb­dbq lkz cne­lty­nèd lj­cdèl yf­dxfy­yz e rj­kt­léè. Dcè åtp db­yzn­re yf­iè cgèd­hjp­vjd­yb­rb ghj­gj­ye­df­kb yf­gb­cf­nb ghj ÿö­yèq rj­ktlé fåj ghj rj­ktlé, e zrj­ve dxbnm­cz xb dxbd­cz önjcm èp xkt­yèd ÿöymjÿ hj­lb­yb. Yf­dènm xt­htp åf­uf­nj hj­rèd jcj­åbc­nè pd’zp­rb, zrè db­yb­rf­ñnm e cne­ltyncmre gj­he, æ dfé­kb­dbv yf­uf­le­dfy­yzv ghj ne hjkm, zre dè­lèu­hfæ lj­cdèl yf­dxfy­yz d gt­hè­jl cnfy­jd­kty­yz jcj­ åbc­njc­nè, hjp­d’z­pfy­yz crkfl­ybö èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ybö pf­dlfym, gj­ie­re cgèkm­yjc­nè èy­nt­ht­cèd è gj­ukz­lèd. Vb db­cj­rj wè­yeæ­vj fr­nbd­ye gèl­nhbv­re, yf­lf­ye wmj­ve ghj­tr­nj­dè lt­czn­rf­vb rj­kt­léèd, eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd nf jc­dèn­yèö pf­ rkf­lèd, zrè yf­lcb­kf­kb yfv èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, aj­nju­hf­aèÿ è cnfn­nè. Dj­yb lj­gj­vju­kb yfv pvf­kñ­df­nb zr­yfq­gj­dyè­ie rfh­nb­ye db­ ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF. Jl­yfr yt ckèl cghbq­vf­nb db­rj­hb­cnfye yf­vb èy­ajh­vf­wèñ zr jcjå­kb­dt cödf­kty­yz zrj­ujcm jr­ht­vj­ uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj pf­r kf­le xb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ. Db­gecr wmj­uj xf­cj­gb­ce åe­kj ghb­ehj­xt­yj lj ghj­dt­lty­yz Vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj nbé­yz jc­dè­nb – cgèkm­yjÿ èyè­wèf­nb­db Lth­éfd­ yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF nf Lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb CIF, oj vf­kf yf vt­nè cghbz­nb db­rj­yfy­yñ ghj­uhfv, zrè rhf­ot uj­n e­df­kb å fvt­hb­rfy­wèd lj evjd ukj­åfkm­yjÿ trj­yj­vè­rb nf pf­jöj­xe­df­kb vfq­åen­yèö kè­lt­hèd èy­ibö lth­éfd jn­hb­ve­df­nb jc­dè­n e, plj­åe­df­nb pyfy­yz è jå­vè­yñ­df­nb­cz lj­cdè­ljv e CIF. Ht­lfr­nj­hb  eJournal USA Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè Lth­ é fd­ ybq lt­ gfh­ nf­ vtyn CIF/Kbc­ nj­ gfl 2005/Njv 10/Xbc­ kj 2 www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm Rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb CIF è Kfc­rf­dj ghj­cb­vj Rf ­hty U’ñp, pf­cneg­ybr Lth­é fd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf ­hz CIF p uhjv ­ f l­cmrjÿ lbg ­kj­vf­nèÿ nf pd’zp­rèd p uhj­vf l­cmrèc­n ñ 12 Db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb, lt gt­ht­df­éf­ñnm ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö vty­iby gb­nfym E wbö rj­kt­léfö jcjå­kb­df edf­uf ghb­lè­k z­ænm­cz cne­lty­nfv – ghtl­ cnfd­yb­rfv yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö vty­iby, e nj­ve xbc­kè fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­ èè Dcneg wzv, kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­w zv nf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbv èy­lè­fy­w zv. Vfh­uf ­htn Cgtk ­kèyuc, vè­yècnh jc­dè­n b CIF 15 Xt­htp 50 hj­rèd gèc­kz ≤cghf­db Åhfe­yf≥: xj­ve nhf­lb­wèq­yj fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb gj­nhèå­yè q lj­cè èèè Ghj wtq db­gecr Nb­gb yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd Åt­dth­kè Lt­yè­t k Ntq­n ev, ght­pb ­l tyn rj­kt ­l ée Cgtk ­vf ­y f Db­r kf­lfx hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj eyè­rfkm­ye hjkm nf­rbö yf­dxfkm­ybö 4 Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö pf­r kf­lèd e gb­nfy­yzö ajh­ve­dfy­yz cf­vjc­dè­lj­vjc­nè fa­hj-fvt­hb­ Hj­åthn U. Åheÿ­yèyrc, rfy­cmrbö cne­lty­nèd. ght­pb ­l tyn eyè­dth­cb­n t­n e Vèy­yt­cj­n b E nb­gj­dj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè inf­ne yf­dxf­ñnm­cz lt­czn­rb nb­czx 17 Ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè cne­lty­nèd nf ghj­gj­ye­ñnm­cz cj­nyè reh­cèd. 6 Ght­gj­ljå­ybq Lt­dèl V. J’Rjy­ytkk, eyèd ­ thc­ bn­ tn­ e Fvt­hb­rb Oj nf­rt dt­kb­rbq ghb­dfn­ybq eyè­dth­cb­ntn p yf­erj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ? Létqvc D.Dfu­yth, ght­pb ­l tyn Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj E ht­kè­uèq­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö ghja­tce­hf gt­ht­rj­yf­yf, oj ght­pb ­l tyn eyè­dth­cb­n t­n e Tvj­hè yf­dxfy­yz d evj­dfö dè­hb påf­uf­xeæ db­oe jc­dè­ne. Lj­cneg­yècnm rji­nèd p ghb­dfn­ybö ajy­lèd lfæ ghb­dfn­ybv eyè­dth­ 20 Cgt­wè­fkm­yè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb cb­nt­nfv vjé­kb­dècnm pfq­vf­nb­cz cvè­kb­db­vb yf­erj­db­vb gj­ie­rf­ 8 vb d yj­dbö yf­ghz­vfö. Vfqrk Létq Ahèl ­vfy, ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé ­yf ­hjl ­ybö ­ èya ­ jh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­é fd­yj­uj lt­gfh ­nf ­vty­n e CIF Uhj­vfl­cmrè ldj­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè CIF: ikzö lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb lkz åf­uf­nmjö Rj­kt­léè, zrè yf­lf­ñnm dt­kb­rjÿ edf­ub db­r kf­lfy­yñ reh­cèd, gj­d’zpf­ Léjhlé H.Åjuup, ght­pb ­l tyn Fvt­hb­r fy­cmrjÿ cmrbö ldjh­ èxy ­ bö rj­kt ­l éèd ghb­r kf­ljv yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd èp cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yb­vb ghj­uhf­vf­vb ybö èp vbc­ntw­ndjv, åèp­yt­cjv xb dèq­cmrj­db­vb yf­erf­vb, cke­u e­ñnm fcj­wèf­wèÿ uhj­vf l­ yf­dxfy­yz. Ldj­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè – wt ghb­dfå­kb­df fkm­nth­yf­nb­df lkz nbö, önj Dcnfd­rb: Rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèz rj­kt­léèd. Yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb öj­xt ghj­ljd­é e­df­nb yf­dxfy­yz yt­gj­lf­kèr dèl vèc­w z ghj­éb­dfy­yz, F vt­hb­rb. Ghj­dèl­yè ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz åèp­yt­c e è ntö­yèx­ybö yf­er. pt­rj­yj­vbd­ib ghb wmj­ve rji­nb. Yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥. ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥. Dèl­pyf­xfæ­vj Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq nbé­ltym jc­dè­nb. 10 Gj­ukbå­kty­yz hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè: yt­pf­kté­ybq ctr­njh db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF Hè­x fhl Tr­vfy, ght­pb ­l tyn Hf ­l b yt­pf ­kté ­ybö rj­kt ­l éèd E yt­dt­kb­rbö ghb­dfn­ybö rj­kt­léfö yf­dxfy­yz dèl­å e­df­ænm­cz d jå­cnfy­jd­wè nèc­yjÿ dpfæ­vj­lèÿ cne­lty­nèd è db­r kf­lf­xèd. eJournal USA  Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 26 Aj­nj: Cne­ltyncmrt ébn­nz Dè­ltj jy-kfqy Gj­ukzl påkbpm­rf Oj 31 Ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby e Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè pyf­x bnm åe ­n b èyj­ptv­ybv cne­l ty­njv d Vfqrk Létq Ahèl ­vfy, ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé ­yf ­hjl ­ybö ­ èya ­ jh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­é fd­yj­uj lt­gfh ­nf ­vty­n e CIF Fvt­hb­wè Ahfu­vty­nb dè­ltj­aèkm­ve Lfh­ven­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée hjp­gj­dè­ lf­ñnm ghj gth­iè vè­cz­wè yf­dxfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd e CIF. Vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yf ghj­uhf­vf uj­neæ cne­lty­nèd lj hj­åj­nb d åelmz­rèq xfc­nb­yè cdè­ne. http://www.usinfo.state.gov/journals/itsv/1105/ijse/ijse1105.htm Dcnfd­rf: Rj­hjn­rbq ju­k zl fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd CIF 50 Pf­yzn­nz d fe­lb­nj­hè­zö ghj­nz­ujv gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö hj­rèd yf­dxfy­yz 33 Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb pyf­öj­lznm yj­dbq lèv è gth­cgtr­nbd­yè ukj­åfkm­yè wè­kè Hè­x fhl Ujk ­l ty, rj­kbi­yèq d rjk ­ t ­l éè Th­kutv Kèy ­l f Nj­åfi, lb­htr­njh vèé y ­ f h­ jl y­ jÿ jc­dè­n b lb­htr­njh pè pd’zp­rèd p uhj­vf l­cmrèc­n ñ cne­l tyncmrjÿ ckeé ­åb Èy­cnb­n e ­n e ­ Cne­lty­nb p Fa­uf­yè­cnfye nf Rt­yèÿ hjp­gj­dè­lf­ñnm ghj cdjæ ébn­n z Fd­njh hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj nt, xj­uj xt­rf­ñnm dèl cne­lty­nèd e rj­kt­léè, è gkf­yb. nf ghj nè reh­cb, zrè dj­yb db­dxf­nb­venm. Dcnfd­rf: Cbc­nt­vf jwè­yñ­dfy­yz pyfym 35 Ghf­wz yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè Hj­åèy K. Æuth, ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé ­yf ­hjl ­ybö ghju­ hfv Lth­é fd­yj­uj lt­g fh ­nf ­vty­n e CIF 53 Dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö Åf­uf­nj rj­kt­léèd yf­lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm cne­lty­nfv db­zdb­nb ct­åt Èyj­ptv­yè cne­l ty­n b, pf­wè­r fd­kt­yè e aè­yfy­c e ­dfy­yè ÿöymjÿ CIF, vf ­ñnm lj­cneg lj èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ht­c eh­cèd. jc­dè­n b d e cat­hè jå­c ke­uj­de­dfy­yz, d lj­åhj­dèkm­ybö fr­wè­z ö, gèl­nhb­veñ­xb vèc­wt­ Dcnfd­rf: Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­iè db­nhf­nb gj­hèd­yz­yj èp pf­ufkm­ dt yf­ct­kty­yz, – nf­rbv xb­yjv cne­lty­nb jlthée­ñnm ghfr­nbx­yè yb­vb db­nhf­nf­vb yf db­oe jc­dè­ne yf­dbx­rb cke­éèy­yz kñ­lzv è cgèk­r e­dfy­yz p yb­vb. Cöt­vf: Nb­gj­dbq åñ­létn yf­dxfy­yz e rj­kt­léè 56 Vjé­kb­dè lét­ht­kf aè­yfy­cj­djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub 38 Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb yf ghb­rkf­lè ct­vb rjy­rhtn­ybö rj­kt­léèd Ht­pñ­vt lj­gj­dè­lè, gèl­uj­nj­df­yjÿ ghf­wèd­yb­rf­vb gj­cjkm­cnd CIF – Vfh ­nè­yf Iekm­wt, cgt­wèf ­kècn p gb­nfym rekm­n e ­hb Ut­yt­hfkm­yj­uj rjyc ­ ekmc­ ndf CIF d Ufv­åeh­pè, Yè­vtx­xb­yf uhj­vf­lz­yf­vb èy­ibö rhf­ÿy, ghj jc­dèn­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz èyj­ptv­ybö Aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf lj­cneg­yè­if lkz fc­gè­hfy­nèd, yèé lkz cne­lty­nèd e cè­vjö rj­kt­léfö CIF. cne­lty­nèd. 57 Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb hf­lè dè­nf­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd e vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léfö Zr ghf­wñæ cbc­nt­vf Léty­yè­ath Åth­x fv, “Community Colle­ge Times”, Fvt­hb­r fy­cmrf fcjw ­ èfw ­ èz vècw ­ td­ bö ldj­hèx­ybö rj­kt ­l éèd 42 Db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d rj­kt­léè Kèy ­l f Nj­åfi, lb­htr­njh vèé y ­ f h­ jl y­ jÿ jc­dè­n b cne­l tyncmrjÿ ckeé ­åb Èy­cnb­n e ­n e ­ E wèq cnfn­nè, ahfu­vty­nb zrjÿ dpz­nj p uf­pt­nb “Community Colle­ge Cgt­wèf­kècn lfæ ghfr­nbx­yè gj­hf­lb cne­lty­nfv rj­kt­lée, zr Times”, pdèc­yj, uj­kjd­ye edf­u e pj­ct­ht­lét­yj yf vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léfö, fkt ghf­dbkm­yj db­pyf­xb­nb cat­he jc­dèn­yèö èy­nt­ht­cèd. pf­ghj­ity­yz ≤Kfc­rf­dj ghj­cb­vj≥ cnj­c e­ænm­cz dcèö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­ Dcnfd­rb: Db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nf db­åèh èy­nt­ht­cèd. Yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr. nèd, zrè dxfnm­cz e dcèö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö CIF. Db­vj­ub lj jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf. Dtå-cfq­nb d Dcnfd­rf: Oj nf­rt ≤rjy­c ekm­nfyn èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥? Èy­nth­yt­nè. 59 Åèå­kè­ju­hf­aèz 62 Lét­ht­kf d Èy­nth­yt­nè Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005  eJournal USA Nb­gb yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ­ d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö Hj­åthn U. Åheÿ­yèyrc Tk­kè­jn Vfq­yjh. FH/WWP Cne­lty­nb èy­ét­yth­yj­uj af­rekm­nt­ne eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne inf­ne Fhè­pj­yf ghf­wñ­ñnm yfl cndjhty­yzv ­ vj­lt­kè kè­nf­rf-hj­åj­nf, zrf puj­ljv gt­ht­vjét yf jl­yj­ve p rjy­reh­cèd. Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, fåj eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd, pf­ pdb­xfq ghbq­vf­ñnm nb­cz­xè cne­lty­nèd è ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cne­ gt­yè p cj­ntym lbc­wbg­kèy. Hj­åthn U. Åheÿ­yèyrc hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj cnher­ne­he q aè­yfy­c e­dfy­yz dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd inf­nèd, vjé­kb­djc­nè yf­dxfy­yz q lj­c kèl­ybwm­rjÿ hj­åj­nb, zrè yf­lf­ñnm­cz èyj­ptv­ybv uhj­vf­lz­yfv. Dèy æ ght­pb­lty­ njv eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Vèy­yt­cj­nb p 2002 hj­r e è döj­lbnm lj crkf­l e Hf­lb ghj­uhf­vb cnb­gty­lèq èvt­yè Aek­åhfq­nf. ib­hj­rbq jå­czu yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv. Yf­ghb­r kfl, e de­pè, lt z ghf­wññ – d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèy­yt­cj­nb, – cne­ltyncmrt vèc­ntx­rj yf­kè­xeæ 50 nb­czx cne­lty­nèd. E wmj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè èc­yeæ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz èp cj­ntym hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö lbc­wbg­kèy, dèy gj­cè­lfæ xèkm­yt vèc­wt d nf­rbö uf­ke­pzö, zr yt­dhj­kj­uèz è nhfyc­ gkfy­nf­wèq­yf öè­heh­uèz, trj­yj­vè­rf q gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz, cndjhty­yz yj­dbö vf­nt­hèf­kèd è yf­yj­ntö­yj­kj­uèz, cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrè yf­e rb nf trj­kj­uèz. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd dè­lèu­hf­ñnm le­ét dfé­kb­de hjkm d trj­yj­vèx­yj­ve, rekm­n eh­yj­ve è cec­gèkm­yj­ve hjp­dbn­re, è åf­uf­ nj p ybö, d nj­ve xbc­kè q eyè­dth­cb­ntn Vèy­yt­cj­nb, pfq­vf­ñnm­ cz cth­qjp­yjñ yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ. Wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb yf­kt­ éfnm lj xbc­kf jc­yjd­ybö yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rbö pf­r kf­lèd CIF q xfc­nj åt­henm exfcnm e vèé­yf­hjl­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö hèp­ ybö rhf­ÿy cdè­n e. Wè­kf ybp­rf at­lt­hfkm­ybö pf­öj­lèd, déb­nbö e lhe­uèq gj­kj­db­yè ÖÈÖ cnj­kèn­nz, lf­kf inf­nfv vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz cndjhty­yz q hjp­åe­lj­db eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, zrè p’z­db­kb­cz pf­dlz­rb wbv pf­öj­lfv, gj­r kb­ rf­yè jöj­gb­nb cdjæñ lè­z km­yèc­nñ yf­ct­kty­yz è lj­gj­vju­nb e cghf­dè db­dxty­yz yj­dbö ntö­yj­kj­uèq, gèl­nhbv­rb cèkmcmrj­uj ujc­gj­lfh­cndf, dpfæ­vj­lèÿ p gj­xfn­rj­db­vb q ct­htl­yè­vb irj­kf­ D t­kb­rè geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d CIF, zrè nf­rjé yf­pb­df­ñnm eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb inf­nèd, jn­hb­ve­ñnm hèp­ yj­vf­yèn­ye gèl­nhbv­re dèl nbö inf­nèd, e zrbö dj­yb hjp­nf­ij­df­yè. Wt wè­rf­dè q lb­yf­vèx­yè wty­nhb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb p db­cj­rjñ ht­ge­nf­wèæñ, eyè­rfkm­yb­vb nhf­lb­wèz­vb, ukb­åj­rj gj­ d’zpf­yè p yf­ct­kty­yzv inf­n e. Rhèv nj­uj, dj­yb ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm nf­kf­yj­db­nbö kñ­ltq p ecèæÿ rhfÿ­yb è p ecmj­uj cdè­n e. Pf­uf­kjv nf­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ghbq­vf­ñnm lt­czn­rb nb­czx cne­lty­nèd. Dj­yb db­gec­rf­ñnm åèkm­iècnm af­öèd­wèd pè cne­gt­ yz­vb, db­ob­vb pf cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf, nf p ghja­tcèq­yb­vb lbg­kj­vf­vb lkz gj­nhtå rhfÿ­yb, f nf­rjé pyfx­ye rèkm­rècnm åf­ rf­kfd­hèd. Dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd pf­pdb­xfq ghj­gj­ye­ñnm eJournal USA  Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 eg­hfd­kèy­yz inf­n e. Yf dèl­vè­ye dèl åf­uf­nmjö èy­ibö rhf­ÿy, wè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb yt gèl­pdèn­yè vè­yèc­nhj­dè jc­dè­nb CIF è jc­dèn­yz gj­kè­nb­rf db­ojÿ irj­kb æ ght­hj­uf­nb­djñ, d jc­ yjd­yj­ve, inf­nèd, öj­xf aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym nf aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf cne­lty­nfv plèq­cyñ­ñnm­cz xt­htp nf­rè at­lt­hfkm­yè ecnfy­jdb, zr Yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq yf­e rj­dbq ajyl, Yf­wèj­yfkm­yè èy­cnb­n e­nb jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z nf åf­uf­nj èy­ibö at­lt­hfkm­ybö ecnfy­jd. Ltz­rè pf­cf­lb geå­kèx­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd e CIF pyfx­yj dèl­ hèp­yz­ñnm­cz dèl pf­cfl eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö. Yf­dènm e nbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö, zrè jlthée­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de gèl­ nhbv­re dèl inf­n e, cne­lty­nb, pf­pdb­xfq, xfc­nrj­dj jg­kf­xe­ñnm yf­dxfy­yz nf gj­d’zpf­yè p ybv db­nhf­nb, ghb­xj­ve ce­vf nf­rbö db­nhfn påèkm­ie­ænm­cz. Cmj­ujl­yè cne­lty­nb åt­henm rht­lb­nb d åfy­re, ojå vf­nb pvj­u e gj­rhb­nb db­nhf­nb yf yf­dxfy­yz. Dct åèkm­it pf­ke­xf­ænm­cz rji­nèd p ghb­dfn­ybö lét­htk, ojå ghjaè­yfy­ce­df­nb yf­e rj­dè ghj­tr­nb, yf­lf­nb cnb­gty­lèÿ nf db­ gkf­nb­nb pf­hj­åèn­ye gkf­n e ghja­tcj­hfv. Yf­hti­nè, dt­kb­rbq èy­nt­htc e cne­lty­nèd, db­gec­ryb­rèd è pdb­xfq­ybö uhj­vf­lzy db­r kb­rf­ñnm cgjh­nbd­yè pvf­ufy­yz. Ghj­dt­lty­yz nf­rbö cgjh­ nbd­ybö pvf­ufym ghb­yj­cbnm lj­lfn­rj­dè ghb­åen­rb. Ct­htl ecèö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­ nèd xfc­nj vf­ñnm yfq­åèkm­ibq dèl­cj­njr èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd è yf­e rj­dbö cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­rèd. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèy­yt­cj­nb yf­kè­xe­ænm­cz gj­yfl 4500 èyj­ ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd è yf­e rjd­wèd p gj­yfl 130 rhf­ÿy. Eyè­dth­cb­ ntn Vèy­yt­cj­nb rjy­cekm­n eæ èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd p ñhb­lbx­ ybö nf jcj­åbc­nbö gb­nfym, lj­gj­vf­ufñ­xb ÿv db­åhf­nb reh­cb, phj­pe­vè­nb rekm­n e­he CIF d wè­kj­ve nf eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmre rekm­n e­he pjr­ht­vf, yf­lfæ rjy­cekm­nf­wèÿ p gb­nfym èv­vèu­hf­wèÿ, dè­pj­dj­uj ht­é b­ve, lj­lfn­rj­dj­uj db­dxty­yz fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db q jcjå­kb­djc­ntq cgèk­re­dfy­yz d åf­uf­nj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve ct­ht­lj­ db­oè. D åf­uf­nmjö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö inf­nèd èc­ye­ñnm fyf­kj­uèx­yè ghj­uhf­vb, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv jhè­æy­ ne­df­nb­cz d eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrèq fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yèq cbc­nt­vè q frf­lt­vèx­ybö db­vj­ufö, oj èy­rj­kb db­lf­ñnm­cz crkfl­yb­vb. Jl­yfr yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb dèl­hèp­yz­ñnm­cz vfc­inf­åf­vb nf­rbö gj­c keu. D evj­dfö phj­cnfy­yz rjy­re­hty­wèÿ p èy­ib­vb rhfÿ­yf­vb éj­ lty èp dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF yt vj­ét cj­åè lj­pdj­kb­nb èu­yj­he­df­nb èy­nt­ht­cb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Nj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­ nb inf­nèd ghb­lè­k z­ñnm dct åèkm­it q åèkm­it edf­ub pf­ke­xty­ yñ yfq­rhf­obö cne­lty­nèd p ecèö re­njx­rèd cdè­n e. Zr­oj db gj­cnf­db­kb pf vt­n e jn­hb­vf­nb pyfy­yz e yfq­gt­ht­lj­dè­ibö uf­ke­pzö yf­e rb è vjé­kb­dècnm ndjh­xj ghf­wñ­df­nb, z ob­hj hf­ lée dfv lèp­yf­nb­cz ghj ib­hj­rè vjé­kb­djc­nè, oj ÿö yf­lf­ñnm dt­kb­rè geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d CIF. 3 Lét­ytn Ujc­ntn­nth. AP/WWP Öj­rtq p ifq­åjñ, jlby èp åf­uf­nmjö db­lèd cgjh­ne, zrbv pfq­vf­ñnm­cz d ­ eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèy­yt­cj­nb. vb, f nf­rjé èp nb­vb, önj ajh­veæ gj­kè­nb­re inf­n e q gj­kè­nb­ re yf vèc­wzö. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd hèp­yznm­cz pf cne­gt­ytv èy­nty­cbd­yjc­ nè yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym. Pf­pdb­xfq, uhfy­nb è rjy­nhfr­nb, zrè db­åj­hñ­ñnm­cz yfq­ ghtc­nbé­yè­ib­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb inf­nèd yf ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym, oj­hj­re cz­uf­ñnm cj­ntym vèkm­qj­yèd lj­kf­hèd. Jå­czu gèl­nhbv­rb, oj yf­lf­ænm­cz inf­nf­vb, nf­rjé yt jl­yf­rj­dbq. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd p dt­kb­rbv åñ­lét­njv yf ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym jn­hb­ve­ñnm dèl 10 lj 30 dèl­cjn­rèd cdj­ÿö åñ­lét­nèd dèl inf­n e, d zrj­ve dj­yb hjp­nf­ij­ df­yè. Lj­lfn­rj­df xfc­nb­yf ÿöymj­uj åñ­lét­n e crkf­lf­ænm­cz p jg­kf­nb pf yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­ibö db­g kfn, uhfy­nèd, rjy­nhfr­nèd, gjl­fhey­rèd. Pf­dlz­rb yf­zd­yèq aè­yfy­cj­dèq cnher­n e­hè dt­kb­rbö eyè­dth­ cb­nt­nèd inf­nèd åf­uf­nj fc­gè­hfy­nèd jn­hb­ve­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e, ghf­wññ­xb fcbc­nty­nf­vb d hfv­rfö lj­c kèl­ybwm­ rbö uhfy­nèd è rjy­nhfr­nèd. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj åf­uf­nj eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd ghfu­yenm jlthéf­nb påèkm­it­yt aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz lkz vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj jå­vè­ye cne­lty­nf­vb nf ÿöymj­uj yf­dxfy­yz, lj­cneg lj aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz le­ét jå­vt­ét­ybq gj­pf drf­pf­ybv aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yzv yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym è uhfy­nèd. Jc­rèkm­rb cne­lty­nb gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö reh­cèd pf­uf­kjv yt pfq­vf­ñnm­cz yf­e rj­db­vb lj­c kè­léty­yz­vb, yf­lf­dfy­yz cnb­gty­lèq èyj­ptv­ ybv cne­lty­nfv, zrè öj­xenm jn­hb­vf­nb cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf, lj­cbnm jå­vt­ét­yt. Dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb inf­nèd vèc­nznm­cz d hèp­ybö hf­qj­yfö: zr e yt­dt­kb­rbö vèc­ntx­rfö, nfr è d vèc­nfö èp åf­uf­nj­vèkm­qjy­ ybv yf­ct­kty­yzv. Åf­uf­nj eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd vf­ñnm aè­kèf­kb, hjp­rb­lf­yè gj dcèq nt­hb­nj­hèÿ inf­n e. Lj nj­uj é e åf­uf­nmjö inf­nfö èc­yeæ gj rèkm­rf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd. Rt­heæ eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb inf­nèd hf­lf jgè­re­yèd, zrf vfæ åèkm­ijñ xb vty­ijñ vè­hjñ pdè­n e­df­nb gt­htl jh­uf­yf­vb Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.  eJournal USA Oj nf­rt dt­kb­rbq ghb­dfn­ybq ­ eyè­dth­cb­ntn p yf­erj­dj-­ ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ? Létqvc D. Dfu­yth Kèy­lf F. Cèct­hj/Sta­nford News Service Cne­lty­nrf ghj­dj­lbnm lj­ckè­lb d lth­vf­nj­kj­uèx­yèq kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ vt­lbx­yj­uj af­rekm­nt­ne Cnty­ajhlcmrj­uj ­ eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne d Rf­kè­ajh­yèÿ. Létqvc D. Dfu­yth, ght­pb­ltyn eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Tvj­hè d Fn­kfy­nè, infn Léjhléèz, ddf­éfæ, oj ghb­dfn­yè eyè­ dth­cb­nt­nb vf­ñnm åèkm­ie aè­yfy­cj­de yt­pf­kté­yècnm, yèé geå­kèx­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb. Nj­ve ghb­dfn­yè ecnfy­jdb vj­é enm pf­ghj­gj­ye­df­nb wè­rf­dè­iè yf­dxfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb. e ybö gj­r kb­rfy­yz, zrè aè­yfy­cj­dè vjé­kb­djc­nè, xb öj­xenm dj­yb pf­kb­if­nb lj­vèd­re. Phti­njñ, yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibv xby­yb­ rjv æ dèl­gj­dèl­yècnm yf­dxfkm­yjÿ ecnfy­jdb pf­gb­nfv cne­lty­nf. D CIF 92 pè 100 yfq­åèkm­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd aè­yfy­ce­ ñnm­cz yt at­lt­hfkm­ybv ehz­ljv, f jl­ybv èp 50 inf­nèd. 77fi cne­lty­nèd e rhfÿ­yè jn­hb­ve­ñnm db­oe jc­dè­n e cf­vt d wbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö. Jl­yfr e åèkm­ijc­nè htq­nby­uèd ghb­dfn­ yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, pf db­yzn­rjv nhmjö-xj­nb­hmjö, pfq­vf­ñnm vfq­ét dcè 25 gth­ibö vècwm. Nj­ve d CIF è d ecmj­ve cdè­nè db­cj­rj wè­ye­ñnm­cz cf­vt ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb p vèw­yjñ yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ. Fkt oj vb vfæ­vj yf edf­pè, hjp­gj­dèlfñ­xb ghj ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb p ib­hj­rjñ lj­c kèl­ybwm­rjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ, xbv dj­yb ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm? Ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb p yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ ghj­ uhf­vjñ ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ghja­tcèq­ye gèl­uj­njd­re (yf­ghb­r kfl, e cat­hè ñhbc­ghe­lty­wèÿ, vt­lb­wb­yb, d èy­ét­yth­yèq cghf­dè), f nf­rjé ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz, zrè gt­htl­åf­xf­ñnm jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz lj­rnj­hf (PhD). Jr­hèv db­r kf­lfy­yz, ghja­tcjh­cmrj- J l­yèæñ èp cbkm­ybö hbc fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ cbc­nt­vb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb æ ÿÿ dt­kb­rf hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm. Db­of jc­dè­nf d Fvt­hb­wè vj­ét pf­lj­djkm­yb­nb yfq­ibh­it rj­kj gj­nhtå – dèl yt­dt­kb­rbö rj­kt­léèd, hjp­hf­öj­df­ybö yf rèkm­rf cj­ntym cne­lty­nèd, lj dt­kb­rbö lth­éfd­ybö eyè­dth­cb­ nt­nèd p lt­czn­rf­vb nb­czx cne­lty­nèd; dèl ldj­hèx­ybö vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd p ghj­uhf­vf­vb ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz – lj aè­yfy­cj­df­ybö ghb­dfn­ybv ikz­öjv eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p ib­ hj­rbv cgtr­nhjv yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym. Rjy­rhtn­ybq db­åèh yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le åf­uf­nj d xj­ve db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz gkf­yf­vb cne­lty­nèd oj­lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ ghja­tcèq­yjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè, ÿö­yè­vb aè­yfy­cj­db­vb vjé­kb­djc­nz­vb nf vèc­wtv hjp­nf­ie­dfy­yz wbö pf­r kf­lèd. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, db­åèh pf­kt­é bnm dèl nj­uj, zrt eJournal USA  Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 yj­lfd­xbö jh­uf­yèd inf­n e, f rji­nb yf­löj­lznm dèl db­gec­ryb­ rèd, åkf­uj­lèq­ybö ajy­lèd, yf­e rj­dbö nf èy­ibö ghja­tcèq­ybö jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, zrè yf­lf­ñnm lj­gj­vj­u e eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv ikz­öjv aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz ghj­uhfv, cnb­gty­lèq, en­hb­vfy­yz åe­lè­dtkm è ghja­tcjh­cmrbö gj­cfl. Öj­xf d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö inf­nèd nfr cf­vj phj­cnfæ rèkm­rècnm nf­rbö lét­htk aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz, dct é nf­rb ÿö yf­zd­yècnm dèl­rhb­dfæ gt­htl ghb­dfn­yb­vb eyè­dth­ cb­nt­nf­vb åèkm­it vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz påt­ht­éty­yz kè­lth­cndf è lkz cndjhty­yz cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd è cgt­wè­f km­ybö ghj­uhfv p vt­njñ ghj­dt­lty­yz lj­c kè­létym e yj­dbö gth­cgtr­nbd­ybö uf­ke­pzö. Cf­vt wz uyex­rècnm lfæ pvj­u e cne­lty­nfv plèq­cyñ­df­nb yf­e rj­dè lj­c kè­léty­yz d nbö cat­hfö, zrè yf­dhzl xb pf­jöj­xe­df­kb­cz å d èy­ibö vèc­wzö. Aè­yfy­cj­df yt­pf­kté­yècnm ghb­dfn­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd yf­lfæ ÿv åèkm­it vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz dèl­rhbn­nz aè­kèf­kèd d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö. Yf­ghb­r kfl, vti­rfy­wè inf­n e Léjhléèz yf­dhzl xb gjuj­lznm­cz db­rj­hbc­nf­nb cdjÿ gjl­fn­rj­dè rji­nb lkz dèl­rhbn­ nz yf­dxfkm­yj­uj wty­nhe d Kjy­lj­yè. Fkt, jxt­dbl­yj, dj­yb dè­ nf­kb å dèl­rhbn­nz nf­rj­uj wty­nhe ghb­dfn­ybv eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv Tvj­hè. Pf­uf­kjv, ghb­dfn­ybv eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv ktu­it dèl­rhb­df­nb pf vt­éf­vb rhfÿ­yb lj­c kèl­ybwm­rè wty­nhb q jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, oj pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm cne­lty­nèd gj­c ke­uf­vb xb yf­dxfkm­yb­vb ghj­ uhf­vf­vb. Yf­ghb­r kfl, eyè­dth­cb­ntn Tvj­hè vfæ ghj­uhf­vb p vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z d hèp­ybö rhfÿ­yfö Fa­hb­rb, yf Rfd­rf­pè è d Fpèÿ. Qj­uj åèp­ytc-ghju­hf­vb èc­ye­ñnm e hèp­ybö rhfÿ­yfö Æd­hj­gb q Fpèÿ. Wè ghj­uhf­vb lf­ñnm pvj­u e fvt­hb­rfy­ cmrbv cne­lty­nfv è db­r kf­lf­xfv zr d Fvt­hb­wè, nfr è pf rjh­lj­ yjv pf­ke­xf­nb yfq­rhf­obö cgt­wèf­kèc­nèd p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy. Yf­hti­nè, åèkm­iècnm ghb­dfn­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p yf­e rj­djljc­kèl­ybwm­r bv eöb­kjv, zrè gj­cne­gf­ñnm­cz pf hjp­vè­hf­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv inf­nèd, dlf­kj gj­æl­y e­ñnm pyfx­yè ht­c eh­cb q rèkm­rèc­ybq crkfl cne­lty­nèd è db­r kf­lf­xèd. Öj­xf d åelm-zrj­ve p yf­ibö ghb­dfn­ybö xb geå­kèx­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd yf­lf­ñnm­cz ght­rhfc­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz yf­dxfy­yz è lj­c kèl­ ybwm­rjÿ hj­åj­nb, d ghb­dfn­ybö pf­r kf­lfö nt­hb­nj­hèz eyè­dth­cb­ ntn­cmrj­uj vèc­ntx­rf vty­if, nj­ve dxt­ybv, zrè ghf­wñ­ñnm e hèp­ybö uf­k e­pzö, ktu­it cgèk­r e­df­nb­cz, jc­rèkm­r b af­r ekm­nt­nb è rf­atl­hb pf­pdb­xfq hjp­nf­ij­df­yè yf dèl­cnfyè yt­dt­kbx­rjÿ ghj­u e­k zy­r b. Yfq­dfé­kb­dè­iè dèl­rhbn­nz yb­yè plèq­cyñ­ñnm­cz gèl xfc vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yj­uj cgèd­hj­åèn­ybw­ndf, nj­ve, jxt­ dbl­yj, yfq­ghb­dfå­kb­dè­ijñ hb­cjñ ghb­dfn­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd æ ÿö­yz plfn­yècnm gèl­nhb­ve­df­nb q cnb­ve­kñ­df­nb cgèd­ghf­wñ zr ect­ht­lb­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, nfr è pf qj­uj vt­éf­vb, d ecèö re­njx­rfö cdè­n e. 3 Flfv Öfy­uth. AP/WWP E Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrj­ve ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­ve èy­cnb­ne­nè èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb db­ghj­åj­de­ ñnm yf vèw­yècnm è vf­ytd­ht­yècnm cndjht­yj­uj yb­vb hj­åj­nf. Léjy Åtq­pvjh. AP/WWP D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Tvj­hè d Fn­kfy­nè, infn Léjhléèz, cne­lty­nrf gj­æl­yeæ hj­åj­ne p ghj­ue­kzy­rjñ yf gj­dèn­hè. dbr­kf­lfwm­rbq crkfl af­rekm­nt­n e ghb­lè­k zæ åf­uf­nj edf­ub è yf­e rj­dèq ghf­wè. Yf­cghfd­lè jg­kf­nf ghf­wè q gèl­db­oty­yz gj ckeé­åè ghjat­ cj­hèd e wbö pf­r kf­lfö db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz zr zrèc­nñ db­r kf­lfy­yz, nfr è yf­e rj­djñ q lj­c kèl­ybwm­rjñ hj­åj­njñ. Fkt d eyè­dth­cb­ nt­nfö inf­nèd nf­rjé èc­ye­ñnm ghj­uhf­vb ghja­tcèq­yjÿ gèl­uj­ njd­rb, ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz lj­rnj­hf è åf­uf­nj edf­ub ghb­lè­k z­ænm­cz yf­e wè q lj­c kè­léty­yzv. Nj xbv ét dèl­hèp­yz­ñnm­cz dèl ybö ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb? Yfq­gth­it, ghb­dfn­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb pf­uf­kjv vf­ñnm åèkm­ie aè­yfy­cj­de uyex­rècnm. Ÿö­yèq åñ­létn yt pf­kt­é bnm dèl pf­rj­ Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.  eJournal USA Uhj­vfl­cmrè ldj­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè CIF: ikzö lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb ­ lkz åf­uf­nmjö Léjhlé H. Åjuup Vfqrk Ktv­rñö­kt. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nrf Jetycm­rj­uj uhj­vfl­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée d inf­nè Juf­qj ghf­wñæ yfl rhtc­kty­yzv gkf­ye åe­lby­re. Rj­kt­léè p ldj­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz lf­ñnm cne­lty­ nfv pvj­u e plj­å e­df­nb db­o e jc­dè­ne d yt­dt­kb­rbö hf­qj­yfö pf vèc­wtv ghj­éb­dfy­yz, plt­åèkm­ij­uj p vty­ib­vb db­nhf­nf­ vb, yèé e pf­r kf­lfö èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­ yz. Ght­pb­ltyn F vt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd Léjhlé H. Åjuup rj­hjn­rj pe­gb­yz­ænm­cz yf nbö jcjå­kb­djc­n zö uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd, zrè hjå­k znm ÿö ghb­ dfå­kb­djñ fkm­nth­yf­nb­djñ lkz cne­lty­nèd. ghj­gj­ye­ñnm reh­cb gj­lfkm­ijÿ jc­dè­nb q èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yj­uj hjp­dbn­re lkz ib­hj­rj­uj rj­kf lj­hjc­kbö. Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè æ yfq­åèkm­ibv ctr­nj­hjv db­ojÿ jc­ dè­nb d CIF, zrbq yfq­idbl­it phj­cnfæ. Cmj­ujl­yè d rhfÿ­yè yf­kè­xe­ænm­cz vfq­ét 1200 uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd, zrè vf­ñnm ht­uèj­yfkm­ye fr­ht­lb­nf­wèñ. Dj­yb jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm gj­yfl 11 vèkm­qj­yèd cne­lty­nèd (åkbpm­rj 46fi ecèö cne­lty­nèd CIF gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö hj­rèd yf­dxfy­yz yf plj­åen­nz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf). Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè CIF ghj­gj­ye­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­ lty­nfv ib­hj­rbq cgtrnh gj­c keu, ct­htl zrbö – vjé­kb­dècnm eljc­rj­yf­kb­nb fy­ukèq­cmre vj­de è phj­pe­vè­nb ukbå­it fvt­hb­ rfy­cmre rekm­n e­he. Lj gt­ht­dfu yf­dxfy­yz d uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö yf­kt­éfnm: – Vty­iè db­n hf­n b yf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­y z. Dj­yb pyfx­ yj ybé­xè, yèé e rj­kt­léfö èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­ dxfy­yz nf d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö (åkbpm­rj 5000 lj­kf­hèd CIF yf hèr gj­hèd­yz­yj p 12 000–20 000 lj­kf­hèd CIF, f nj q åèkm­it d pf­r kf­lfö èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz). – Vjé­kb­dècnm ktu­rj­uj gt­ht­dt­lty­y z lj rj­kt­lée xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e. D CIF èc­yeæ cbc­nt­vf ≤2+2≥, zrf æ E ct åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd ddf­éf­ñnm, oj uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­ kt­léè dèl­rhb­df­ñnm ÿv lj­hj­u e lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Wè rj­kt­léè lf­ñnm pvj­u e dghj­ljdé ldj­hèx­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz jn­hb­vf­nb ne rèkm­rècnm pf­kè­rèd (xb ≤rht­lb­nèd≥), oj pf­hf­öj­de­ ænm­cz zr gth­iè ldf hj­rb yf­dxfy­yz pf ghj­uhf­vjñ d fr­ht­lb­ nj­df­ybö xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léfö, lt ghb­cdjñænm­cz cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf. Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, lt gkf­nf pf yf­dxfy­yz ybé­ xf, lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm cne­lty­nfv pt­rj­yj­vb­nb rji­nb, yf­dxf­ nb­cz yt­lf­kt­rj dèl lj­vèd­rb q jlth­é e­df­nb gèl­nhbv­re cè­v’ÿ. Wè rj­kt­léè nf­rjé lf­ñnm pvj­u e jn­hb­vf­nb ghja­tcèq­yè cne­gt­yè gj­xfn­rj­dj­uj hèd­yz fåj é ghja­tcèq­ye gèl­uj­njd­re lkz hj­åj­ nb d nbö uf­ke­pzö, lt cne­gèym yt gj­nhè­åty. Ghb wmj­ve dj­yb eJournal USA  Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 P lj­pdj­ke uhj­vfl­cmrj­uj Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée tatr­nbd­yjñ cbc­nt­vjñ ≤jå’æl­yfy­yz≥ rj­kt­lée p ldj­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz nf rj­kt­lée p xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz fåj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e. Åèkm­iècnm uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­ léèd vf­ñnm euj­lb p rj­kt­léf­vb èp xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­ yjv yf­dxfy­yz nf p eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb. Wè euj­lb uf­hfy­n e­ñnm, oj pf­kè­rj­dè åf­kb (≤rht­lb­nb≥), jn­hb­vf­yè d uhj­vfl­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè, åe­lt pf­hf­öj­df­yj ghb yf­dxfy­yè pf xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ åf­rf­kfd­hf. – Fr­ht­l b­nj­df­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­l b. Dcè fvt­hb­rfy­ cmrè uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, xj­nb­hb­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè q dt­kb­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb fr­ht­lb­n e­ñnm­cz jl­yb­vb q nb­vb cf­vb­vb jh­uf­ yè­pf­wèz­vb. Jcm xj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb db­pyf­ñnm pf­kè­rj­dè åf­kb (≤rht­lb­nb≥), jn­hb­vf­yè d uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö. – Dt­kb­rf hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm ghj­u hfv. E uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö èc­yeæ dt­kb­rbq db­åèh uf­ke­ptq cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, ct­htl zrbö nf­rè gj­gekzh­yè ghja­tcèÿ, zr eg­hfd­kèy­yz åèp­yt­cjv, rjv­ g’ñ­nth­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ, èy­ét­yth­ybq nf vt­lbx­ybq afö. – Db­r kf­lfy­y z fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ zr lhe­u jÿ vj­db. Åèkm­ iècnm uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ib­hj­rbq db­åèh reh­cèd fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db hèp­ybö hèd­yèd è åf­uf­nj lj­lfn­rj­dbö gj­c keu, ojå cne­lty­nb p hèp­ybv hèd­ytv gèl­uj­njd­rb vju­kb ec­gèi­yj db­dxf­nb vj­de. – Cghb­zn­kb­dè evj­db lkz jn­hb­vfy­y z pyfym. Uhj­ vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè ghj­gj­ye­ñnm yf­dxfy­yz d rkf­cfö p yt­dt­kb­ rjñ rèkm­rèc­nñ cne­lty­nèd, e ct­htl­ymj­ve lj 30 jcèå, oj lfæ pvj­u e db­r kf­lf­xfv ghb­lè­k z­nb lj­cnfn­ymj edf­ub rjé­yj­ve cne­lty­nj­dè. Nen cndjht­yj nf­rè evj­db, ojå rj­éty cne­ltyn vèu ec­gèi­yj jgf­ye­df­nb ghj­uhf­ve pf­kté­yj dèl jcj­åbc­njÿ plfn­yjc­nè pf­cdj­æy­yz vj­db è dkfc­ybö gj­nhtå. Lj­gj­vj­uf cne­ lty­nfv drkñ­xfæ lj­lfn­rj­dè èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yè pf­yzn­nz, gbcm­vj­dè pf­dlfy­yz, pf­öj­lb, oj ghj­dj­lznm­cz d vèé­yf­hjl­yj­ve cne­ ltyncmrj­ve rke­åè nf wty­nhfö jå­c ke­uj­de­dfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. – Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm. Cne­lty­nb uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd CIF – ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb hèp­ybö rekm­n eh è yf­kt­éfnm lj hèp­ yj­vf­yèn­ybö tn­yèx­ybö uheg. Rj­kt­léè lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm pf­gb­cf­nb­cz lj hèp­ybö rke­åèd, åhf­nb exfcnm e pf­öj­lfö, zrè en­dth­léeñnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm, ghb­nf­vfy­ye fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­ ve cec­gèkm­cnde. – Lj­cneg lj rekm­n e­hb CIF. Jc­rèkm­rb uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè htg­ht­pty­n e­ñnm ébn­nz nbö hf­qj­yèd, e zrbö dj­yb hjp­nf­ij­df­yè, è htf­u e­ñnm yf ymj­uj, dj­yb pf­délb hjp­db­df­ ñnm vèw­yè pd’zp­rb p vèc­wt­dbv yf­ct­kty­yzv. Wt lfæ èyj­ ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e cgèk­re­df­nb­cz p fvt­hb­rfy­wz­vb åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj q jn­hb­ve­df­nb pyfy­yz ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmre rekm­n e­he. – Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm hjp­nf­i e­dfy­y z nf hjp­vè­hèd rj­ kt­léèd. Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, zr è èy­iè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, pyfx­yj dèl­hèp­yz­ñnm­cz jlby dèl jl­yj­uj. Ltz­rè p ybö dt­kb­rè, hjp­nf­ij­df­yè e vèc­nfö, vf­ñnm åf­uf­nj rjh­ge­cèd, hjp­rb­lf­ybö Cne­lty­nfv Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée d inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­ yf gjl­jåf­ænm­cz cne­ltyncmrt ébn­nz. gj dcèq nt­hb­nj­hèÿ vèc­nf, f èy­iè yf­åf­uf­nj vty­iè, hjp­vè­ot­yè d cèkmcmrèq vèc­wt­djc­nè è jå­cke­uj­de­ñnm gj­hèd­yz­yj yt­åf­uf­nj cne­ lty­nèd. Pf­uf­kjv, rèkm­rècnm è hjp­nf­ie­dfy­yz uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­ léèd jhè­æy­nj­df­yj yf phex­yècnm lkz 90fi yf­ct­kty­yz CIF. – Db­lfn­yè db­g ec­r yb­r b. Db­gec­ryb­rf­vb uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd CIF æ ue­åth­yf­njh Rf­kè­ajh­yèÿ Fh­yjkml Idfh­wt­ ytu­uth nf rj­kbi­yèq ue­åth­yf­njh inf­n e Vt­hè­ktyl Gth­hèc Gth­hèc­uukt­lt­yèyu, rj­vfy­lbh cndjht­yj­uj YF­CF rjc­vèx­yj­uj rj­hfå­k z ≤Ifnnk≥ Fq­kèyu Rjk­kèyp, ht­é b­cth rè­yj­ct­hèf­ke ≤Pj­ hz­yè dèq­yb≥ Léjhlé Ke­rfc, rè­yj­fr­nj­hb Njv Ötyrc è Rkèyn Ècndel, vj­lt­kmæh Rtkm­dèy Rkzqy, dxt­ybq – lj­c kèl­ybr ut­yj­ vf kñ­lb­yb – Rhtqu Dty­nth è uj­kjd­ybq öè­hehu Lth­éfd­yjÿ ckeé­åb jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z Hè­xfhl Rfh­vj­yf. Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj yf­dxfy­yz d uhj­vfl­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö CIF vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­nb pf tktr­nhj­yyjñ fl­ht­cjñ: ht­tp:/www.CC-USA.org fåj d lj­dèl­yb­re “A Guide to Studying at U.S. Comu­nity Colle­ges” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr ghj yf­dxfy­yz d uhj­vfl­ cmrbö rj­kt­léfö CIF≥), zrbq vjé­yf pyfq­nb d rjy­cekm­nf­ wèq­ybö wty­nhfö ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥. Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF.  eJournal USA Gj­ukbå­kty­yz hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè: ­ yt­pf­kté­ybq ctr­njh db­ojÿ ­ jc­dè­nb d CIF Hè­xfhl Tr­vfy Yt­ycè Gfk­vèæ­hè. FH/WWP Cne­lty­nrf èp Pèv­åfå­dt dèl­pyf­xfæ pf­rèy­xty­yz yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léè ­ Vfeyn-Öj­kè­jr e inf­nè Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc. Ghb­dfn­yè rj­kt­léè p xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybv nth­vè­yjv yf­dxfy­yz dghj­df­léeñnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybq lj­cdèl jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­ nb, yf­cfv­gt­htl cne­lty­nf­vb, zrè plj­å e­df­ñnm cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf. Hè­xfhl Tr ­vfy, ght­pb­ltyn Hf­lb yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd, hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj dèl­vèy­yècnm vèé yt­pf­kté­yb­vb, fåj é ghb­dfn­yb­vb, rj­kt­léf­vb q yf­dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­ vb geå­kèx­yj­uj ctr­nj­hf. lj­r kf­lfæ xb­vf­kj pe­cbkm, ojå db­öj­df­nb e cne­lty­nèd låfq­ kb­dt cnfd­kty­yz lj yf­drj­kbi­ymj­uj ct­ht­lj­db­of; e rj­ktlé Fy­lth­cj­yf Åhjl­l e­cf d inf­nè Pf­öèl­yf Dèh­uè­yèz cne­lty­nèd yf­ åb­hf­ñnm èp vf­ktym­r bö vèc­nt­xjr, hjp­r b­lf­ybö gj gf­ujh­åfö Pf­öèl­yjÿ Dèh­uè­yèÿ, è åf­uf­nmjö èp ybö uj­n e­ñnm lj yf­e rj­djÿ xb vt­lbx­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb; d pf­cyj­df­yj­ve rdf­rt­hf­vb rj­kt­léè Th­kutv, hjp­nf­ij­df­yj­ve d inf­nè Èy­lèf­yf, jc­yjd­yjñ ajh­vjñ ghbq­yzn­nz hè­itym æ lj­czu­yty­yz rjy­cty­c e­c e ct­htl ecèö cne­lty­nèd; éè­yj­xbq rj­ktlé Cè­lfh Rhtcn e inf­nè Gty­cbkm­ df­yèz cghjc­nj­deæ cnt­htj­nbg ghj nt, oj éèy­r b yt plfn­yè lj­cz­uf­nb ec­gè­öèd e yf­e wè, åf­uf­nj p qj­uj db­g ec­rybwm cnf­kb yf­e rjd­wz­vb. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf dèl­vèy­yjc­nè, wè 600 yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­ léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd vf­ñnm ybp­re cgèkm­ybö jp­yfr. • Dj­yb lj­cbnm yt­dt­kb­rè, rèkm­rècnm cne­lty­nèd e ybö hèl­ rj gt­ht­db­oeæ 3000 jcèå. • Dj­yb gt­ht­dfé­yj fåj gj­dyèc­nñ jhè­æy­n e­ñnm­cz yf xj­nb­ hb­hèx­ybq åf­pj­dbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbq rehc, vfñ­xb le­ét vf­kj fc­gè­hfyncmrbö ghj­uhfv. • Dcè xkt­yb ghja­tcjh­cmrj-dbr­kf­lfwm­rj­uj crkf­le dèl­lf­yè cdj­ÿq cghf­dè. Öj­xf åèkm­iècnm èp ybö pfq­vf­ñnm­ cz yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ, dj­yb ddf­éf­ñnm ÿÿ lhe­uj­hzl­yjñ gj­hèd­yz­yj p jc­yjd­ybv cdj­ÿv jåj­d’zp­rjv – db­r kf­lfy­yzv. Dj­yb ghj­dj­lznm åf­uf­nj xf­ce pè cne­lty­nf­vb d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ è pf ÿÿ vt­éf­vb. • Vt­nj­lb­rf yf­dxfy­yz yj­cbnm èy­nt­hfr­nbd­ybq, pf­jöj­xe­ dfkm­ybq öf­hfr­nth. Y fq­èc­njn­yè­ijñ hb­cjñ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF æ ÿÿ hèp­yj­ vf­yèn­yècnm. Ehzl rhfÿ­yb yt rjy­nhj­kñæ yè yf­dxfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb, yè vt­nj­lb db­r kf­lfy­yz d rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö CIF. Hjkm ét lth­éfd­ybö jh­uf­yèd eg­hfd­kèy­ yz lj­cbnm yt­pyfx­yf. È cf­vt d ≤yt­pf­kté­yj­ve≥, fåj é ≤ghb­ dfn­yj­ve≥, ctr­nj­hè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb cgj­cnt­hè­uf­ænm­cz yfq­åèkm­if hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm aè­kj­cja­cmrbö gèl­öj­lèd lj jc­dè­nb, yf­dxfkm­ ybö ghj­uhfv è nhf­lb­wèq. Wtq ctr­njh jöjg­kñæ åkbpm­rj 600 yt­dt­kb­rbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, ct­htl zrbö è yfq­if­ yj­df­yè­iè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb CIF. Pdth­yènm edf­u e yf nf­rè hèp­yè jcjå­kb­djc­nè: rj­ktlé Eh­cb­ yec e inf­nè Gty­cbkm­df­yèz ghj­gj­y eæ vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­y e ghj­uhf­ve lkz gth­ij­r eh­cyb­rèd, zrf pyf­qj­vbnm ÿö p hèp­yb­ vb ghf­wz­vb d uf­k e­pè ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö è cec­gèkm­yj-gj­kè­nbx­ybö yf­e r; e rj­kt­léè Dj­hht­yf Dèk­cj­yf d inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­ yf dcè cne­lty­nb pj­åj­d’z­pf­yè aè­pbx­yj lj­gj­vf­uf­nb en­hb­ve­ df­nb wtq pf­r kfl e yf­kté­yj­ve cnfyè è ddf­éf­ñnm wt jl­ybv èp dfé­kb­dbö rjv­gj­yty­nèd jc­dèn­ymjÿ aè­kj­cj­aèÿ rj­kt­lée; d Yjh­nktylcmrj­ve rj­kt­léè d inf­nè Dèc­rjy­cby rt­hèd­ybw­ndj eJournal USA 10 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 dfé­kb­dbv, jc­rèkm­rb dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm cajh­ve­df­nb db­gec­ryb­rf yt kb­it zr cgt­wèf­kèc­nf, fkt è zr cdè­lj­vj­uj uhj­vf­lz­yb­yf cdjæÿ rhfÿ­yb. Ghj­wtc jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­ybq wb­vb rj­kt­léf­vb, yf­lpdb­xfq­yj tatr­nbd­ybq. Yf­ghb­r kfl, cnf­nbc­ nbx­yè lf­yè ghj dèl­cj­njr cne­lty­nèd, zrè pf­dth­ie­ñnm gj­dybq rehc pf ghj­uhf­vf­vb p jn­hb­vfy­yzv cne­gt­yz, cdèl­xfnm, oj e yt­dt­kb­rbö ghb­dfn­ybö de­pfö wtq dèl­cj­njr db­obq, yèé e åèkm­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö inf­nèd. È wt cgj­cnt­hè­uf­ænm­cz yt kb­it ct­htl yfq­jå­lf­hj­df­yè­ibö cne­lty­nèd, f q ct­htl cne­lty­ nèd, zrè dcne­gf­ñnm lj rj­kt­lée xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e p ybé­xb­vb jwèy­rf­vb pf ct­htl­yñ irj­ke xb pf dèl­åèh­rj­dbq ntcn SAT (ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com). Db­obq dèl­cj­njr cne­lty­nèd, zrè pf­dth­ie­ñnm gj­dybq rehc yf­dxfy­yz pf ghj­uhf­vf­vb, oj gt­htl­åf­xf­ñnm jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yèd, cgj­cnt­hè­uf­ænm­cz nf­rjé d èy­ibö cj­wè­f km­yj-trj­yj­vèx­ybö uhe­gfö, zrbv dkfc­nb­dè ybpm­rè pf­ufkm­yè gj­rfp­yb­rb jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb zr nf­rjÿ. Lj wbö uheg yf­kt­éfnm, yf­ghb­r kfl, cne­lty­nb gth­ ij­uj gj­rj­kèy­yz èp cè­v’ÿ, lt jn­hb­ve­ænm­cz jc­dè­nf d rj­kt­léè, cne­lty­nb, pve­it­yè ghf­wñ­df­nb gj­dybq hj­åj­xbq ltym, fåj cne­lty­nb – ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb hèp­ybö vty­iby. Gj­zc­yty­yz lj­cbnm db­cj­rjÿ tatr­nbd­yjc­nè vty­ibö ghb­ dfn­ybö de­pèd gj­hèd­yz­yj p èy­ib­vb yf­dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb vjé­yf pyfq­nb d nj­ve, oj cne­lty­nb cf­vè ≤åt­henm exfcnm e ghj­wt­cè plj­åe­dfy­yz pyfym≥. Léjhlé Reu, rt­hèd­ybr Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj lj­c kè­léty­yz cne­ltyncmrjÿ fr­nbd­yjc­nè d yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè, zrt ghj­dj­lbnm­cz d cj­nyzö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, pf­e df­é eæ, oj ec­gèö cne­lty­nf d rj­kt­léè pf­kt­é bnm dèl nj­uj, yf­crèkm­rb lj­åht dèy pyfæ db­r kf­lf­xf, xb åt­ht exfcnm e hj­åj­nè ueh­nrèd nf èy­ibö cne­ltyncmrbö pf­öj­ lfö, xb ghj­öj­lbnm dèy ghfr­nb­re, xb dèl­dè­leæ ct­vè­yf­hb, zrè db­vf­uf­ñnm qj­uj fr­nbd­yjÿ exfc­nè, ec­ybö db­cne­gèd è xbc­kty­ ybö gbcm­vj­dbö hj­åèn. E yt­dt­kb­rbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö èc­yeæ åèkm­if, yèé e dt­kb­rbö de­pfö, èvj­dèh­yècnm nj­uj, oj wè afr­nj­hb lè­ñnm. Yt­dt­kb­rè yt­pf­kté­yè de­pb vjé­yf pyfq­nb gj­dcñ­lb d CIF – e dt­kb­rbö è vf­kbö vèc­nfö, e cèkmcmrèq vèc­wt­djc­nè. Wè rj­kt­léè jöj­xt ghbq­vf­ñnm jå­lf­hj­df­ybö cne­lty­nèd p hèp­ybö ghj­ifh­rèd cec­gèkm­cndf, zrè ehèp­yj­vf­yèn­yñ­ñnm lbc­re­cèÿ yf ct­vè­yf­hfö è vf­ñnm cdjñ lev­re. Db­cj­rj wè­ye­ñnm è cne­lty­nèd p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy (öj­xf yf­dxfy­yz pf­délb ghj­öj­lbnm fy­ukèq­ cmrjñ vj­djñ). Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj åelm-z­rbq èp wbö yf­dxfkm­ ybö pf­r kf­lèd vjé­yf ktu­rj jn­hb­vf­nb yf ÿö­yèö dtå-cfq­nfö. Hf­lf yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd vfæ yf cdjæ­ve dtå-cfq­nè (ht­tp:// www.cic.org/) gj­cbkfy­yz yf åèkm­iècnm èp ybö. 3 Gfn­hb­wèz Vfr-Ljy­ytkk. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée Dtk­kckè d inf­nè Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc hf­pjv p db­rkf­lf­xtv åt­henm exfcnm e 24-uj­lby­yj­ve vf­hf­aj­yè – xb­nfy­yè ndj­hèd Itr­cgè­hf. Rt­dèy U. Hèdp. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nb pyf­vt­yb­nj­uj Jåth­kèy­cmrj­uj ve­pbx­yj­uj rj­kt­lée d inf­nè Juf­qj ghj­dj­lznm ht­gt­nb­wèñ jgt­hb hf­pjv p fh­uty­nby­cmrb­vb ve­pb­rfy­nf­vb. Dè­lj­ vbq cdjæñ ve­pbx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ, rj­ktlé nf­rjé ckf­dbnm­cz nbv, oj jl­ybv èp gth­ibö gj­xfd ghbq­vf­nb éè­yjr è fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd nf yf­lf­df­nb ÿv cne­gèym. • Jc­rèkm­rb d wbö pf­r kf­lfö hj­pe­vè­ñnm, oj pyfx­yf xfc­nb­ yf yf­dxfkm­yj­uj ghj­wt­ce ghj­öj­lbnm gj­pf vt­éf­vb fe­lb­nj­ hèÿ, cndj­hñ­ænm­cz åf­uf­nj vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz cgèk­re­dfy­yz cne­lty­nèd vèé cj­åjñ nf p db­r kf­lf­xf­vb; wt cgèk­re­dfy­yz ddf­éf­ænm­cz d yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö dfé­kb­dbv xby­yb­ rjv gt­ht­lf­xè pyfym. • Wè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb dèl­rhb­nj uj­dj­hznm ghj cbc­nt­vb wèy­yjc­ntq, zrè kt­éfnm d jc­yj­dè ÿöymj­uj aeyr­wèj­ye­dfy­yz. Èy­rj­kb wt wèy­yjc­nè ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj öf­hfr­nt­he, zrè cghbz­kb cndjhty­yñ rj­kt­lée, fåj é dèl­uj­vèy wbö wèy­yjc­ntq, zr­oj dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz dét yt uhfæ db­hè­ifkm­yjÿ hj­kè d yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè. Èyj­lè d cbc­nt­vè wèy­yjc­ntq dè­ljå­hf­ ét­yj rjy­rhtn­ye jc­dèn­yñ aè­kj­cj­aèñ. Yf­ghb­r kfl, aè­kj­ cj­aèz ≤dt­kb­rbö rybu≥ yfq­gj­dyè­it dnè­kt­yf d yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö rj­kt­lée Cd. Èjfy­yf p ldj­vf dèl­lè­kty­yz­vb d inf­nfö Vt­hè­ktyl è Ymñ-Vtr­cb­rj. F ≤hj­åèn­yb­xf≥ aè­kj­cj­ aèz öf­hfr­nth­yf lkz rj­kt­lée Dj­hht­yf Dèk­cj­yf è rj­kt­lée Åt­hèf d inf­nè Rty­n er­rè, lt, rhèv yf­dxfy­yz, cne­lty­nb gj­ dby­yè ghf­wñ­df­nb q en­hb­ve­df­nb wtq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl. • E wbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö db­r kf­lfy­yz cec­gèkm­yjgj­kè­nbx­ybö è ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö lbc­wbg­kèy ddf­éf­ænm­cz le­ét Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 11 eJournal USA Db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb, lt ­ gt­ht­df­éf­ñnm ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb ­ yf­wèj­yfkm­ybö vty­iby Ntl C. Dj­hhty. AP/WWP Jh­rtcnh eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Uhtv­åkèyu e inf­nè Keÿ­pèf­yf yf vfh­iè; ­ dèy dè­lj­vbq d ecèq rhfÿ­yè pf­dlz­rb cdj­ÿv édf­dbv db­cne­gfv. E wèq cnfn­nè, vf­nt­hèf­kjv lkz zrjÿ gj­c ke­éb­kb dtåcfq­nb nf èy­iè lét­ht­kf, yf­dj­lbnm­cz èy­ajh­vf­wèz ghj rj­kt­léè, lt åèkm­iècnm cne­lty­nèd – ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb nhmjö vty­iby: fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè, kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè nf fvt­hb­ rfy­cmrè èy­lè­fy­wè. cec­gèkm­cndf. Nhmj­vf uhe­gf­vb, zrè döj­lznm lj wèæÿ rf­nt­uj­hèÿ pf­r kf­lèd, nhf­lb­wèq­yj æ yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè, kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb nf yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, oj jå­c ke­ uj­de­ñnm fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd. Ecè dj­yb jå’æl­yf­yè d fcj­wèf­wèÿ nf rjy­cjh­wèe­vb. Èc­ye­ñnm nf­rjé èy­iè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm db­obv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­lfv jöj­gb­nb rf­nt­uj­hèñ vty­iby. R j­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, d zrbö yf­dxf­ñnm­cz gt­ht­ dfé­yj ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb vty­iby, – wt ot jlby nbg yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Ct­htl ybö vj­é enm åe­nb lth­ éfd­yè, ghb­dfn­yè, ht­kè­uèq­yè, uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè, fkt dcè dj­yb pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm gj­nht­åb, d gth­ie xth­u e, vty­iby. Èc­nj­hbx­yj crkf­kj­cz nfr, oj dj­yb d jc­yjd­yj­ve jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm rjy­ rhtn­yè lt­vju­hf­aèx­yè uhe­gb cne­lty­nèd, fkt wt yt jp­yf­xfæ, oj nfv yt vj­é enm yf­dxf­nb­cz cne­lty­nb, zrè yt yf­kt­éfnm lj vty­iby. Wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb cke­éfnm èy­nt­ht­cfv ecmj­uj eJournal USA Nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb E ntr­cnè Èyè­wèf­nb­db Åè­kj­uj lj­ve ghj nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­ nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb crf­pf­yj: Lkz fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd, zr è lkz dcèö fvt­hb­rfy­wèd, wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb æ lét­ht­kjv lj­czu­ytym è dt­kb­rjÿ ujh­ljc­nè. 12 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Pf­rjy ghj db­oe jc­dè­n e dèl 1965 hj­re p dyt­ct­yb­vb lj ymj­uj gj­ghfd­rf­vb db­pyf­xfæ nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl zr ≤...åelm-z­rbq rj­ktlé xb eyè­dth­cb­ ntn, pf­cyj­df­ybq lj 1964 hj­re, gj­zde zrj­uj åe­kj èc­nj­hbx­yj pe­vjd­kt­yj, jc­yjd­ybv ghb­ pyf­xty­yzv zrj­uj åe­kj q kb­if­ænm­cz yf­lfy­ yz jc­dè­nb fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wzv. Wtq pf­r kfl fr­ht­lb­nj­df­ybq pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybv cth­nb­aè­rf­wèq­ybv futyn­cndjv, zrt db­pyf­ ænm­cz vè­yèc­nhjv jc­dè­nb zr fd­nj­hb­ntn­yt q yf­lèq­yt oj­lj jwè­yñ­dfy­yz zrjc­nè yf­dxfy­yz fåj é, yf lev­re wmj­uj futyn­cndf, hj­åbnm pdf­ét­yè rhj­rb yf ikz­ö e lj jn­hb­vfy­yz fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ≥. P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cfy­nf-At Ghj­uj­kj­ieñ­xb 11–17 dt­htc­yz 2005 Pf­yyz­nz p aèn­yt­ce d rj­kt­léè Cfy­nf-At, lt yf­dxf­ñnm­cz gt­ht­dfé­yj kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè. hj­re Nbé­ytv nhf­lb­wèq­yj fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­ cmrbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, Ght­pb­ltyn cb­nt­nèd, zrè pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm db­ojñ jc­dè­njñ èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö Léjhlé Åei dèl­lfd yf­kté­yt wbv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­lfv fvt­hb­rfy­wèd e CIF, Ge­th­nj-Hb­rj, Kf­nby­cmrèq Fvt­hb­wè q dèl èvt­yè dcèæÿ rhfÿ­yb pf db­cj­rè cnfy­lfh­nb zrjc­nè jc­dè­nb, Èc­gf­yèÿ. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb Fcj­wèf­wèÿ db­öj­dfy­yz vj­kj­lj­uj gj­rj­kèy­yz d le­cè lj­czu­yty­yz ec­gè­ö e kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd cnfy­jd­k znm vty­it yèé 10fi nf pf cghb­zy­yz db­rj­yfy­yñ dpz­nj­uj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjñ yf­wèæñ ecèö db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd rhfÿ­yb, d ybö yf­dxf­ænm­cz pj­åj­d’z­pfy­yz pf­åtp­gt­xb­nb dcèv hèd­ye jc­dè­n e. Dèy crf­pfd: gj­yfl nhb xdth­nè èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö cne­lty­nèd CIF. Fcj­wèf­wèz ≤Ghfu­ye­xb lj db­cj­rbö cnfy­lfh­nèd zrjc­nè jc­dè­nb è pf­åtp­gt­ æ ælb­yjñ yf­wèj­yfkm­yjñ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèæñ, oj ghtl­cnfd­k zæ xeñ­xb dcèv fvt­hb­rfy­wzv hèd­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè ÿÿ jn­hb­vfy­yz, db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, zrè jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö wè ukb­åj­rj if­yj­df­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm pf­åtp­ fvt­hb­rfy­wèd. E 205 rj­kt­léfö, zrè döj­lznm lj wèæÿ jh­uf­ gt­xb­nb vjé­kb­dècnm ecèv yf­ibv uhj­vf­lz­yfv gj­dyèc­nñ htf­ yè­pf­wèÿ, 25fi cne­lty­nèd – èc­gf­yj­vjd­yè. D èy­ibö rj­kt­léfö kè­pe­df­nb cdèq gj­nty­wè­f k è dgtd­yt­yj lb­db­nb­cz d vfq­åen­yæ, – xkt­yfö Fcj­wèf­wèÿ – yf èc­gf­yj­vjd­ybö fvt­hb­rfy­wèd ghb­gf­ zrt ghb­yt­ct lj­åhj­åen è plèq­cyty­yz vhèq≥. Lf­kè dèy crf­pfd: lfæ vty­it yèé 25fi dèl pf­ufkm­yjÿ rèkm­rjc­nè cne­lty­nèd. Lbd: ≤Vb ghj­ljd­é eæ­vj åj­hj­nb­cz pf nf­rt cec­gèkm­cndj, d zrj­ve ht­tp://www. hacu.net/hacu/De­fa­ult_EN.asp. rjé­yf kñ­lb­yf pvj­ét dnè­kb­nb d ébn­nz dt­kb­rt gj­r kb­rfy­yz Fvt­hb­rb≥. Èyè­wèf­nb­df Åè­kj­uj lj­ve oj­lj db­obö Åèkm­iècnm èp 105 yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd hjp­nf­ij­df­yè d yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd gèd­lty­yj-cöèl­ybö inf­nfö, e at­lt­hfkm­yj­ve jr­he­pè Rj­kev­ åèz nf yf Dèh­uèy­cmrbö jc­nhj­dfö. Ct­htl ybö 40 geå­kèx­ybö Ght­pb­ltyn Åei db­pyfd ne dfé­kb­de hjkm, zre dè­lèu­hf­ xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léèd, 11 geå­kèx­ybö ldj­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léèd, ñnm rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d uhj­vf­lfö fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö 49 ghb­dfn­ybö xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö è 5 ghb­dfn­ybö ldj­hèx­ybö yf­ èy­lè­fy­wèd, è 3 kbg­yz 2002 hj­re gèl­gb­cfd fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­ybq dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj ybö vjé­yf erfp 13270 nf Èyè­wèf­nb­de Åè­kj­uj lj­ve ghj db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè jn­hb­vf­nb pè cnfn­nè, ghb­cdz­xt­yjÿ Nbé­yñ nhf­lb­wèq­yj fa­hjpf­r kf­lb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd. fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd pf fl­ht­cjñ: ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/scv/Archive/2005/Sep/26-256508.html. Ght­pb­ltyn crf­pfd: Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ≤Rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd cghbzñnm påt­ht­éty­yñ vjd­ybö è rekm­n eh­ybö nhf­lb­wèq, oj pyb­rf­ñnm. Djl­yj­xfc dj­yb, åtp­gt­htx­yj, lf­ñnm nb­cz­ xfv cne­lty­nèd vjé­kb­dècnm jn­hb­vf­nb db­oe jc­dè­n e, ghjat­ cèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­iè pf­cj­åb trj­yj­vèx­yj­uj hjp­dbn­re yf nt­hb­nj­hè­zö, pf­ct­kt­ybö èy­lè­fy­wz­vb. ...Dcè fvt­hb­rfy­wè pf­c ke­uj­de­ñnm yf jn­hb­vfy­yz xe­lj­djÿ jc­dè­nb, pjr­ht­vf q Fcj­wèf­wèñ rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, lt yf­dxf­ñnm­cz gt­ht­dfé­yj db­öèl­wè p Kf­nby­cmrjÿ Fvt­hb­rb, åe­kj cndjht­yj d 1986 hj­wè. Nj­lè lj ytÿ ddèq­ikj 18 db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè cnf­kb pf­cyjd­yb­rf­vb wèæÿ Fcj­wèf­wèÿ. Cmj­ujl­yè Fcj­wèf­wèñ ghtl­cnfd­k z­ñnm gj­yfl 400 rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­ Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 13 eJournal USA nè, önj yf­dxf­ænm­cz d rj­kt­léfö è eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö fvt­hb­rfy­ cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd≥. ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz p jn­hb­vfy­yzv cne­gt­yèd åf­rf­kfd­hf è vf­ uèc­nhf. Nf­rjé wè de­pb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm 200 yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv ghja­tcèq­yjÿ gèl­uj­njd­rb p jn­hb­vfy­yzv cth­nb­aè­rf­n e. Öj­xf wè de­pb ghbq­vf­ñnm nèkm­rb rj­hèy­ybö fvt­hb­rfy­wèd, dj­yb lt­vjy­cnhe­ñnm jlby èp db­pyfx­ybö fc­gtr­nèd ecèæÿ cbc­ nt­vb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF. Lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­nb pf fl­ht­cjñ: ht­tp://www.whit­ehouse.gov/news/ re­leases/2002/07/20020703-16.html. 3 E CIF yf­kè­xe­ænm­cz 34 rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, db­pyf­yè at­lt­hfkm­ybv ehz­ljv zr yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd. Hjp­nf­ij­df­yè gt­ht­dfé­yj yf ct­htl­ymj­ve pf­öj­lè nf gèd­lty­yj­ve cöj­lè, wè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb jå­c ke­uj­de­ñnm ghb­åkbp­yj 30 000 cne­lty­nèd, zrè dxfnm­cz yf cnf­wèj­yfh­yj­ ve dèl­lè­kty­yè, f nf­rjé nbö, zrè dèl­dè­le­ñnm jr­ht­vè ktr­wèÿ nf ct­vè­yf­hb. Wè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ldj­hèx­yè ghj­uhf­vb, zrè lf­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm cnf­nb rfy­lb­lf­nf­vb d åf­ rf­kfd­hb åèkm­it yèé èp 200 lbc­wbg­kèy. F ltz­rè ghj­gj­ye­ñnm Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. P lj­pdj­ke ght­pb­lty­nf Èy­lè­fycm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Öfc­rtk­kf Cne­lty­nb Èy­lè­fycm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Öfc­rtk­kf d inf­nè Rfy­pfc ghb­rhf­if­ñnm vf­ib­ye gt­htl gf­hf­ljv. eJournal USA 14 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Xt­htp 50 hj­rèd gèc­kz ≤cghf­db ­ Åhfe­yf≥: xj­ve nhf­lb­wèq­yj ­ fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb gj­nhèå­yè q lj­cè Åt­dth­kè Lt­yè­t k Ntq­n ev Åt­dth­kè Lt­yè­t k Ntq­ yèz. E 1957 hj­wè dèy pf­ nev gb­it ghj hjkm rèy­xbd yf­dxfy­yz d eyè­ nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­ dth­cb­nt­nè Gty­cbkm­df­yèÿ nzy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd e q jn­hb­vfd cne­gèym. ajh­ve­dfy­yè cne­lty­ Xt­htp hèr dèy cnfd nèd-fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd gth­ibv ghja­tcj­hjvzr jcj­åbc­njc­ntq nf ytu­hjv e lth­éfd­yj­ve P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf ghj pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz ÿv Åhblédj­nth­cmrj­ve Cne­lty­nrf yf ct­vè­yf­hè jå­cnjñæ cdjñ njx­re pj­he. vjé­kb­djc­nè pec­nhè­ rj­kt­léè d Åhblédj­nt­ xf­nb­cz èp cne­lty­nf­vb hèp­yj­uj tn­yèx­yj­uj è cj­wè­f km­yj­uj hè, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc. Nfv z q hjc­kf. Cmj­ujl­yè ght­pb­lty­ gj­öj­léty­yz, p hèp­ybö rekm­neh, p hèp­yb­vb ecnfy­jd­rf­vb njv lth­éfd­yj­uj Åhblédj­nth­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée dgth­it cnfd nf gj­u kz­lf­vb. Ntq­nev – ght­pb­ltyn rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf ghtl­cnfd­ybr rj­kmj­hj­dj­uj yf­ct­kty­yz, f d kñ­nj­ve 2004 d Fn­kfy­nè, infn Léjhléèz, è fd­njh ryb­ub ≤Xj­ve dcè yt­ hj­re z, fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­rf, ghj­uj­kj­cb­kf dcneg­ye ghj­vj­de uhb­n zy­cmrè lè­nb pf­délb cb­lznm hf­pjv e irèkm­yèq ÿlfkm­ yf rjy­at­hty­wèÿ p gb­nfym db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, zrf ghj­dj­lb­kfcm e yè nf èy­iè åt­cè­lb ghj hf­c e≥ (Be­verly Daniel Tatum. “Why Are inf­nè Akj­hb­lf. E 1954 hj­wè yt­vjé­kb­dj åe­kj yf­dènm ez­db­nb All the Black Kids Sit­ting To­get­her in the Cafeteria” and Ot­her cj­åè yè nf­rj­uj ght­pb­lty­nf, yè nf­rj­uj jhf­nj­hf. Conversations abo­ut Race. Basic Books, 2003). Z åf­uf­nj hj­rèd ghf­wñ­df­kf db­r kf­lf­xtv è db­cne­gf­kf ghj­ nb hf­cbp­ve d yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö, lt ghf­wñ­df­kb gt­ht­dfé­ yf­hj­lb­kf­cz d 1954 hj­wè, dcmj­uj xt­htp 3 vè­cz­wè yj åè­kè. Cmj­ujl­yè z – lt­d’z­nbq ght­pb­ltyn rj­kt­lée Cgtk­ gèc­k z nj­uj, zr pf eö­df­kjñ Dth­öjd­yj­uj Ce­le d cghf­ vf­yf, yfq­cnf­hè­ij­uj nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrj­uj rj­kt­lée, dè ≤Åhf­e y ghj­nb Hf­lb p jc­dè­nb≥ åe­kj juj­kj­it­yj nj­ve z vj­é e gj­-yj­dj­ve hjp­ukz­lf­nb eö­df­ke d cghf­dè ≤Åhf­e y yt­pf­rjy­yjñ cbc­nt­ve ctu­ht­uf­wèÿ d irj­kfö pf ghb­ywb­gjv ghj­nb Hf­lb p jc­dè­nb≥ è rhf­ot hj­pe­vè­nb ÿÿ pyf­xty­yz. Zr è ≤hjp­lèkm­yt, fkt jl­yf­rj­dt yf­dxfy­yz≥. Z yf­hj­lb­kf­cz d v. åf­uf­nmjv èy­ibv nhf­lb­wèq­yj ≤xjh­ybv≥ rj­kt­léfv nf eyè­ Nfk­kf­öf­cè, infn Akj­hb­lf, lt vèq åfnm­rj ghf­wñ­dfd db­r kf­lf­ dth­cb­nt­nfv, rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf lj­dj­lbnm­cz db­nhb­ve­df­nb xtv cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrj­uj è gj­kè­ntö­yèx­yj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e rjy­re­hty­wèñ d åj­hjnm­åè pf ≤cdj­ÿö≥ cne­lty­nèd p gt­ht­dfé­yj Akj­hb­lb. Dèy öj­nèd yf­dxf­nb­cz d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè inf­n e Akj­hb­ ≤åè­kb­vb≥ eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb, zrè hf­yè­it yt åhf­kb fa­hjf­vt­hb­ lf q jn­hb­vf­nb nfv lj­rnjh­cmrbq cne­gèym, fkt d 1954 hj­wè rfy­wèd lj ct­åt yf yf­dxfy­yz. e inf­nè Akj­hb­lf yt­uhèd lj fc­gè­hfy­n e­hb ot yt ghbq­vf­kb. Ghj­nt phj­cnfy­yz rjy­re­hty­wèÿ ghb­idbl­ib­kj gj­pb­nbd­yè Pf­vècnm wmj­uj qj­ve jg­kf­nb­kb ghj­ÿpl lj inf­n e Gty­cbkm­df­ pvè­yb d rj­kt­léè Cgtk­vf­yf. Gèc­k z ≤cghf­db Åhfe­yf≥ db­r kf­ Z Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 15 eJournal USA lkz vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­uj hjp­rhbn­nz ÿöymj­uj èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­yj­uj gj­nty­wèf­ke è ajh­ve­dfy­yz zrjc­ntq kè­lt­hf. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, wt evj­db, zrè cghbzñnm pvèw­yty­yñ cf­vj­ec­dè­ljv­kty­yz, gtd­ yjÿ cgèkm­yjc­nè, kè­lth­cmrbö hbc, pf­åtp­gt­xe­ñnm ect yt­jå­öèl­yt lkz tatr­nbd­yj­uj yf­åen­nz pyfym yf dcèö hèd­yzö jc­dè­nb. Dnè­kty­yz wbö, yf gth­ibq gj­ukzl, ghj­cnbö èc­nby e ébn­ nz db­vf­ufæ, ojå vb gj­cnèq­yj cnf­db­kb jl­yt jl­yj­ve crkfl­yè gb­nfy­yz. Yf rj­uj hjp­hf­öj­df­yè cndjht­yè yf­vb evj­db? Rj­uj vb yt dhf­ö e­df­kb, ezd­k zñ­xb pf­ufkm­ye rfh­nb­ye jc­dè­nb? Zrè cghb­zn­kb­dè vjé­kb­djc­nè èc­ye­ñnm lkz ajh­ve­dfy­yz cgèkm­yj­ nb è pf­jöj­xty­yz lèf­kj­u e ct­htl cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè yf­kt­éfnm lj hèp­ybö cj­wèj­rekm­n eh­ybö uheg è lj­nhb­ve­ñnm­cz hèp­ybö gj­ukz­lèd? Zr gèl­db­ob­nb pf­ufkm­ye fr­nbd­yècnm cne­lty­nèd e yf­ dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè q yf­dxb­nb ÿö db­zd­k z­nb kè­lth­cmrè gj­pb­wèÿ d hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö cb­n ef­wè­zö? Zr af­öèd­wz d uf­ke­pè hf­cj­dbö dèl­yj­cby vt­yt xfc­nj pf­gb­ ne­ñnm, xj­ve z jxj­kññ lè­z km­yècnm nf­rj­uj ≤jl­yj­hèl­yj­uj≥ yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, zr rj­ktlé Cgtk­vf­yf. Phj­pe­vè­kj, oj wt gb­nfy­yz åf­pe­ænm­cz yf öbå­yj­ve pf­cyjd­re. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj 97fi yf­ibö cne­lty­nèd fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wè, rjy­nby­ utyn cne­lty­nèd lj­cbnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybq. E rj­kt­léè Cgtk­vf­yf yf­dxf­ñnm­cz cne­lty­nb p ecèö ht­uèj­yèd Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nèd è p åf­uf­nmjö pf­he­åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy, èp ghb­vècm­rbö è cèkmcmrbö hf­qj­yèd, lt d jc­yjd­yj­ve éb­denm åè­kè, f nf­rjé èp vècm­rbö yt­ uhb­nzy­cmrbö rdfh­nf­kèd. Nen yf­dxf­ñnm­cz ghtl­cnfd­yb­rb dcèö uheg fa­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ ≤lè­fc­gj­hb≥, f åf­uf­nj­vf­yèn­yècnm lj­cdè­le nf pyfx­ybq dèl­cj­njr lèd­xfn-cne­lty­njr cndj­hñ­ñnm åf­uf­nj cghb­zn­kb­dbö vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz lèf­kj­u e. Èc­yeæ gtd­ybq gt­ hè­jl e hjp­dbn­re cf­vj­ec­dè­ljv­kty­yz vj­kj­lbö kñ­ltq, rjn­hè ghtl­cnfd­k z­ñnm rj­kmj­hj­dt yf­ct­kty­yz, rj­kb lèf­kju ≤ect­ht­lb­ yè uhe­gb≥ vj­ét vf­nb nf­rt cf­vt dt­kb­rt, f vjé­kb­dj, èy­rj­kb q èc­njn­yè­it pyf­xty­yz, yèé ≤vèé­uhe­gj­dbq≥ lèf­kju. Lj nj­uj é d fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö vjé­yf cndjhb­ nb nf­rè evj­db, ojå dèl­åe­df­kbcm jåbl­df puf­lf­yè lèf­kj­ub. Åf­uf­nj önj p yfc vfæ èlt­f km­yt ezd­kty­yz ghj rj­kt­léè, lt d ecèö cne­lty­nèd åe­lt vjé­kb­dècnm è cnb­vek lj­cz­uf­nb db­cj­ rbö gj­rfp­yb­rèd e yf­dxfy­yè. Wt ezd­kty­yz ghj vekm­nb­t n­yèx­yè cgèkm­yj­nb, lt cnj­cey­rb vèé kñlm­vb åe­le­ñnm­cz yf pf­cf­lfö hèd­yjc­nè nf cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nè. Wt ezd­kty­yz ghj jc­dè­n e, zrf yt kb­it cnb­ve­kñæ èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ybq hjp­db­njr ikz­öjv ajh­ve­ dfy­yz e cne­lty­nèd plfn­yjc­nè rhb­nbx­yj vbc­kb­nb, phj­pe­vè­kj db­c kjd­kñ­df­nb­cz, xèn­rj gb­cf­nb, dvè­kj fh­u e­vty­n e­df­nb, f q lfæ ÿv yf­lpdb­xfq­yj hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè yf­dbx­rb nf lj­cdèl exfc­nè d ébn­nè cec­gèkm­cndf. Nf­rbö èlt­f km­ybö evjd lkz jc­dè­nb d ib­hj­rj­ve vfc­inf­åè yè­rj­kb lj­cè yt èc­ye­df­kj d Fvt­hb­wè nf q yè­lt e cdè­nè, zr z hj­pe­vèñ, fkt wz vhèz yt­ct d cj­åè jå­hb­cb vfq­åen­ymj­uj. 3 P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf Cne­lty­nb dèl­gj­xb­df­ñnm p lhe­pz­vb d ueh­nj­ébn­re. lf­xèd gj­xf­kb cth­qjp­yè­it pf­jöj­xe­df­nb pfq­vf­nb­cz yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ, db­lf­df­nb åèkm­it rybu è geå­kè­re­df­nb åèkm­it yf­e rj­dbö cnf­ntq. Åe­kb cndjht­yè yj­dè vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz yf­e rj­ djÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè pf­uf­kjv. Ec­gèi­yè rfv­gf­yèÿ pè påj­he rji­nèd pf­åtp­gt­xb­kb aè­yfy­cj­de cnf­åèkm­yècnm. Yf nt­hb­nj­hèÿ rj­kt­lée åe­kb påe­lj­df­yè yj­dè ueh­nj­é bn­rb nf yf­dxfkm­yè ghb­vè­oty­yz. Dct wt cghbz­kj cndjhty­yñ nf­rjÿ frf­lt­vèx­yjÿ fn­vjc­at­hb, zrf oj­hj­re ghb­dfå­kñæ lj yf­ij­uj rj­kt­lée åkbpm­rj 4000 nf­kf­yj­db­nbö lèd­xfn è pve­ieæ ÿö åj­hj­nb­cz pf 525 vècwm yf gth­ij­ve reh­cè. Xj­ve é nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè, yf rinfkn rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf, yt kb­it pf­lj­djkm­yz­ñnm gj­nht­åb åf­uf­ nmjö plèå­ybö fa­hjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd, fkt q kb­if­ñnm­cz fkm­nth­ yf­nb­djñ, zrèq dj­yb yf­lf­ñnm gt­ht­df­u e? E db­åj­hè rj­kt­lée dè­lèu­hfæ hjkm df­if jcj­åbc­nècnm – wt cdjæ­hèl­yf pf­zdf ghj nt, rbv db ct­åt ezd­k zæ­nt, rbv db æ è rbv db cgj­lè­dfæ­nt­cz cnf­nb. Cne­lty­nèd ghb­dfå­kñæ yf­dxfkm­yf fn­vjc­at­hf, zrf lj­ gj­vf­ufæ ÿv en­dth­lb­nbcm è hjp­db­ye­nb cdjÿ nf­kfy­nb; cne­lty­ nèd ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, lt dj­yb dèl­xe­df­ñnm ct­åt d wty­nhè yf­dxfkm­yj­uj ghj­wt­ce. Rèkm­rf hj­rèd nj­ve, lj­c kè­léeñ­xb ajh­ve­dfy­yz dèl­xen­nz hf­cj­djÿ yf­kté­yjc­nè e cne­lty­nèd yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd, zrè db­hjc­kb gt­ht­dfé­yj d ≤åè­kbö≥ hf­qj­yfö, z gb­nf­kf ÿö, xj­ve dj­yb db­hè­ib­kb gè­nb dxb­nb­cz cf­vt ne­lb, re­lb gèi­kb. Jcm oj hjp­gj­dè­kf ghj cdèq lj­cdèl yf­dxfy­yz d fa­hj-fvt­hb­ rfy­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè jl­yf cne­lty­nrf: ≤Hj­pe­vèæ­nt, rj­kb z qle gj nt­hb­nj­hèÿ yf­ij­uj cne­ltyncmrj­uj vèc­ntx­rf è pyfñ, oj wtq eyè­dth­cb­ntn gj­åe­le­df­kb lkz vt­yt, z cghfd­lè ofc­kb­df≥. D Fvt­hb­wè yt nfr åf­uf­nj vècwm, ghj zrè yt­uhb­nzy­rf vju­kf å crf­pf­nb cf­vt nfr. Yt vjé­yf yt­lj­jwè­yñ­df­nb pyf­xty­yz cf­vj­ cndthléty­yz ghb db­åj­hè rj­kt­lée. Yt­pdf­éfñ­xb yf nt, oj cmj­ujl­yè åèkm­iècnm cne­ltyncmrbö vèc­nt­xjr hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè­iè, yèé wt åe­kj d 1954 hj­wè, e yf­ dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö ect ot yt ec­dè­ljv­kñ­ñnm ghj­cnjÿ èc­nb­yb – yt­jå­öèl­yj cndjhñ­df­nb dcèv cne­lty­nfv cghb­zn­kb­dè evj­db eJournal USA Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 16 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè Ght­gj­ljå­ybq Lt­dèl J’Rjy­ytkk, ght­pb­ltyn Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Fvt­hb­r b Rhèc Uhèy­åthu/Rf­nj­kbwm­rbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn Fvt­hb­rb Wtq cne­ltyn Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne e Df­iby­unj­yè pyfq­ijd nb­öt vèc­wt lkz pf­yznm. D E Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­ nb gj­-cdjæ­ve gj­æl­ye­ñnm ht­kè­uèq­yè q frf­lt­vèx­yè rjv­ gj­yty­nb. E wmj­ve yf­hb­cè Lt­dèl J’Rjy­ytkk, ght­pb­ltyn Rf­nj­kbwm­rj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne F vt­hb­rb q fd­njh lj­gj­dè­lè ghj gth­cgtr­nb­db ht­kè­uèq­ybö rj­kt­léèd yf rjy­at­hty­wèÿ Ufh­dfhlcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne, db­c kjd­kñæ cdjÿ gj­u kz­lb yf nt, zr ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè påf­uf­xe­ñnm db­o e jc­dè­ne. Gèc­k z wmj­uj yf­hb­c e gjl­fñnm­cz jgb­cb èy­ibö ht­kè­uèq­ybö yf­d­ xfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè zc­rhf­dj lt­vjy­cnhe­ñnm hèp­yb­wñ d gèl­öj­lfö lj jc­dè­nb. Nbv, önj wè­rf­dbnm­cz rjy­rhtn­yjñ cnhf­nt­uèæñ nj­uj xb èy­ij­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­l e, dfh­nj åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj pd’z­pf­nb­cz p ybv lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz db­xthg­ yjÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Vb drkñ­xb­kb wè dè­lj­vjc­nè e xf­cj­gbc lkz nj­uj, ojå lf­nb xb­nf­xfv lét­ht­kf èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, f yt htr­kf­ve­df­nb xb cödf­kñ­df­nb zrecm gtd­ye lj­r nhb­ye fåj ghj­uhf­ve. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 evj­dfö lj­cbnm cbkm­yj­uj ce­gth­ybw­ndf pf pf­k e­xty­yz cne­lty­nèd rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d Cgj­k e­xt­ybö Inf­nfö gj­dby­yè lt­vjy­cnhe­df­nb cdj­ÿq gj­nty­wèq­ yèq rkè­æy­n e­hè jcjå­kb­dè öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nb­r b, zrè hjå­k znm wè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb eyè­rfkm­yb­vb è dfh­nb­vb edf­ub. Rj­éty yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl jåj­d’zp­rj­dj ght­nty­l eæ yf ≤yfq­db­oe zrècnm jc­dè­nb≥ è ≤yfq­rhf­oe ghj­uhf­ve yf­dxfy­yz≥ p nèæÿ xb èy­ijÿ lbc­wbg­kè­yb. Ghj­nt xb èc­y eæ ot ojcm, oj vj­ét yf­jx­yj pf­cdèl­xb­nb ≤dèl­vèy­y e jp­yf­r e≥ wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­l e? Ghj­nbc­nfd­k zñ­xb ct­åt cdèn­cmrbv rj­kt­léfv, ht­kè­ uèq­yè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb ddf­éf­ñnm, oj wèæñ dèl­vèy­ yjñ jp­yf­rjñ æ dè­hf. Cghf­df d nj­ve, oj rj­ktlé, zrbq åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj dèl­ xe­dfæ yf cj­åè dgkbd zrj­ÿcm rjy­rhtn­yjÿ ht­kè­uèÿ xb dè­hb, cgj­dè­ofæ cdèn­cmrj­ve frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve cdè­nj­dè, oj ht­kè­uèq­ybq db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl ec­dè­ljv­kñæ cdjñ eyè­rfkm­ye hjkm è dèl­vèy­yècnm dèl èy­ibö d frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve ct­ht­lj­db­oè, 17 eJournal USA Ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz hjp­ukz­lf­nb hj­pev è dè­he yt jr­ht­vj jl­yt dèl jl­yj­uj, f zr gj­d’zpf­yè, öj­xf q hèp­yè rjv­ gj­yty­nb ælb­yjÿ èc­nb­yb. Wè­rf­dj dèl­pyf­xb­nb, oj ltz­rè yfq­ gj­dfé­yè­iè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö, zrè lj­czu­kb yfq­db­obö ht­pekm­nf­nèd e db­r kf­lfy­yè q yf­e wè, åt­henm cdèq gj­xf­njr èp ht­kè­uèq­ybö rjy­at­cèq. Fkt p zrb­öjcm ghb­xby èp gkb­yjv xf­ce ht­kè­uèq­yf jhè­æy­nf­wèz wbö frf­lt­vèx­ ybö ecnfy­jd cnf­kf ckfå­ye­nb è p’z­db­kb­cz hèp­yè vj­lt­kè q ldf hèp­yè gèl­öj­lb lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb – xbc­nj cdèn­cmrf vj­ltkm/cdèn­ cmrbq gèl­öèl è ht­kè­uèq­yf vj­ltkm/ht­kè­uèq­ybq gèl­öèl. Rj­kb cne­lty­nb nf ÿö­yè åfnm­rb db­åb­hf­ñnm ht­kè­uèq­ybq rj­ ktlé fåj eyè­dth­cb­ntn, dj­yb jåb­hf­ñnm yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, zrbq vfæ xèn­rj db­pyf­xt­ye gj­pb­wèñ è vè­cèñ, oj cdjÿ­vb rj­ht­yz­vb ukb­åj­rj cz­uf­ñnm nèæÿ xb èyijÿ ht­kè­uèq­yjÿ nhf­lb­ wèÿ. Wè nhf­lb­wèÿ vf­ñnm gj­ib­hñ­df­nbcm yf dcè fc­gtr­nb wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, qj­uj hj­åj­n e è dcè qj­uj pf­öj­lb, xèn­rj db­zd­k z­nbcm zr yf pf­yzn­nzö e yf­dxfkm­yèq fe­lb­nj­hèÿ, nfr è d ébn­nè cne­lty­nèd e rfv­ge­cè. Ghja­tcj­hb nf èy­ibq gth­cj­yfk wmj­uj rj­kt­lée xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e gj­dby­yè db­zd­k z­nb ndth­le gt­ht­rj­yf­yècnm e plèq­cyty­yè wèæÿ vè­cèÿ, f yt kb­it nth­gb­vj cnf­db­nb­cz lj ytÿ zr lj pdb­xfq­yjÿ ajh­vfkm­yjc­nè, oj yè­åb­nj yt lfæ vfq­ét yèz­rjÿ rj­hbc­nè yè yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cj­dè, yè db­rj­yfy­yñ èy­ibö pf­dlfym wbv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­ljv. Zr­oj njq xb èy­ibq db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl cghfd­lè ht­kè­uèq­ybq, nj è dct­ht­lb­yè ymj­uj, è gj­pf qj­uj vt­éf­vb dcèv åe­lt phj­pe­vè­kj, oj wt ht­kè­uèq­ybq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl è oj qj­uj vè­cèz yf­lfæ ≤lj­lfn­rj­djÿ wèy­yjc­nè≥ jn­hb­vf­yèq e ymj­ve jc­dè­nè. Åèkm­it nj­uj, wz ≤lj­lfn­rj­df wèy­yècnm≥ cghfd­lè wè­rf­ dbnm kñ­ltq, ghb­dfå­kñæ ÿö e wtq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl è lfæ ÿv nt, oj dj­yb cghbq­vf­ñnm zr eyè­rfkm­yècnm, nt, xj­uj dj­yb lèq­cyj öj­xenm. Wt vfæ dt­kb­rt pyf­xty­yz zr lkz ÿöymjÿ jc­dè­ nb, nfr è lkz ÿöymj­uj ébn­nz. Plfn­yècnm ht­kè­uèq­ybö rj­kt­léèd rjy­re­he­df­nb d jc­dèn­ymj­ve ct­ht­lj­db­oè cf­vt zr ht­kè­uèq­yè q cbkm­yè­iè d frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve gkf­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb è ghj­gj­ye­df­nb kñ­lzv nt, xj­uj dj­yb cghfd­lè öj­xenm, yf­ljd­uj pf­åtp­gt­xbnm wbv rj­kt­léfv db­é b­dfy­yz è pvj­u e db­rj­ye­df­ nb cdjñ vè­cèñ, oj phti­njñ ghb­c ke­é bnm­cz hjp­ib­hty­yñ cghfdéymjÿ hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè, zrf æ dèl­vèy­yjñ hb­cjñ fvt­hb­ rfy­cmrjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Cf­vt nf­rj­uj gèl­öj­le lj­nhb­ve­ænm­cz Rf­nj­kbwm­rbq eyè­dth­ cb­ntn Fvt­hb­rb e Df­iby­unj­yè, at­lt­hfkm­ybq jr­heu Rj­kev­ åèz, – pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ybq eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rf­nj­kbwm­rjÿ wth­rdb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö. 3 Lfh­hjy Rfv­vèyuc. AP/WWP Yf nht­ye­dfy­yè gèl xfc ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­uj neh­yè­he CIF p åfc­rtn­åj­ ke cne­lty­nrf eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Åtq­kj­hf èp Ctyn-Dèy­cty­nf, jc­nhj­db Dtcn-Èy­lèÿ, pe­gb­yb­kf­cz, ojå gj­uj­dj­hb­nb p xkt­yf­vb cdjæÿ rj­vfy­lb p nt­öfcm­rjÿ irj­kb gèd­lty­yj-åfg­nbcncmrjÿ jhè­æy­nf­wèÿ. f nf­rjé gt­ht­rj­yf­ybq e nj­ve, oj cf­vt pf lj­gj­vj­ujñ dè­hb hj­åbnm df­uj­vbq dyt­cjr e db­oe jc­dè­n e. Jc­dè­nf ghj­kb­dfæ cdèn­kj yf nf­æv­yb­wñ èc­ye­dfy­yz kñ­lb­yb, fgt­kññ­xb lj hj­pe­ve. Dj­yf ghj­cdèn­kñæ hj­pev. Ht­kè­uèq­yf jc­ dè­nf db­pyf­xfæ jc­yjd­yè gf­hf­vtn­hb èc­ye­dfy­yz kñ­lb­yb xt­htp Åj­uf, zrbq dèl­rhb­dfæ ct­åt è hj­pe­ve, è dè­hè. Dj­yf ghj­cdèn­kñæ hj­pev è le­ie. Xt­htp ht­kè­uèq­ye jc­dè­n e vb gèp­yfæ­vj èc­nb­ye, zre jcz­ufæ­vj hj­pe­vjv, fkt zrf lj­cneg­yf lkz cth­wz è le­iè dè­heñ­xj­uj q jc­vbc­kt­yf ybv yf ukb­åby­yj­ve hèd­yè. Zrjcm z ghj­xb­nfd, oj ≤ht­kè­uèz – wt, yf­cfv­gt­htl, yt gb­nfy­yz afr­ nèd, f gb­nfy­yz pvèc­n e≥. Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. eJournal USA 18 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rtv­gåtk­kf, db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl gèd­lty­ybö åfg­nbc­nèd (ghj­nt­cnfy­nèd) e inf­nè Gèd­yèx­ yf Rf­hj­kè­yf, dåf­xfæ cdjæ ghb­pyf­xty­yz d nj­ve, ojå cghbz­nb cne­lty­nfv e ajh­ve­dfy­yè wè­kèc­yjÿ, öhbc­nb­zycm­rb jhè­æy­nj­df­yjÿ jcj­åbc­njc­nè, zrf öf­hfr­nt­hb­pe­ænm­cz æl­yèc­nñ nè­kf, hj­pe­ve è le­ö e. Wt jp­yf­xfæ plfn­yècnm rhb­nbx­yj vbc­kb­nb, db­cj­rj wè­ye­df­nb èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ybq, rekm­n eh­ybq è ht­kè­uèq­ybq cgf­ljr, låf­nb ghj plj­hj­d’z nè­kf, edfé­yj cnf­db­nb­cz lj cdè­n e q cec­gèkm­cndf, d zrj­ve wz jcj­åbc­nècnm éb­dt è ghf­wñæ. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn åf­xbnm ghb­pyf­xty­yz kñ­ lb­yb d nj­ve, ojå éb­nb dè­hjñ è kfc­rjñ Åj­éjñ, yt dèl­xe­dfñ­xb rjy­akèr­n e vèé ébn­nzv e cdèn­kè dè­hb è ébn­nzv e cdèn­kè hj­pe­ve. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfy­ltq­cf d inf­nè Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc æ jl­ybv p yfq­vj­kjl­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd èp ib­hj­rjñ yf­e rj­ dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ, f nf­rjé ælb­ybv eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv e wèq rhfÿ­yè, zrj­ve yf­lf­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de gèl­nhbv­re fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè æd­htÿ. Puèl­yj p lj­re­vty­njv, e zrj­ve db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz vt­nf èc­ye­dfy­yz eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, dèy åed pf­cyj­df­ ybq e 1948 hj­wè pf gèl­nhbv­rb dcèæÿ fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ æd­htq­cmrjÿ cgèkm­yj­nb zr dnè­kty­yz ÿÿ yfq­db­obö tnbx­ybö è rekm­n eh­ybö wèy­yjc­ntq, f nf­rjé zr db­zd dlzx­yjc­nè Cgj­ke­xt­ybv Inf­nfv e ajh­vè, oj cdèl­xbnm ghj nhf­lb­wèq­ye ghb­öbkm­yècnm æd­ht­ÿd lj jc­dè­nb. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfy­ltq­cf, zrbq yt yf­kt­é bnm lj éjl­yj­uj ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj, èltj­kj­uèx­ yj­uj xb gj­kè­nbx­yj­uj cghz­ve­dfy­yz, jöj­xt ghbq­vfæ cne­lty­nèd è db­r kf­lf­xèd åelm-z­rjÿ yf­wèj­yfkm­yjc­nè, ht­kè­uèÿ xb gj­kè­nbx­yjÿ jhè­æy­nf­wèÿ, cghbzæ jyjd­kty­yñ rekm­n eh­yjÿ hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yjc­nè Fvt­hb­rb, yf­lfæ dcèv hèd­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè q cdj­åj­le cf­vj­db­hf­éty­yz. Nb­öjj­rt­fycm­r bq kñ­nt­hfy­cmrbq rj­ktlé e inf­nè Df­iby­unjy åed pf­cyj­df­ybq gj­ctkty­wz­vb-kñ­nt­hf­yf­vb, dèy gj­cnf­dbd cj­åè pf vt­n e lf­nb jc­dè­n e nbv, önj ghb­cdz­nbd cdjæ ébn­nz Åj­u e; dèy le­ét gb­if­ænm­cz cdjæñ eyè­rfkm­ yjñ yf­dxfkm­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ, d zrèq gèl­rhtc­kñ­ænm­cz yt­jå­öèl­yf hjkm ecèö ÿÿ crkfl­yb­rèd è fr­nbd­yf exfcnm cne­lty­ nèd e pf­cdj­æy­yè pyfym. Ufh­najhlcmrf le­öjd­yf ct­vè­yf­hèz d inf­nè Rjy­ytr­nb­ren åe­kf pf­cyj­df­yf ghj­nt­cnfy­ncmrjñ öhbc­nb­zycm­rjñ lt­yj­vè­yf­wèæñ – rjy­uht­uf­wèj­yèc­nf­vb-ge­hb­nf­yf­vb, zrè db­cne­gf­kb pf yt­pf­kté­yècnm vèc­wt­dbö rjy­uht­uf­wèq, njå­nj gf­hf­aèq, dèl fy­ukè­rfy­cmrjÿ wth­r db. Cmj­ujl­yè yf lj­lf­njr lj ghj­uhf­vb p db­dxty­yz öhbc­nb­zy­cndf d wèq ct­vè­yf­hèÿ èc­yeæ vf­uèc­nth­cmrf ghj­uhf­vf p db­dxty­yz èc­kf­ve, gj pf­dth­ity­yè zrjÿ wtynh p db­dxty­yz èc­kf­ve è öhbc­nb­zycm­rjve­cekm­vfy­cmrbö dèl­yj­cby yf­lfæ cne­lty­nfv pdfy­yz rf­gt­kf­yf. Gj­r kb­rfy­yzv wèæÿ le­öjd­yjÿ ct­vè­yf­hèÿ æ cke­é èy­yz Åj­u e xt­htp jc­dè­n e, njå­nj gèl­uj­njd­rf ghf­wèd­yb­rèd, cne­lty­nèd, ext­ybö è cf­vbö ht­kè­uèq­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd lj hj­pe­vèy­yz ce­xfc­yj­uj åf­uf­nj­rjy­at­cèq­yj­uj q gkñ­hf­kèc­nbx­yj­uj cdè­n e è ébn­nz d wmj­ve cdè­nè p dè­hjñ. Wz vt­nf plèq­ cyñ­ænm­cz d hfv­rfö yf­dxfy­yz, ghj­dt­lty­yz yf­e rj­dbö lj­c kè­létym, èy­ajh­ve­dfy­yz cec­gèkm­cndf, pf­jöj­xty­yz kñ­ltq lj lèf­kj­u e, f nf­rjé ikz­öjv en­dth­léty­yz dè­hb d cj­wè­f km­yj­ve rjy­ntr­cnè è dèl­rhb­nj­uj db­dxty­yz zr hjp­åèé­yjc­ntq, nfr è gjl­èå­ybö hbc. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 19 eJournal USA Cgt­wè­fkm­yè db­oè ­ yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb Vfqrk Létq Ahèl­vfy Vtn­nmñ C. Ufy­åè. AP/WWP Cke­öf­xè reh­ce p ghj­tr­ne­dfy­yz ce­gen­yb­rèd Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjÿ frf­lt­vèÿ CIF e inf­nè Vt­hè­ktyl ghf­wñ­ñnm yfl pf­dlfy­yzv hf­pjv èp db­rkf­lf­xtv. Exfc­yb­rb wèæÿ ghj­uhf­vb pf­gec­nb­kb yf jh­åè­ne dét ldf ce­gen­yb­rb. E Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö æ rj­kt­léè, lt cne­lty­nb ukb­åj­rj db­dxf­ñnm kb­it jl­ye uf­kepm. Fd­njh wèæÿ cnfn­nè rj­hjn­rj öf­hfr­nt­hb­peæ rèkm­rf yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè ghb­lè­ kz­ñnm jc­yjd­ye edf­u e vbc­ntw­nde, åèp­yt­c e xb dèq­cmrj­dèq cghf­dè. Vfqrk Ahèl­vfy – ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne CIF. rjé­yj­uj cne­lty­nf, fkt lt­rj­ve db­dxty­yz ghf­dbkm­yj db­åhf­ yjÿ ghja­tcèÿ lj­gj­vf­ufæ hjp­rhb­nb ÿö­yè db­lfn­yè plèå­yjc­nè, lfæ vjé­kb­dècnm yf­åe­nb gtd­ybö yf­db­xjr è gj­cgèk­re­df­nb­cz p nf­rb­vb cf­vb­vb jl­yj­kèn­rf­vb. Ybé­xt yf­dj­lb­vj jgbc kb­it rèkm­rjö gjl­èå­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Hjp­nf­ij­df­yf d Ymñ-Qjh­re Léekmzhlcmrf ve­pbx­yf irj­kf ghj­gj­yeæ cdj­ÿv cne­lty­nfv ghja­tcèq­ye gèl­uj­njd­re p ve­pb­rb, f nf­rjé p èy­ibö cwt­yèx­ybö vbc­ntwnd – nfy­wèd è lhf­vb. Dj­yf yf­åb­hfæ cne­lty­nèd èp 43 inf­nèd CIF nf 43 pf­he­åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy; ojå gj­nhf­gb­nb ne­lb, dcneg­yb­rb gj­dby­yè ghj­qnb dt­kb­rbq rjy­rehc. Ct­htl ÿÿ åf­uf­nmjö pyf­ vt­yb­nbö db­öj­dfy­wèd nf­rè db­rj­yfd­wè rkf­cbx­yjÿ ve­pb­rb, zr Èw­öfr Gthk­vfy, Qj-Qj Vf nf Gèy­xfc Pe­rth­vfy, léf­pj­dè ve­pb­rfy­nb Nt­kj­yè­ec Vjyr è Dèy­njy Vfh­cf­kèc, dj­rf­kèc­nb – rkf­cbx­yt cj­ghf­yj Kt­jy­nèy Ghfqc è léf­pj­df cgè­dfx­rf p yf­lpdb­xfq­yj ukb­åj­rbv uj­kj­cjv Yè­yf Cè­vjy. P 1971 hj­re wz irj­kf hjp­vè­oe­ænm­cz d Wty­nhè cwt­yèx­ybö vbc­ntwnd Å èkm­iècnm fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ib­hj­rbq lèf­gf­pjy lbc­wbg­kèy. Fkt ltz­rè, yf­dgf­rb, pj­ct­ht­léeñnm­cz yf xj­vecm jl­yj­ve q dèl­gj­dèl­yj åe­le­ñnm cdjÿ yf­dxfkm­yè gkf­yb. Cgt­wèf­kè­peñ­xbcm e rjy­rhtn­ ybö xèn­rj jr­htc­kt­ybö uf­ke­pzö, nf­rbö zr jå­hf­pjn­djh­xt vbc­ntw­ndj xb db­rj­yfd­cmrf vfq­cnth­yècnm, åèp­ytc fåj dèq­ cmrj­df cghf­df, wè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb jcjå­kb­dj­uj ghj­aèkñ ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cne­lty­nfv vjé­kb­dècnm pj­ct­ht­lb­nb cdjÿ pe­cbk­k z yf xj­vecm jl­yj­ve. Nf­rbq gèl­öèl yt èlt­f km­ybq lkz eJournal USA 20 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Kèy­rjkm­yf (Kèy­rjkmy-wty­nhè), zrbq nf­rjé æ hèl­ybv lj­vjv lkz ≤Vtn­hj­ gj­kè­nty-jgt­hf≥, Ymñ-Qjhrcmrj­uj aè­kfh­vj­yèx­yj­uj jh­rtc­nhe, ≤Léf­pe d Kèy­rjkmy-wty­nhè≥ nf dj­cmvb èy­ ibö ndjh­xbö jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq. Gj­hèd­yz­yj yj­dbq db­obq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl – rj­ktlé vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye pè infå-rdfh­ nb­hjñ d vèc­nè Cf­dfy­yf, infn Léjhléèz, uj­n eæ cne­lty­nèd lj rf­h’æ­ hb d hèp­ybö db­lfö jå­hf­pjn­djh­xj­uj è db­rj­yfd­cmrj­uj vbc­ntw­ndf, lb­pfq­ ye, fh­öè­ntr­n e­hb nf èc­nj­hèÿ vbc­ntw­ ndf q fh­öè­ntr­n e­hb. Nf­rf jhè­æy­nf­wèz lfæ rj­kt­lée Cf­dfy­yb vjé­kb­dècnm ghj­gj­ye­df­nb cne­lty­nfv cgt­wèf­kè­ pf­wèñ p ghtl­vt­nèd, zrè yt pf­délb Gè­nth If­fa/Léekmzhlcmrf irj­kf pyfq­lti d èy­ibö rj­kt­léfö nf Léfp-jh­rtcnh Léekmzhlcmrjÿ irj­kb gèl rt­hèd­ybw­ndjv qj­uj öe­ljé­ymj­uj rt­hèd­yb­rf Dèr­nj­hf Ujÿ­yt­cf. eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö, – p htr­kf­vb, lb­pfq­ye, vekm­nbg­kè­rf­wèÿ, rj­vth­ wèq­yjÿ aj­nju­hf­aèÿ. Nj­ve dcneg­yb­rb, zrè öj­xenm jgf­ye­df­nb wè ghja­tcèÿ, db­cj­rj wè­ye­ñnm vjé­kb­dècnm rjy­wty­nhj­df­yj­uj db­dxty­yz cf­vt nj­uj, oj cnj­ce­ænm­cz ÿöymj­uj vfq­åen­ymj­uj af­ö e. Zr db­c kj­db­kf­cz ght­pb­ltyn wmj­uj rj­kt­lée Gj­kf C. Dj­kktc, ≤cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée Cf­dfy­yb gj­æl­ye­ñnm ndjh­xt åf­xty­yz p ntö­yèx­yjñ vfq­cnth­yèc­nñ pf­l kz gt­htn­dj­hty­yz öe­ljé­ymj­uj pf­le­ve yf ghja­tcèq­ye vfq­cnth­yècnm, oj æ gt­ht­le­vj­djñ cghb­zn­kb­dj­uj vfq­åen­ymj­uj≥. Cne­lty­nèd, zrè öj­xenm jn­hb­vf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ d uf­ke­pè lb­pfq­ye nf vbc­ntwnd, ghb­dfå­kñ­ñnm nf­rè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, zr rj­ktlé Cf­dfy­yb è Léekmzhlcmrf irj­kf. Èy­iè é yf­vf­uf­ ñnm­cz jn­hb­vf­nb yf­dbx­rb, zrè lj­gj­vj­é enm ec­gèi­yj pfq­vf­nb­ cz åèp­yt­cjv fåj é ghf­wñ­df­nb d ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­ve ctr­nj­hè, oj cnhèv­rj hjp­db­df­ænm­cz. Xfc­nj wè cne­lty­nb cnfh­iè pf dè­rjv è dét ghf­wñ­ñnm. Ÿö­yè gj­nht­åb pf­lj­djkm­yzæ wè­kf ybp­rf rj­vth­wèq­ybö ghb­dfn­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Nf­rè yf­dxfkm­ P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb yè pf­r kf­lb, zr eyè­dth­cb­ntn Lt-Dhfq, zrbq vfæ gj­yfl 70 Db­rkf­lfx­rf è cne­ltyn e rj­kt­léè vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb d inf­nè rfv­ge­cèd è dt­lt yf­dxfy­yz d ht­é b­vè ≤jy-kfqy≥, ghj­gj­ye­ñnm Léjhléèz yf pf­yzn­nè p vekm­nbg­kè­rf­wèÿ. cdj­ÿv cne­lty­nfv ghfr­nbx­yè pf­yzn­nz, oj ÿö xfc­nj dt­lenm db­ rkf­lf­xè, jajh­vkt­yè yf gèd­cnfd­rb, zrè æ af­öèd­wz­vb db­cj­rj­uj rkf­ce d cdj­ÿö uf­ke­pzö è ghf­wñ­ñnm gj­pf vt­éf­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ xfc­nrj­dj db­lfn­rb cdj­ÿö ghf­wèd­yb­rèd yf gj­lfkm­ie jc­dè­n e q ne. Rj­vth­wèq­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb pf­uf­kjv ghb­cnj­cj­de­ñnm­ jn­hb­vfy­yz vf­uèc­nth­cmrj­uj cne­gt­yz, xfc­nè­it d cat­hè eg­hfd­ cz lj oèkm­yj­uj uhf­aè­rf hj­åj­nb cdj­ÿö cne­lty­nèd, åf­uf­nj önj kèy­yz åèp­yt­cjv. p zrbö vfæ cè­v’ÿ. Nj­ve pf­yzn­nz ghj­dj­lznm­cz e dt­xèh­yèq xfc, Åèkm­iècnm eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF æ fåj ghb­dfn­yb­vb yf­ d ce­åj­n e è yt­lè­kñ. Cne­lty­nfv nf­rjé ghj­gj­ye­ñnm pf­gb­ce­df­ dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb, fåj aè­yfy­ce­ñnm­cz inf­njv xb èyj­lè nb­cz yf vty­ie rèkm­rècnm reh­cèd fåj yf yt­gj­dyè ghj­uhf­vb. vèc­wt­db­vb jh­uf­yf­vb dkf­lb. Ghj­nt at­lt­hfkm­ybq ehzl rt­heæ Rj­hbc­n e­ñnm­cz gj­gekzh­yèc­nñ nf­rè lbc­wbg­kè­yb, zr èy­ajh­vf­ dèq­cmrj­db­vb exb­kb­of­vb, drkñx­yj p Dèq­cmrj­djñ frf­lt­vèæñ nb­rf, ghj­uhf­ve­dfy­yz, åèp­ytc è db­cj­rj­ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yè uf­ke­pè. CIF, zrf döj­lbnm lj crkf­le ce­öj­gen­ybö cbk, Dèq­cmrj­djLtz­rè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè hj­åj­nj­lfd­wè gj­rhb­df­ñnm gj­dyèc­nñ fåj ­Gj­dèn­hz­ybv exb­kb­otv nf Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjñ frf­lt­vèæñ Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 21 eJournal USA (Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrbv exb­kb­otv) CIF, f nf­rjé Frf­lt­vèæñ åt­ht­uj­djÿ jöj­hj­yb nf Vj­htg­kfd­ybv exb­kb­otv njh­uj­dj­uj akj­n e. Ghbq­jv lj Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjÿ frf­lt­vèÿ CIF d Fy­yf­ gj­kè­cè, infn Vt­hè­ktyl, le­ét cnhj­ubq, ghb­xj­ve rf­lt­nèd (dè­lj­vbö zr ufh­lt­vf­hb­yb) ghb­pyf­xf­ñnm e wtq pf­r kfl xkt­yb Rjy­uht­ce, Ght­pb­ltyn è dè­wt-ght­pb­ltyn Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nèd, f nf­rjé vè­yècnh Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrj­uj akj­n e. Ufh­lt­vf­hb­yb vf­ñnm dèl­gj­dèlf­nb gtd­ybv db­vj­ufv oj­lj lj dè­re, aè­pbx­yj­ uj plj­hj­d’z è hèd­yz pyfym, f nf­rjé gj­dby­yè åe­nb yt­jl­he­ét­ yb­vb. Ot jl­yèæñ db­vj­ujñ æ uhj­vf­lzy­cndj CIF, ojg­hfd­ lf, pdf­éfñ­xb yf èy­nt­ht­cb hjp­dbn­re vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby, e wñ frf­lt­vèñ vj­é enm ghbq­vf­nb lj 60 cne­lty­nèd èp pf­he­ åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy, gj­èvty­yj yf­pdf­ybö vè­yèc­nhjv jåj­hj­yb. P 1976 hj­re ghf­dj yf­dxf­nbcm e wèq frf­lt­vèÿ jn­hb­vf­kb éèy­rb, zrè e db­gec­re 2009 hj­re cnfy­jdb­nb­venm g’z­n e xfc­nb­ye dèl pf­ufkm­yjÿ rèkm­rjc­nè cne­lty­nèd. Ufh­lt­vf­hb­yb dxfnm­cz åtp­rji­njd­yj, jn­hb­ve­ñnm öfh­xe­dfy­ yz, ébn­kj è oj­vè­czx­ye cnb­gty­lèñ. D yf­dxfkm­yèq ghj­uhf­vè exb­kb­of gt­ht­df­uf yf­lf­ænm­cz vf­nt­vf­nb­wè, èy­ét­yth­ybv yf­e rfv, yf­åen­nñ dèq­cmrj­dj-vjh­cmrbö yf­db­xjr, f cgt­wèf­kè­pf­ wèæñ åf­uf­nj ufh­lt­vf­hb­yèd jåb­hf­ñnm lbc­wbg­kè­yb, gj­d’zpf­yè p vj­htg­kfd­cndjv. Wt jrtf­yju­hf­aèz, ft­hj­rjc­vèx­yf ntö­yè­rf xb rj­hf­åtkm­yf fh­öè­ntr­n e­hf. Èy­iè cne­lty­nb ghb­lè­k z­ñnm åèkm­ it edf­ub èc­nj­hèÿ, trj­yj­vè­wè fåj èy­ibv ghtl­vt­nfv. Db­gec­r­ yb­rb jlthée­ñnm pdfy­yz fåj vj­kjl­ij­uj ktq­nt­yfy­nf DVC CIF, fåj cnfh­ij­uj ktq­nt­yfy­nf Dèq­cmrj­dj-Vjh­cmrjÿ fdèf­wèÿ DVC CIF è pj­åj­d’z­pf­yè dèl­c ke­é b­nb yf fr­nbd­yèq dèq­cmrj­dèq ckeé­åè yt vty­it, yèé 6 hj­rèd. eJournal USA Cnèd Vfn­ntj. AP/WWP Cne­ltyn ghf­wñæ yfl pf­dlfy­yzv p nt­kt­rj­ve­yè­rf­wèq­ybö ntö­yj­kj­uèq d ­ eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Lt-Dhfq d Tl­lè­cj­yè, infn Èk­kè­yjqc. Wz rj­hjn­rf lj­dèl­rf kb­it lfæ ezd­kty­yz ghj èc­ye­dfy­yz d CIF hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb. Cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb lj­gj­dyñ­ñnm rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, pf­lj­djkm­yzñ­xb gj­nht­åb gj­lfkm­ ijÿ jc­dè­nb nf­rbö yt­nhf­lb­wèq­ybö rf­nt­uj­hèq cne­lty­nèd, zr cne­lty­nb-dt­xèh­yb­rb, cè­vtq­yè kñ­lb p lènm­vb q nè, oj dét ghf­wñ­ñnm. Ghtl­vt­nb è ghj­uhf­vb, pf zrb­vb dj­yb yf­dxf­ ñnm­cz, åèkmi cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè, oj lfæ pvj­u e jå­lf­hj­df­ybv è wè­ktc­ghz­vj­df­ybv cne­lty­nfv hjp­db­ye­nb cdjÿ plèå­yjc­nè q pf­lj­djkm­yb­nb ghja­tcèq­yè èy­nt­ht­cb. 3 22 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèz rj­kt­léèd R jy­cekm­nfy­nb pf­délb hf­lznm gj­nty­wèq­ybv cne­lty­nfv db­åb­hf­ nb rj­ktlé, db­öj­lz­xb p nf­rbö xj­nb­hmjö gf­hf­vtn­hèd: ghj­uhf­ vf, hjp­vèh, dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz q hjp­nf­ie­dfy­yz. Ct­htl åf­uf­nmjö vf­nt­hèf­kèd, oj lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv pj­hè­æy­n e­df­nb­cz d nb­cz­xfö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd CIF, æ nf­rè, zrè db­pyf­xf­ñnm htq­nbyu nj­uj xb èy­ij­uj rj­kt­lée. • ≤Gè­nth­cjyp≥ è ≤Rfg­kfy≥ – wt ldè rjv­gf­yèÿ, zrè geå­kè­re­ñnm èy­ ajh­vf­wèq­yè vf­nt­hèf­kb ghj jc­dè­n e. Lj­dèl­ybr rjv­gf­yèÿ ≤Gè­nth­cjyp≥ yf­pb­df­ænm­cz “Peterson’s Guide to Compet­iti­ve Colle­ges” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr rjv­gf­yèÿ ≤Gè­nth­cjyp≥ ghj gj­gekzh­yè rj­kt­léè≥). Rjv­gf­yèz ≤Rfg­kfy≥ db­lf­kf “Kaplan Publishing’s Most Inte­resting Colle­ges” (≤Yfq­wè­rf­dè­iè rj­kt­léè. Lj­dèl­ybr db­lfd­ybw­ndf ≤Rfg­kfy≥≥) è “2005 – The Unof­ficial Unbiased Guide to the 331 Most Inte­resting Colle­ges” (≤Ytj­aè­wèq­ybq jå’ær­nbd­ybq lj­dèl­ybr 2005 hj­re: 331 yfq­wè­rf­dè­ibq rj­ktlé e CIF≥). • Éeh­yf­kèc­nb yfq­dè­lj­vè­ibö uf­ptn, rjn­hè gb­ienm ghj jc­dè­n e, nf­rjé crkf­kb cdèq cgb­cjr ht­rj­vty­lj­df­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. Kj­hty Gj­e g, af­öè­dtwm e uf­ke­pè jc­dè­nb, d uf­pt­nè ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥ yf­lhe­re­df­kf vf­nt­hè­f k “Loren Pope’s Colle­ges Th­at Change Lives, 40 Schools You Should Know Abo­ut Even if You’re Not a Straight A Stu­de­nt” (Kj­hty Gj­e g. ≤Rj­kt­léè, plfn­yè pvè­yb­nb df­it ébn­nz: 40 yf­dxfkm­ ybö pf­r kf­lèd, ghj zrè dfv nht­åf pyf­nb, yf­dènm zr­oj db yt dèl­vèy­ ybr≥). Tl­dfhl Å. Aèc­rt, rj­kbi­yèq ht­lfr­njh dèl­lè­ke jc­dè­nb uf­pt­nb ≤Ymñ-Qjhr nfqvc≥, db­lfd “Fiske Guide to Colle­ges” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr Aèc­rt ghj rj­kt­léè≥). Létq Vtn­nmñp èp uf­pt­nb ≤Df­iby­unjy gj­cn≥ yf­dj­ lbnm cgb­cjr 10 rj­kt­léèd, oj qlenm dèl­hf­pe é pf yfq­cnf­hè­ib­vb è yfq­gj­dfé­yè­ib­vb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrb­vb rj­kt­léf­vb nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­ vb, zrè döj­lznm lj ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥, d cdj­ÿq ryb­pè “Harvard Schmarward: Getting Beyond the Ivy Lea­gue to the Colle­ge That is Best for You” (≤Pf vt­éf­vb ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥: yfq­rhf­obq lkz dfc rj­ktlé≥). • Ajyl Ntv­gknj­yf d inf­nè Gty­cbkm­df­yèz db­lfæ “The Templeton Guide: Colle­ges th­at Encourage Charact­er De­velopme­nt” (≤Lj­dèl­ybr Ntv­gknj­yf. Rj­kt­léè, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm ajh­ve­df­nb öf­hfr­nth≥). • Jlby èp yfq­ljc­dèl­xt­yè­ibö rjy­cekm­nfy­nèd p gb­nfym db­åj­he rj­kt­lée Aht­lt­hèr Hfuu cndj­hbd “Rugg’s Rec­ommen­dations on Colle­ ges” (≤Ht­rj­vty­lf­wèÿ Hfu­uf cnj­cjd­yj rj­kt­léèd≥). E wmj­ve lj­dèl­yb­re vèc­nbnm­cz èy­ajh­vf­wèz yt kb­it ghj ghj­dèl­yè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­ nt­nb, f q ghj yfq­rhf­oè af­rekm­nt­nb è dèl­lè­kty­yz. • “Yale Daily News’s the Insider’s Guide to the Colle­ges 2005” (≤Lj­ dèl­ybr lkz dyen­hèi­ymj­uj rj­hbc­n e­dfy­yz uf­pt­nb “Yale Daily News” ghj rj­kt­léè pf 2005 hèr≥) lkz db­pyf­xty­yz htq­nby­u e gj­yfl 300 rj­kt­léèd db­rj­hbc­nj­deæ èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, jlthéf­ye dèl cf­vbö cne­lty­ nèd, f yt pdè­nb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ. • Gj­gekzh­yè nbé­yt­db­rb nf­rjé ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cdjÿ htq­nby­ub, zrè ghb­dth­nf­ñnm dt­kb­re edf­u e. “U.S. News and World Rep­ort” gjl­fæ yf cdj­ÿö cnj­hèy­rfö vf­nt­hèf­kb ≤Yfq­rhf­oè rj­kt­léè Fvt­hb­rb≥ nf ≤Yfq­rhf­oè fc­gè­hfy­n e­hb Fvt­hb­rb≥ (ht­tp:// www.usnews.com/ usnews/home.htm). Wtq éeh­yfk yf­dj­lbnm cdjñ rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèñ rj­kt­léèd nf jc­yjd­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj ybö pf rèkm­rj­vf rf­nt­uj­hèz­vb: pf­ufkm­ yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb (gt­ht­kèr e vfc­inf­åfö ecèæÿ rhfÿ­yb); eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, zrè ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz lkz jn­hb­vfy­ yz cne­gt­yz vf­uèc­nhf (gt­ht­kèr pf ht­uèj­yf­vb); yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 ghj­uhf­vb p åèp­yt­ce; yfq­rhf­oè ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè rj­kt­léè; yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb p èy­ét­yth­ybö yf­e r; yfq­rhf­oè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, zrè lf­ñnm dct­åèx­ye jc­dè­n e; xj­nb­hb­hèx­yè rj­kt­léè, d zrbö gj­yfl 50fi cne­lty­nèd db­dxf­ñnm yt kb­it ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè ghtl­vt­nb (gt­ht­kèr pf ht­uèj­yf­vb). – Ot jlby ht­cehc – dtå-cfqn Åèå­kèj­nt­rb p cec­gèkm­ybö yf­e r nf jc­dè­nb d Èk­kè­yjq­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè d v. Eh­åf­yf-Ifv­gtqy. Wtq cfqn lfæ vjé­kb­dècnm pd’z­pf­nb­cz p åf­ufnm­vf jy­kfq­yj­db­vb ckeé­åf­ vb, zrè pfq­vf­ñnm­cz htq­nby­ujv rj­kt­léèd, db­qnb yf èy­iè lét­ht­kf èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ ghj rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb è yf­dènm gj­nhf­gb­nb yf cfq­nb, lt gj­hèd­yñ­ñnm hèp­yè htq­nby­ub q jå­uj­dj­hñ­nm ÿö­yñ wèy­ yècnm (ht­tp://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankings.htm). Yfq­rhf­oè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè ­ pf­rkf­lb Fvt­hb­rb P f lf­yb­vb éeh­yf­ke “U. S. News and World Rep­ort”, pè cnf eyè­dth­ cb­nt­nèd, zrè xfc­nj yf­pb­df­ñnm yfq­rhf­ob­vb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb d CIF, jl­yè æ geå­kèx­yb­vb, fåj lth­éfd­yb­vb, f èy­iè ghb­dfn­yb­vb. Dcè dj­yb dè­lj­vè db­cj­rjñ zrèc­nñ cdj­ÿö yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv, ht­ceh­cf­ vb, nf­rb­vb zr ce­xfc­yè, lj­åht jå­kfl­yf­yè kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ nf åèå­kèj­nt­rb, f nf­rjé ib­hj­rbv rj­kjv db­gec­ryb­rèd è cgjy­cj­hèd, gj­d’zpf­ybö èp wb­vb yf­dxfkm­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb. Wè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm ib­hj­rbq lèf­gf­pjy ghtl­vt­nèd yf hèd­yè åf­pj­dj­uj xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj yf­ dxfy­yz, f nf­rjé yf­dxfy­yz pè cgt­wè­f km­yjc­ntq, p zrbö vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­ nb cne­gèym vf­uèc­nhf xb lj­rnj­hf. Åf­uf­nj p yf­pdf­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd pfq­vf­ñnm­cz cth­qjp­yjñ yf­e rj­djñ hj­åj­njñ. Puèl­yj p lf­yb­vb “U. S. News and World Rep­ort”, 20 yfq­rhf­obö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd CIF nf­rè: 1–2 vèc­wz lè­k znm Ufh­dfhlcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn è Ghèy­cnjy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn; 3 – Ækmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn; 4 – Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn; 5–6 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Lñ­rf è Cnty­ajhlcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn; 7–8 vèc­wz lè­k znm Rf­kè­ajh­yèq­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en è Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en; 9–10 vèc­wz lè­k znm Rj­kev­åèq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn è Lfh­nven­ cmrbq rj­ktlé; 11 – eyè­dth­cb­ntn Df­iby­unj­yf d Ctyn-Keÿ­cè; 12 – Gèd­yèx­yj-Pf­öèl­ybq eyè­dth­cb­ntn; 13–14 vèc­wz lè­k znm Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn è eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjy­cf Ujg­rèy­cf; 15–16 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfe­yf è Xb­rfpm­rbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn; 17 – eyè­dth­cb­ntn Hfq­cf; 18–19 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Yjnh-Lfv è eyè­dth­cb­ntn Dfy­lth­åèk­nf; 20–21 vèc­wz lè­k znm eyè­dth­cb­ntn Tvj­hè è Rf­kè­ajh­yèq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn e Åth­r kè. (ht­tp://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/colle­ge/rankings/­ rankindex_br­ief.php) 23 eJournal USA Ghj­dèl­yè ghj­uhf­vb jc­yjd­yj­uj ­ xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj reh­ce yf­dxfy­yz d ­ åèp­yt­cè nf èy­ét­yth­ybö yf­erfö Å f­uf­nj jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq hjp­vè­oe­ñnm rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb CIF d gtd­yj­ve gj­hzl­re, jwè­yñ­ñnm nf fyf­kè­pe­ñnm ÿö. Zr­oj db cghj­åeæ­nt pyfq­nb zrecm jl­yjc­nfq­yècnm e yf­zd­ybö cgbc­rfö, nj, yf éfkm, gt­ht­rj­yfæ­ntcm e nj­ve, oj wt yt­vjé­kb­dj. Cgbc­rb hèl­rj crkf­lf­ñnm­cz pf jl­ybv è nbv cf­vbv ghb­ywb­gjv gjl­èke pf­r kf­lèd yf uhe­gb, lkz ÿö cndjhty­yz yt db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ænm­cz jl­yt lét­ht­kj èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ (yf­ghb­r kfl, pdè­nb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ), yt pf­cnj­cj­de­ænm­cz jl­yf­rj­dt db­pyf­xty­yz gj­yzn­nz db­ojÿ zrjc­nè. Yf­ghb­r kfl, ybé­xt gjl­fyj ldf cgbc­rb ghj­dèl­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd e ldjö uf­ke­pzö. Dj­yb åe­kb crkf­lt­yè ikz­öjv gj­hèd­yzy­yz gj­hzl­rj­dbö yj­vt­hèd, yf­lf­ybö rj­kt­léfv nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv hèp­yb­vb jh­uf­yè­pf­ wèz­vb, è dyt­cty­yzv lj cgbc­rèd nbö yf­dxfkm­ybö ecnfy­jd, oj ÿö ecè yf­pb­df­kb ct­htl gth­ibö ldfl­wz­nb. Åèp­ytc-ghju­hf­vb Wtq cgb­cjr gèl­uj­nj­df­yj yf jc­yj­dè rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèÿ pf gj­hzl­rj­ dbv yj­vt­hjv, gjl­fyjÿ e éeh­yf­kè “U. S. News and World Rep­ort” (≤Yfq­rhf­oè rj­kt­léè 2005 h.≥), geå­kè­rf­wèÿ d éeh­yf­kè “Business We­ek” ≤Yfq­rhf­oè åèp­ytc-irj­kb≥ 2004 hj­re (nf­rbq cgb­cjr lhe­re­ ænm­cz hfp yf ldf hj­rb) nf rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèÿ åèp­ytc-irèk pf gj­hzl­rj­ dbv yj­vt­hjv p éeh­yf­ke “Fo­rbes” dèl 2003 h., oj rt­he­ænm­cz yf­dt­ lt­ybv e cgbc­re rhb­nt­hè­æv yfq­åèkm­ij­uj ghb­åen­re, jn­hb­vf­yj­uj dèl èy­dtc­nb­wèq, drkf­lt­ybö e yf­dxfy­yz d rjy­rhtn­yj­ve èy­cnb­n e­nè. Èy­ét­yth­yè yf­erb Wtq gt­ht­kèr gèl­uj­nj­df­yj yf jc­yj­dè rkf­cb­aè­rf­wèÿ pf gj­hzl­rj­ dbv yj­vt­hjv, gjl­fyjÿ e éeh­yf­kè “U. S. News and World Rep­ort” (≤Yfq­rhf­oè rj­kt­léè 2005 h.≥) nf yf cfq­nè Stu­de­ntsRev­iew.com, cndjht­yj­ve fc­gè­hfy­nf­vb Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrj­uj ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­uj èy­cnb­ ne­n e, ojå dèl­gj­dèc­nb yf ≤gb­nfy­yz, zrè cne­lty­nb öj­nè­kb å pf­lf­nb, zr­åb xèn­rj pyf­kb, ghj oj gb­nf­nb≥. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rfh­yt­uè-Vtk­kj­yf, infn Gty­cbkm­df­yèz Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Ymñ-Qjhr Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Tvj­hè, infn Léjhléèz Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc Ymñ-Qjhrcmrbq (vècm­rbq) eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Ymñ-Qjhr Vè­xb­ufy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Vè­xb­ufy Gèd­yèx­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn d Xt­gtk-Uèkk, infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Gty­cbkm­df­yèz Eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e Nt­öfc, Jc­nèy, infn Nt­öfc Dèh­uèy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Dèh­uè­yèz Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, infn Ymñ-Qjhr Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjy­cf Ujg­rèy­cf, infn Vt­hè­ktyl Vfc­cf­xe­ctn­cmrbq ntö­yj­kj­uèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en, infn Vfc­cf­xe­ctnc Eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e Gty­cbkm­df­yèz, infn Gty­cbkm­df­yèz Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Geh­lmñ, infn Èy­lèf­yf Hty­cct­kth­cmrbq gj­kè­ntö­yèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en, infn Ymñ-Qjhr Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Hfq­cf, infn Nt­öfc Èk­kè­yjq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn d Eh­åf­yf-Ifv­gtqy, infn Èk­kè­yjqc Dèh­uèy­cmrbq gj­kè­ntö­yèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en è eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e, infn Dèh­uè­yèz Db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­rkf­lb ≤Kè­ub gkñ­of≥ ≤Kè­ujñ gkñ­of≥ yf­pb­df­ñnm dè­cèv yfq­lfd­yè­ibö è yfq­ghtc­nbé­yè­ibö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd e CIF. Wè db­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb gèl­gb­cf­kb euj­le ghj ghj­dt­lty­yz pvf­ufym d jl­yèq kè­pè nf db­ce­yty­yz jl­yf­rj­dbö db­ vju lj cdj­ÿö cne­lty­nèd-cgjh­ncvt­yèd zr e cgjh­nè, nfr è d yf­dxfy­yè. Jc­rèkm­rb wè rj­kt­léè cndjht­yè jl­yb­ vb p gth­ibö, åèkm­iècnm èp ybö hjp­nf­ij­df­yè d rhf­cb­dbö, gj­åe­lj­df­ybö åf­uf­nj hj­rèd nj­ve cne­ltyncmrbö vèc­ntx­rfö, lt cnf­hj­dby­yè åe­lby­rb jå­db­nè gkñ­otv, – pdèl­cb q yf­pdf ≤Kè­uf gkñ­of≥. Dcè dè­cèv rj­kt­léèd – yfq­rhf­oè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb rhfÿ­yb: eyè­dth­cb­ntn Åhfe­yf, Rj­kev­åèq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Rjh­ytkkmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Lfh­nven­cmrbq rj­ktlé, Ufh­dfhlcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, Ghèy­cnjy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn nf Ækmcmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn. Yf­pdb wbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd è yf­pdf ≤Kè­uf gkñ­of≥ ghj­ljd­é e­ñnm fcj­wèñ­df­nb­cz p yfq­db­ob­vb lj­czu­yty­yz­vb d cat­hè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb è dcmj­uj, oj p ytñ gj­d’zpf­yj. eJournal USA 24 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Dèl­pyf­xfæ­vj ­ Nbé­ltym ­ vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ ­ jc­dè­nb “E N ducationUSA”, fåj ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ – wt ukj­åfkm­yf vt­ht­éf, oj yf­kè­xeæ gj­yfl 450 rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybö nf èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö wty­nhèd e 170 rhfÿ­yfö. Dj­yb èc­ye­ñnm pf gèl­nhbv­rb Åñ­hj p gb­nfym jc­dè­nb è rekm­n e­hb Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF. Wty­nhb fr­nbd­yj ghj­gf­u e­ñnm cbc­nt­ve db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF d ecmj­ve cdè­nè, yf­lf­ñnm njx­ye, dct­åèx­ ye, jå’ær­nbd­ye nf cdjæ­xfc­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj vjé­kb­djc­nè jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö, f nf­rjé hf­lznm jcj­åfv, zrè vf­ñnm yt­jå­öèl­yè lbg­kj­vb q fntc­nf­nb, zr crj­ hbc­nf­nb­cz wèæñ vjé­kb­dèc­nñ. D wty­nhfö ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ ghf­wñ­ñnm ghja­tcèq­yè rjy­ cekm­nfy­nb, åf­uf­nj p zrbö dxb­kb­cz d CIF fåj ghj­öj­lb­kb dèl­gj­dèl­ye gèl­uj­njd­re d Lth­éfd­yj­ve lt­gfh­nf­vty­nè p gb­nfym db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF nf db­dxf­kb rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybq ghj­wtc. Oj­hj­re wè rjy­cekm­nfy­nb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm åkbpm­rj 25 vky. gj­nty­wèq­ybö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, cgèk­reñ­xbcm èp yb­vb jcj­åbc­nj, gj nt­kt­aj­ye fåj é xt­htp tktr­nhj­yye gj­ine q Èy­nth­ytn. Ghf­wèd­yb­rb wty­nhèd ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ yf­lf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv dt­kb­xtp­ybq jå­czu èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Gj­c ke­ub yf dcèö tnf­gfö gj­ie­re yt­jå­öèl­yj­uj lkz ybö rj­kt­lée åtp­rji­njd­ yè. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb pyf­ñnm dèl­vèy­yjc­nè vèé åf­ufnm­vf db­lf­vb rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd e CIF è vj­é enm gj­hf­lb­nb, zr jå­hf­nb yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, oj zr­yfq­rhf­ot dèl­gj­dèlf­nb­vt gj­nht­åfv rjé­yjÿ rjy­rhtn­yjÿ kñ­lb­yb. Dj­yb pyf­ñnm, zr jh­uf­yè­pj­df­yj ghj­wtc pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz yf yf­dxfy­yz d CIF, è vj­é enm ghj­rjy­cekm­n e­df­nb p gb­nfym yf­gb­cfy­yz ntc­nèd, tct, db­vju lj öf­hfr­nt­hbc­nbr, vjé­kb­djc­ntq jn­hb­vfy­yz aè­yfy­cj­ djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub. Jc­rèkm­rb rjy­cekm­nfy­nb ≤Jc­dè­nb d CIF≥ gj­cnèq­yj jlthée­ñnm cdè­é è lf­yè ghj pvè­yb d èv­vèu­hf­wèq­ybö pf­rj­yfö CIF nf ghj db­vj­ub e pd’zp­re p lj­nhb­vfy­yzv åtp­gt­rb, dj­yb vj­é enm nf­rjé gj­zc­yb­nb, zr ckèl pdth­nf­nb­cz gj cne­ltyncmre dè­pe è zr ghj­öj­lbnm cgèd­åt­cè­lf. Åf­uf­nj wty­nhèd ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ yf­lf­ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè gj­c ke­ub, zr-jn: jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz q ghj­dt­lty­yz ghfr­nbx­ybö ct­vè­yf­hèd p yf­gb­cfy­yz tct nf ht­ pñ­vt, gèl­uj­njd­rf lj dè­l’ÿp­le q gt­htr­kfl lj­re­vty­nèd fy­ukèq­ cmrjñ vj­djñ, ÿö pf­dè­hty­yz. Pyfq­lènm yfq­åkbé­xbq lj dfc wtynh ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ pf tktr­nhj­yyjñ fl­ht­cjñ: ht­tp://educationusa.usa.st­ate.gov/. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 bé­ltym vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb – ufh­ybq ghb­dèl èot hfp gjl­evf­nb ghj dt­kb­xtp­ye rj­hbcnm vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb nf cne­ltyncmrbö jå­vè­yèd. Wz cgèkm­yf èyè­wèf­nb­df Lth­éfd­yj­ uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e è Lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb CIF æ xfc­nb­yjñ yf­ibö pe­cbkm, cghz­vj­df­ybö yf db­rj­yfy­yz ghj­uhfv, oj uj­n e­ñnm fvt­hb­rfy­wèd lj evjd ukj­åfkm­yjÿ trj­yj­vè­rb nf pf­ jöj­xe­ñnm vfq­åen­yèö kè­lt­hèd p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy dxb­nb­cz d CIF, ojå cajh­ve­df­nb yj­dè yf­dbx­rb q jå­vè­yz­nb­cz lj­cdè­ljv. Vb dè­nfæ­vj exfcnm jr­ht­vbö jcèå è dcè pf­r kf­lb, jh­uf­yè­ pf­wèÿ, dè­ljv­cndf, pf­wè­rfd­kt­yè d pf­öj­lfö, oj ghj­öj­lznm e hfv­rfö vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb q jå­vè­ye, pjr­ht­vf irj­kb, rj­ kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, gj­cjkm­cndf, vèé­yf­hjl­yè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, gèl­ghb­æv­cndf, jå’æl­yfy­yz nf vèc­wt­dè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ. (ht­tp://iew.st­ate.gov/) 25 eJournal USA Qjy Xtqp. AP/WWP P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Cgtk­vf­yf Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz eJournal USA Db­rj­yf­n b jn­hb­vf­yt d rj­kt­l éè pf­dlfy­y z ktu­ it, zr­oj pyfq­n b phex­yt vèc­wt lkz pf­y znm. Wè cne­lty­n b rj­kt­l ée Cgtk­vf­yf yf­cj­kj­l éeñnm­c z ufh­yjñ gj­u j­ljñ d inf­n è Léjhléèz. Gth­ij­r eh­cyb­rfv Ufh­dfhlcmrj­u j eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e d inf­n è Vfc­cf­x e­ctnc gjl­jåf­ænm­c z ÿö­y z ÿlfkm­y z. 26 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz Cnè­dty Vjh­njy. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée vbc­ntwnd è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb (pkè­ df) åt­henm exfcnm e ghj­tr­nè ≤Éb­dt vbc­ntw­ndj≥ gèl xfc ghj­dt­lty­yz d inf­nè Léjhléèz oj­hèx­yj­uj cne­ltyncmrj­ uj atc­nb­df­kñ vbc­ntwnd ≤Vf­kñ­yjr yf fc­afkm­nè≥. Ctc­nhb pè Ihè-Kfy­rb Nöf­hfy­uf è Thfy­uf Ue­yt­nèk­kt­rt yf aj­yè lt­rj­hf­wèq lj jgt­hb ≤Åj­ut­vf≥ d rj­kt­léè Rjy­dthc e inf­nè Gèd­lty­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf. Gèl xfc wèæÿ gj­cnfy­jd­rb, xt­htp rèkm­rf nbé­yèd gèc­k z we­yf­vè, dj­yb pèå­hf­kb 8000 lj­kf­hèd lkz lj­gj­vj­ub gj­nth­gè­kbv dèl wmj­uj cnb­öèq­yj­ uj kb­öf è cgj­lè­df­ñnm­cz pèå­hf­nb ot åèkm­it. Vt­hè Tyy Xtc­ntqy. AP/WWP Cf­hf Lt­dèc. AP/WWP (Pkè­df). Éè­yj­xbq xtv­gèj­yfn p aen­åj­ke db­r kb­rfæ leö ce­gth­ybw­ndf e uhfd­wèd p eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Yjnh-Lfv è Rf­kè­ajh­yèq­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e d Kjc-Fylét­kt­cè. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 27 eJournal USA Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz Kèy­lf F.Cè­ct­hj/Sta­nford News Service Åf­ktn ≤Ajk­r kj­hè­rj lt Cnty­ajhl≥ (pkè­df) nf oj­hèx­ybq atc­nb­dfkm rekm­n e­hb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd, dkfi­nj­df­ybq cne­lty­nf­vb Cnty­ajhlcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ ne (dyb­pe), – ghb­r kf­lb hjp­gj­xf­njÿ d 70-è hj­rb rekm­n eh­yjÿ ghj­uhf­vb, vt­nf zrjÿ – lj­gj­vju­nb cne­lty­nfv rhf­ot phj­pe­vè­nb jl­yt jl­yj­uj. Åf­ktn gj­gekz­hb­peæ vtr­ cb­rfy­cmre rekm­n e­he. Atc­nb­dfkm èy­lè­fy­wèd påb­hfæ gj­yfl 30 000 exfc­yb­rèd p ecèæÿ rhfÿ­yb. Kèy­lf F.Cè­ct­hj/Sta­nford News Service P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf Wè aen­åj­kèc­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e inf­n e Nt­öfc ojq­yj pf­djñ­df­kb re­åjr ≤Hj­ét­df xf­if≥, zrbq ddf­éf­ænm­cz jl­ybv èp yfq­ghtc­ nbé­yè­ibö e aen­åj­kè. Gjk Cf­re­vf. AP/WWP Wtq cne­ltyn dxbnm­cz gb­cf­nb rb­nfq­ cmrè èæ­hju­kè­ab d rj­kt­léè Lt­dèl­cj­yf d inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf. eJournal USA 28 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz Tl Fy­lhè­æc­rè. AP/WWP Ltq­vjy Lé. Ufh­nkè. AP/WWP Reh­cfy­nb Dèq­cmrj­dj-­Gj­dèn­hz­yj­uj exb­kb­of d inf­nè Rj­kj­hf­lj cdzn­re­ñnm pf­rèy­xty­yz wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le. Yf­nè Ufh­yèr. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nb-gj­kè­nj­kj­ub Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj vè­xb­ufy­ cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e (pkè­df) pdth­nf­ñnm­cz lj pf­rj­yj­lfd­wèd inf­n e Vè­xb­ufy èp cth­qjp­ybv gj­gt­ ht­léty­yzv ghj gt­htu­k zl lt­åf­nj­df­yjÿ ghj­uhf­vb ghb­ce­léty­yz cnb­gty­lèq yf gèl­cnf­dè frf­lt­vèx­ybö ec­gè­öèd. Cne­lty­nb yf­dxf­ñnm­cz d vèc­wt­dj­ve rj­kt­léè Vtn­hj­gj­kè­nty e v. Jvf­öf, infn Yt­åhfc­rf. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 29 eJournal USA Léby Åkfqn. AP/WWP Eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrt ébn­nz Vtnn Ö’ñc­njy, AP/WWP Duj­hè – cne­lty­nrf Vt­hè­ktylcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e ghf­wñæ yfl ghj­tr­njv åe­lby­re, zrbq pf­åtp­gt­xe­ænm­cz tktr­nhj­tyth­uèæñ pf lj­gj­vj­ujñ cj­yzx­ybö åf­nf­htq, oj åed ghtl­cnfd­kt­ybq yf pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve rjy­reh­cè cne­ltyncmrbö hj­åèn. Vj­lt­kè ltz­rbö yj­dbö ntö­yj­kj­uèq åe­kj ghj­lt­vjy­cnhj­df­yj nb­cz­xfv kñ­ ltq, zrè pèå­hf­kb­cz d Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve njh­uj­dtkm­yj­ve rjv­gktr­cè d wty­nhè Df­iby­unj­yf, jr­heu Rj­kev­åèz. Ahtl Ajkr. AP/WWP Ve­pb­rfy­nb jh­rtc­nhe eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Léjhléèÿ yf­nöyty­yj uhf­ñnm yf åfc­rtn­åjkm­yj­ve neh­yè­hè. Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e inf­n e Vèc­cè­cè­gè påb­hf­ñnm­cz hf­pjv, ojå dif­ye­df­nb gf­v’znm éthnd yf­gf­le nt­hj­hbc­nèd 11 dt­htc­yz 2001 hj­re. eJournal USA 30 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Gj­ukzl påkbpm­rf Ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz ­ vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby e ­ Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vfqrk Létq Ahèl­vfy Ahtyr Gkty­nty Vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yf ghj­ rf 2,8 (pf irf­kjñ 4,0), uhf­vf d jl­yj­ve p yf­ibö è dj­yb ve­cznm ghj­cke­öf­ ghj­dèl­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd nb, puèl­yj p ghj­uhf­vjñ, yf­lfæ cne­lty­nfv, zrè db­zd­ dcè yt­jå­öèl­yè reh­cb p kz­ñnm èy­nt­htc lj vèé­yf­ gj­kè­nj­kj­uèÿ, èc­nj­hèÿ pf­öèl­ hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby, vjé­kb­ yjÿ wb­dè­kè­pf­wèÿ, vèr­hj- è Cne­lty­nb Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne (pkè­df yf­ghf­dj) Kè­dèz He­hfhé-­ ­ Ö’ñ­ u tyc, Vj­ ö fv­ v fl fkm-F­ k è nf Vtn­ n mñ Ahèi cgt­ w èf­ k è­ p e­ ñ nm­ c z yf db­ d xty­ y è dècnm db­dxf­nb wñ uf­kepm, vfr­hjt­rj­yj­vè­rb, f nf­rjé vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby. cnf­db­nb gt­htl cj­åjñ plf­nb èc­gb­nb p wbö ghtl­ rjy­rhtn­ye vt­ne q djl­yj­xfc uj­ne­df­nb ct­åt lj hj­åj­nb vt­nèd. Gèc­kz nj­uj, zr cne­lty­nfv lj­pdj­kznm cgt­wèf­kè­pe­df­nb­cz d åèp­yt­cè, d cbc­nt­vè eg­hfd­kèy­yz, d yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö p lbc­wbg­kè­yb ≤vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb≥, dj­yb vf­ñnm ghj­qnb nf èy­ibö cat­hfö e cdj­ÿq rhfÿ­yè nf pf rjh­lj­yjv. Vfqrk jc­yjd­ybq rehc, ghb­cdz­xt­ybq ntj­hèÿ vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby, Létq Ahèl­vfy – ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­ cdè­nj­dèq trj­yj­vè­wè, èc­nj­hèÿ lbg­kj­vf­nèÿ nf vèé­yf­hjl­yèq gj­kè­ wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne CIF. nb­wè, f gj­nèv db­åhf­nb jr­ht­vè reh­cb èp pf­ndth­lét­yj­uj cgbc­ re reh­cèd, crkf­lt­yj­uj pf ht­rj­vty­lf­wèæñ Rj­kt­lée vbc­ntwnd ne­lty­nb d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö CIF, pf­pdb­xfq, db­hè­ie­ è yf­er nf irj­kb åèp­yt­ce Dfh­nj­yf. Wt lfæ cne­lty­nfv ib­hj­ ñnm gb­nfy­yz ghj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ lj rèy­wz lhe­uj­uj rbq db­åèh df­hè­fy­nèd, rj­kb dj­yb crkf­lf­ñnm èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yè hj­re yf­dxfy­yz. Jcnfy­yèv xf­cjv yfq­gj­gekzh­yè­ibv ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz – dèl Cöèl­yjÿ Fpèÿ lj fy­nhj­gj­kj­uèÿ nf ghtl­vt­njv cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè vèé­yf­hjl­ybö aè­yfy­cèd. Yf­zd­yècnm nf­rj­uj dt­kb­rj­uj db­åj­he e Aè­kf­ltkm­aèÿ cnf­kb vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb, jc­rèkm­rb vfc­ ghtl­vt­nèd ghb db­dxty­yè vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby ghb­pdj­lbnm inf­åb trj­yj­vèx­yjÿ, gj­kè­nbx­yjÿ nf rekm­n eh­yjÿ ukj­åf­kè­pf­wèÿ lj nj­uj, oj cne­lty­nb db­ckjd­kñ­ñnm åf­éfy­yz cgt­wèf­kè­pe­df­ phj­cnf­ñnm. Ghj­uhf­vf db­dxty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby nb­cz ot d zrèqcm uf­ke­pè – èc­nj­hèÿ, gj­kè­nj­kj­uèÿ xb trj­yj­vè­wè. – vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yf. Dj­yf db­vf­ufæ dèl cne­lty­nèd db­rj­yfy­ Dcè, önj cgt­wèf­kè­pe­ænm­cz yf vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cb­yfö, yz yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv p hèp­ybö ghtl­vt­nèd è yf­gb­cfy­yz gb­ienm lbg­kjv­ye hj­åj­n e yf nt­ve, gj­d’zpf­ye p vèé­yf­hjl­ reh­cj­djÿ hj­åj­nb jå­cz­ujv 30–40 cnj­hè­yjr gèl rt­hèd­ybw­ yb­vb dèl­yj­cb­yf­vb. Ct­htl jcnfy­yèö ntv: ≤Hjkm èc­nj­hbx­yjÿ ndjv db­r kf­lf­xf. gf­v’z­nè d ldj­cnj­hjy­yèö dèl­yj­cb­yfö vèé Zgj­yèæñ è Rb­nf­æv Yt dcè cne­lty­nb, zrè öj­xenm cgt­wèf­kè­pe­df­nb­cz p wmj­uj nf Zgj­yèæñ è Gèd­lty­yjñ Rj­htæñ≥ è ≤Nhfy­cyf­wèj­yfkm­yè rjh­ ghtl­vt­nf, jn­hb­ve­ñnm nf­re vjé­kb­dècnm. Ÿö dèl­åb­hf­ñnm pf gj­hf­wèÿ nf vèé­yf­hjl­yt ghf­dj, oj ht­u e­kñæ uf­kepm lè­kj­dbö frf­lt­vèx­yb­vb gj­rfp­yb­rf­vb. E ybö vfæ åe­nb ct­htl­yz jwèy­ dèl­yj­cby≥. C Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 31 eJournal USA Cne­ltyn jcnfy­ymj­uj reh­ce p Nj­hjy­nj (Rf­yf­lf) Vtn­nmñ Ahèi pf­öj­nèd db­dxf­nb vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb, nj­ve oj wt lf­df­kj qj­ve pvj­u e db­dxf­nb yfq­ibh­it rj­kj lbc­wbg­kèy. Nf­rbq gèl­öèl dèy yf­pdfd ≤ehèp­yj­vf­yèn­yty­yzv åf­pb pyfym≥. Qj­ve le­ét cgj­lj­åfd­cz jlby èp db­åhf­ybö ybv reh­cèd yf af­rekm­nt­nè éeh­yf­kèc­nb­rb. Wtq rehc yf­pb­df­ænm­cz ≤PVÈ nf ght­pb­ltyn­cndj≥. Cne­lty­nb jn­hb­vf­kb rji­nb, ojå gj­ÿöf­nb gj­ghf­wñ­df­nb d jl­yèq èp ght­pb­ltyncmrbö åèå­kèj­ntr – yf dkfc­ybq db­åèh. Ahèi gj­ÿöfd e Åèå­kèj­nt­re è Ve­ptq Léj­yf A. Rty­yt­lè d Åjc­nj­yè, lt gèl­uj­n e­dfd db­cneg yf ct­vè­yf­hè ghj pd’z­pjr vèé gj­kè­nb­rjñ ≤öj­kjl­yjÿ dèq­yb≥ Rty­yt­lè nf qj­uj gj­kè­nb­rjñ d wf­hb­yè uhj­vf­lzy­cmrbö ghfd. Puj­ljv wñ lj­gj­ dèlm åe­kj yf­lhe­rj­df­yj d cne­ltyncmrj­ve éeh­yf­kè. Cne­ltyn nht­nmj­uj reh­ce Vj­öfv­vfl-fkm-F­kè, p gjl­dèq­ybv uhj­vf­lzy­cndjv CIF nf Re­dtq­nf, zrbq db­åhfd ldf jc­yjd­yè ghtl­vt­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, lj­lfæ, oj vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm qj­ve ≤kèr­dè­le­df­nb hjp­hbd≥ vèé ldj­vf rekm­n e­ hf­vb è ldj­vf cnb­k z­vb ébn­nz. Ldf yf­ghzv­b cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb nf ahfy­wepm­re vj­de – db­åhf­kf Kè­dèz He­hfhé-Ö’ñ­utyc, uhj­vf­lzy­rf CIF nf Åtkm­uèÿ, cè­v’z zrjÿ jlthéf­kf d Fvt­hb­wè gj­kè­nbx­ybq ghb­n e­kjr. Vèé­yf­hjl­ yè dèl­yj­cb­yb dj­yf ddf­éfæ yfq­hj­pev­yè­ijñ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ, zrf uj­n eæ ÿÿ lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè e cat­hè vèé­yf­hjl­yj­ uj ghf­df cnj­cjd­yj åè­éty­wèd. Cne­lty­nb, zrè db­åhf­kb jc­yjd­ybv ghtl­vt­njv cgt­wèf­ kè­pf­wèÿ vèé­yf­hjl­yè dèl­yj­cb­yb, åt­henm exfcnm e åf­uf­nmjö pf­öj­lfö frf­lt­vèx­yj­uj, cec­gèkm­yj­uj nf ghja­tcèq­yj­uj cghz­ ve­dfy­yz, zrè lf­ñnm ÿv pvj­u e gèl­uj­n e­df­nb­cz lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ rf­h’æ­hb. Cgjy­cj­hjv åf­uf­nmjö nf­rbö pf­öj­lèd æ cndjht­yf q rt­hj­df­yf cne­lty­nf­vb Cne­ltyncmrf fcj­wèf­wèz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby. Ÿÿ xby­ybq ght­pb­ltyn He­hfhé-Ö’ñ­utyc dèl­pyf­xfæ, oj wz jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz oj­hj­re ghj­dj­lbnm gj­ÿp­lrb lj YmñQjh­rf è Df­iby­unj­yf, lt cne­lty­nb fr­nbd­yj cgèk­re­ñnm­cz p db­r kf­lf­xf­vb ñhb­lbx­ybö af­rekm­nt­nèd nf fc­gè­hfy­n eh ghj­dèl­ ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd. Db­gec­ryb­rèd Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, zrè cgt­wèf­kè­pe­ñnm­cz d cat­hè vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby, le­ét wè­ye­ñnm. Dj­yb fr­nbd­yj ghf­wñ­ñnm e åf­uf­nmjö cat­hfö cec­ gèkm­yj­uj ébn­nz. Jlby èp lb­htr­nj­hèd ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­ybö dèl­yj­cby Ahtyr Ukty­nty ddf­éfæ, oj ≤èc­yeæ dt­kb­rbq gj­gbn yf nbö, önj dj­kj­lèæ pyfy­yz­vb d wèq cat­hè, dvèæ gbcm­vj­dj db­r kf­lf­nb lev­rb q db­rj­hbc­nj­de­df­nb èy­iè rj­hbc­yè yf­dbx­rb lkz jwè­yñ­dfy­yz pvèy, oj dèl­åe­df­ñnm­cz d cdè­nè. Wè kñ­lb gj­nhèå­yè d åèp­yt­cè, d lth­éfd­ybö ecnfy­jdfö, yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö nf èy­ibö uf­ke­pzö e cdj­ÿq rhfÿ­yè q pf rjh­lj­yjv≥. 3 Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. Rj­hjn­rbq ju­kzl fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ ­ db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd e CIF ≤Fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz – wt yt­pf­kté­ybq fyf­kèp zrjc­nè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, d ghj­wt­cè zrj­uj edfé­yj db­dxf­ænm­cz hj­åj­nf rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­ dth­cb­nt­nèd, f nf­rjé pvècn yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhfv p vt­njñ uf­hfy­n e­dfy­yz cnfy­lfh­nèd db­r kf­lfy­yz è ÿö gèl­db­oty­yz. Fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö èc­yeæ dét gj­yfl 100 hj­rèd, è ghb­xb­yjñ ÿÿ ddt­lty­yz åe­kf neh­åj­nf ghj pf­öbcn plj­hj­d’z nf åtp­gt­rb uhj­vf­ lzy è cke­é èy­yz èy­nt­ht­cfv cec­gèkm­cndf. E Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz plèq­cyñ­ænm­cz ghb­dfn­yb­vb rj­vth­wèq­yb­vb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­vb, oj èc­ye­ñnm cgt­wè­f km­yj lkz nf­rbö wè­ktq. Fyf­kèp zrjc­nè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb d CIF yt yf­kt­é bnm lj rjv­gt­nty­wèÿ jh­uf­yèd lth­éfd­yjÿ dkf­lb. D èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö pf­öj­ lb, gj­d’zpf­yè p fr­ht­lb­nf­wèæñ yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd è uf­hfy­nèæñ zrjc­nè, pf­pdb­xfq, plèq­cyñ­ñnm lth­éfd­yè cnher­n e­hb. Jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yè pf fr­ht­lb­nf­wèñ, db­dxf­ñnm rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb d 50 inf­nfö, f nf­rjé e ltz­rbö èy­ibö rhfÿ­ yfö. Wè jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ fyf­kè­pe­ñnm nb­cz­xè ghj­uhfv gèl­uj­njd­rb af­öèd­wèd p hèp­ybö ghja­tcèq nf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq, ct­htl zrbö ghf­dj, åèp­ytc, vt­lb­wb­yf, cj­wè­f km­yè gj­c ke­ub, fg­ntx­yf cghf­df, ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè yf­e rb, vbc­ntw­ndj è éeh­yf­kèc­nb­rf≥. Èc­yeæ nhb db­lb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­ybö pf fr­ht­lb­nf­wèñ: ht­uèj­yfkm­yè, pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yè nf jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ, zrè pfq­vf­ñnm­ cz gtd­yb­vb ghja­tcèz­vb. Fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz vfæ pf vt­n e pf­åtp­gt­xb­nb uf­hfy­nèñ zrjc­nè, db­pyf­xb­nb yf­zd­yècnm lj­cne­ge lj at­lt­hfkm­ ybö ajy­lèd, cghjc­nb­nb gt­ht­öèl p jl­yj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le d èy­ibq nf gj­cbkb­nb lj­dè­he hj­åj­nj­lfd­wz lj lj­re­vty­nèd ghj jc­dè­n e è kè­wty­pèq, db­lf­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­ljv (ht­tp://www.chea.org/pdf/over­view_US-accred_8-03_pdf). Lée­lèn C. Ènjy Ght­pb­ltyn Hf­lb p gb­nfym fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ d uf­ke­pè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb eJournal USA 32 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb pyf­öj­lznm ­ yj­dbq lèv è gth­cgtr­nbd­yè ­ ukj­åfkm­yè wè­kè Hè­xfhl Ujk­lty Njv Cnhèr­kfyl Cke­éèy­yz kñ­lzv è fr­nbd­yf ébn­næ­df gj­pb­wèz, ghb­nf­ Yt­pf­kté­ybq ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybq rj­ktlé p Fa­uf­yè­cnfye nf Èdtnn Èc­cfh p Rt­yèÿ vfy­yè rdf­rth­cmrbv nhf­lb­wè­zv, – jcm oj ghb­dt­kj Th­kutv e Hèx­vjy­lè, infn Èy­lèf­yf, yf­kt­éfnm lj ÿö xbc­kf. Dj­yb dét fa­ufy­cmrj­uj cne­lty­nf Léf­df­lf Léj­ñ nf rt­yèq­cmre cne­lty­nre Èdtnn Èc­cfh e rj­ktlé Th­kutv e Hèx­vjy­lè, ghfu­yt lf­nb jc­dè­ne yfq­db­oj­uj pyfq­ikb åf­uf­nj cgj­cj­åèd pf­cnj­ce­ infn Èy­lèf­yf. uf­ney­r e, oj dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf­cf­lfv rdf­ df­nb cdjÿ pyfy­yz lkz hjp­d’z­pfy­yz rth­cndf (Ht­kè­uèq­yj­uj nj­df­hb­cndf lhe­pèd). Ghb­lè­k zñ­xb cj­wè­f km­ybö è gj­kè­nbx­ybö ghj­åktv e dcmj­ve cdè­nè. jcjå­kb­de edf­u e gèp­yfy­yñ èc­nb­yb nf gj­df­pè lj ytÿ, db­r kf­ Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb xfc­nj jcj­åbc­nj pf­pyf­ñnm yt­cghf­dtl­ lf­xè rj­kt­lée pf­jöj­xe­ñnm e cne­lty­nfö fr­nbd­yècnm è kb­djc­nè yf åfnm­rèd­ob­yè, è wt cgj­ye­rfæ ÿö lj lèq. Léf­dfl lj­gbn­kb­dècnm, f nf­rjé gj­æl­yfy­yz èy­nt­ktr­ne­f km­ybö – yf­jx­ybq ghb­r kfl nj­uj, zr yf­lèz è ghf­wmj­db­nècnm plfn­yè gj­ie­rèd èp ébn­n zv, d zrj­ve dj­yb jå­cnjññnm wèy­yjc­nè gjl­jkf­nb, plf­df­kjcm åb, yt­qvj­dèh­yè nhel­yj­oè. Yf­ghb­rèy­wè ukj­åfkm­yjÿ jc­dè­xt­yjc­nè, vbh­yj­uj dht­u e­kñ­dfy­yz rjy­akèr­ 1990-ö hj­rèd vf­kj xj­uj vèu xt­rf­nb dèl ébn­nz ökjg­xbr, cby nèd nf hèd­yjc­nè kñ­ltq è db­cj­rj­vj­hfkm­ye gj­dtlèy­r e gèl yt­uhf­vjn­ybö è åèl­ybö ve­cekm­vfy-ibÿ­nèd, zrbq ébd e öfj­cè xfc yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léè nf gj qj­uj pf­rèy­xty­yè. Hè­xfhl Rf­åe­kf è åed ghb­re­nbq lj èy­df­kèl­yj­uj rhèc­kf xt­htp gj­kèj­ Ujk­lty lj db­öj­l e yf gty­cèñ ghf­wñ­dfd lb­htr­nj­hjv dèl­lè­ vèæ­kèn. Nf­kè­åb, oj ghf­db­kb d rhfÿ­yè, yt pf­jöj­xe­df­kb jc­dè­n e ke pd’zp­rèd èp uhj­vfl­cmrèc­nñ d rj­kt­léè Th­kutv. d wè­kj­ve, f jcjå­kb­dj jc­dè­n e lèd­xfn nf èy­df­kè­lèd. Ènf­kèq­cmrbq kè­rfh p jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ Xth­dj­yj­uj Öhtc­nf gj­vè­nbd plèå­yj­uj e­gb­yènm åelm-zrj­uj èyj­ptv­yj­uj cne­lty­nf d rj­kt­léè ökjg­xb­rf q nf­æv­yj jh­uf­yè­pe­dfd lkz ymj­uj yf­dxfy­yz p ht­gt­ Th­kutv, è vj­ét­nt åe­nb gtd­yè, oj gt­htl df­vb kñ­lb­yf nb­nj­hf­vb. Léf­df­le ktu­rj lf­df­kb­cz vj­db è rjv­g’ñ­nth. Dét p xèn­rbv åf­xty­yzv vfq­åen­ymj­uj. Yt­dt­kb­rbq ue­vf­ e 13 hj­rèd dèy ghf­wñ­dfd e dèl­lè­kty­yè Xth­dj­yj­uj Öhtc­nf yè­nfh­ybq rj­ktlé ghb­dfå­kñæ cne­lty­nèd, zrè yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz ghj­uhf­vèc­njv è gj­xb­yfd le­vf­nb ghj nt, zr phj­åb­nb cdjæ pyfq­nb ghj­cnè vbh­yè ikz­öb hjp­d’z­pfy­yz cdè­nj­dbö ghj­åktv. ébn­nz gj­dyj­wèy­ybv. Åèkm­iècnm èp ybö xt­rf­ñnm yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz lkz nj­uj, Lheé­åf Léf­df­lf p kè­rf­htv nf ènf­kèq­cmrbv éeh­yf­kèc­njv, ojå pfq­yz­nb­cz cf­vt wèæñ cghf­djñ. Léf­dfl Ct­gtö­hè Léjz p zrbv dèy gj­pyf­qj­vbd­cz d 2002 hj­wè gèc­k z gf­lèy­yz dkf­lb P Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 33 eJournal USA nf­kè­åèd, lj­gj­vju­kf qj­ve db­hdf­nb­cz pè pheq­yj­df­yj­uj Fa­uf­ yè­cnfye è dcne­gb­nb lj irj­kb d Nhè­æc­nè d Ènf­kèÿ. Rj­kb dèy pf­rèy­xe­dfd ghj­uhf­ve vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj åf­rf­kfd­hf­n e d Nhè­æc­nè, nj gjl­fd lj­re­vty­nb lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj q rf­yfl­cmrj­uj rj­kt­léèd. Th­kutv db­zdbd­cz jl­ybv èp rj­kt­léèd p db­cj­rb­vb frf­lt­vèx­yb­vb db­vj­uf­vb, zrbq ghbq­yzd Léf­df­lf è pf­ghj­gj­ ye­dfd qj­ve gj­dye cnb­gty­lèñ nf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­yz. ≤Z le­ét hf­lbq, oj gj­nhf­gbd cñ­lb, – ib­hj­rj gj­cvè­öf­ ænm­cz Léf­dfl. – Vt­yè plf­ænm­cz, oj d vt­yt yf­åf­uf­nj åèkm­it vjé­kb­djc­ntq ghf­wñ­df­nb yfl nbv, oj lkz vt­yt dfé­kb­dj, yèé åe­kj å e dt­kb­rj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè≥. Pf­hfp, yf lhe­uj­ve reh­cè, dèy pj­ct­ht­léeænm­cz yf db­dxty­yè njx­ybö yf­e r, fkt lj­lfn­rj­dj cke­öfæ ktr­wèÿ p ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö è cec­gèkm­ybö yf­e r. ≤P ju­k z­le yf vèq ébn­næ­dbq lj­cdèl, z dct åèkm­it wè­rfd­kñcm db­dxty­yzv cdè­n e p ghb­hjl­yb­xj-èc­nj­hbx­yj­uj gj­ukz­le, – gj­ zc­yñæ dèy. – Åèj­kj­uèz db­dxfæ zdb­ot db­lj­djÿ è vèé­db­lj­djÿ rjy­re­hty­wèÿ. Jc­rèkm­rb kñ­lb­yf – wt nté jlby èp db­lèd, z hjp­ukz­lfñ gb­nfy­yz p èy­ij­uj åj­re: ie­rfñ ikz­öb rjy­re­ hty­wèÿ gj­-kñl­cmrb≥. Léf­dfl påb­hf­ænm­cz ghj­ljd­é e­df­nb db­dxty­yz wmj­uj gb­nfy­yz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè è cgj­lè­df­ænm­cz gj­nèv ghf­wñ­df­nb d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè, ajy­lè xb yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rj­ ve wty­nhè. Léf­dfl åt­ht fr­nbd­ye exfcnm e cne­ltyncmrj­ve q uhj­vfl­ cmrj­ve ébn­nè rfv­ge­ce, ghf­wñæ d ghj­uhf­vè ≤Zr d JJY≥, e Rke­åè db­dxty­yz vb­he q ukj­åfkm­ybö ghj­åktv, e ≤Vèé­yf­hjl­ yèq fv­yèc­nèÿ≥, d jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ ≤Cne­lty­nb p Fpèÿ≥. Ojå gj­kèg­ib­ nb cdèq aè­yfy­cj­dbq cnfy, Léf­dfl pfq­vf­ænm­cz lj­c kèl­ybwm­ rjñ hj­åj­njñ d hfv­rfö Ghj­uhf­vb db­dxty­yz gb­nfym vb­he è ukj­åfkm­ybö ghj­åktv, zre ghj­gj­yeæ rj­ktlé Th­kutv. Vb­y e­kj­uj kè­nf Léf­dfl cnfd jl­ybv èp 40 lt­kt­uf­nèd dèl eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd Cgj­k e­xt­ybö Inf­nèd yf zgjy­cmrj-fvt­hb­rfy­ cmrèq rjy­at­hty­wèÿ d Cnty­ajhlcmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè, infn Rf­kè­ajh­yèz, f gj­nèv ghf­wñ­dfd e Nj­df­hb­cndè fa­ufy­cmrbö ghja­tcèj­yf­kèd e Gèd­yèx­yèq Fvt­hb­wè e Aht­vjy­nè, infn Rf­ kè­ajh­yèz. Wmj­uj hj­re pf cdjñ hj­åj­n e Léf­dfl jn­hb­vfd cne­ ltyncmrbq ghbp Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ vb­he è cghf­dtl­kb­ djc­nè ≤pf dyt­cjr e dcnfy­jd­kty­yz vb­he è cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nè d rfv­ge­cè, d uhj­vf­lè nf d ecmj­ve cdè­nè≥. Rhèv wèæÿ yf­uj­hj­lb, Léf­dfl jn­hb­vfd èot jl­ye, fyf­kj­uèx­ye, dèl Cne­ltyncmrjÿ rjy­at­hty­wèÿ p gb­nfym vb­he d Uj­ity­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè, infn Èy­lèf­yf. Yb­yè, vfñ­xb fa­ufy­cmrbq, ènf­kèq­cmrbq nf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbq lj­cdèl, 20-hèx­ybq Léf­dfl yf­pb­dfæ ct­åt ≤ukj­åfkm­ybv uhj­ vf­lz­yb­yjv≥ è lj­lfæ: ≤Dct, oj vt­yè gj­nhèå­yj pf­hfp, – wt ukj­åfkm­yf dè­pf≥. Èdtnn Èc­cfh dxbnm­cz yf nht­nmj­ve reh­cè rj­kt­lée Th­kutv pf cgt­wè­f km­yèc­nñ ≤vèé­yf­hjl­yè ghj­åkt­vb≥. E wmj­ve rj­kt­ léè dj­yf pf­wè­rf­db­kf­cz rekm­n eh­ybv cgfl­rjv rdf­rt­hèd è zc­ rhf­dj db­hf­ét­yb­vb èltf­kf­vb ≤yt­yf­cbkm­ybw­ndf, ghj­cnj­nb eJournal USA è cj­wè­f km­yjÿ cghf­dtl­kb­djc­nè≥. Èdtnn yf­hj­lb­kf­cz q db­hjc­kf d Yfq­hj­åè (Rt­yèz), f ÿÿ åfnm­r b – èy­l e­cb. ≤Lkz vt­yt jåbl­dè rhfÿ­yb hèl­yè, öj­xf, vjé­kb­dj, Èy­lèz lt­oj åkbé­xf, – rf­ét Èdtnn. – Rj­kb z ghb­ÿöf­kf d Th­kutv, nj le­vf­kf, oj vt­yè yt cgj­lj­åf­ænm­cz éb­nb d vèc­ntx­r e yf Ct­htl­ymj­ve Pf­öj­lè, fkt db­zdb­kj­cz, oj wt xe­lj­dt vèc­wt. D uhj­vf­lè gf­y eæ yt­qvj­ dèh­ybq gj­nzu lj yf­dxfy­yz, f kñ­lb ukb­åj­rj dèl­lf­yè cghf­dè jc­dè­nb≥. D rj­kt­léè Th­kutv Èdtnn cajh­ve­df­kf dèl­lè­kty­yz jh­uf­ yè­pf­wèÿ ≤Fvt­hb­rfy­wè pf gj­èy­ajh­vj­df­y e lt­vjr­hf­nèñ≥, zrf ghj­dj­lbnm dè­ltj­rjy­at­hty­wèÿ pè cne­lty­nf­vb p hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy cdè­n e, ojå jå­uj­dj­hb­nb cdè­nj­dè ghj­åkt­vb q lèq­nb ep­uj­lét­ ybö hè­itym. Cmj­ujl­yè e CIF q èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö èc­y eæ 70 cne­ltyncmrbö dèl­lè­ktym wèæÿ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ. ≤Dct gj­xf­kj­cz nj­lè, rj­kb yf jl­yèq èp pec­nhè­xtq z gj­pyf­qj­vb­kf­cz p kñlm­ vb, rjn­hè vf­ñnm ght­rhfc­yè èltÿ ghj nt, zr rhf­ot ghtl­cnf­ db­nb èy­iè rhfÿ­yb pdb­xfq­ybv fvt­hb­rfy­wzv è zr djl­yj­xfc phj­åb­nb ct­htl­ymj­uj fvt­hb­rfy­wz phj­pe­vè­kbv lkz kñ­ltq p èy­ibö rhf­ÿy≥. Pf wtq hèr Èdtnn jh­uf­yè­pe­df­kf xj­nb­hb rjy­at­hty­wèÿ, gj­pyf­qj­vbd­ib fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lty­nèd p ÿö­yè­vb jl­yj­kèn­ rf­vb p Gf­rb­cnfye, Fdcnhf­kèÿ, Aè­kèg­gèy, Ujy­le­hf­ce, Ihè-Kfy­ rb nf åf­uf­nmjö èy­ibö rhf­ÿy. Cne­lty­nb jå­uj­dj­hñ­df­kb nf­rè nt­vb, zr ≤Ht­fr­wèz cdè­n e yf cnb­öèq­yè kb­öf≥ nf ≤Xb gj­dby­yè Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb yf­vf­uf­nb­cz hjp­db­df­nb lt­vjr­hf­nèñ pf rjh­lj­yjv?≥. Zr è Léf­dfl, Èdtnn åhf­kf fr­nbd­ye exfcnm e ghj­uhf­vè ≤Zr d JJY≥. Vb­ye­kj­uj hj­re gèl xfc ghj­dt­lty­yz pf­öj­le wèæÿ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ d Xb­rf­uj dj­yf ghtl­cnfd­k z­kf Kè­dfy. ≤Ojå ghtl­cnfd­k z­nb èy­nt­ht­cb èy­ijÿ rhfÿ­yb, nht­åf hj­pe­vè­nb ÿÿ uhj­vf­lzy, nht­åf gt­htd­nè­kb­nb­cz d ybö, – rf­ét Èdtnn. – Åèkm­ it nj­uj, nht­åf dxb­nb­cz cgèd­ghf­wñ­df­nb p èy­ib­vb kñlm­vb pf­l kz rj­jh­lb­yf­wèÿ pe­cbkm è qnb yf rjv­ghj­vè­cb pf­hf­lb lj­czu­yty­yz åkf­uf lkz dcèö≥. Èdtnn pyf­öj­lbnm nf­rjé xfc lkz pf­yznm ekñå­kt­yjñ ve­pb­ rjñ – dj­yf cgè­dfæ d öj­hè rj­kt­lée Th­kutv. Vb­ye­kjÿ dtc­yb dj­yf ghj­dt­kf ct­vtcnh e Dèl­yè. ≤Wt åe­kj yt­gt­ht­dth­it­yj, – puf­leæ Èdtnn. – Vb cgè­df­kb d cf­vj­ve cth­wè Æd­hj­gb d wbö pyf­vt­yb­nbö cj­åj­hfö. Z yè­rj­kb wmj­uj yt pf­åe­le≥. Rj­kb ÿÿ gb­nf­ñnm ghj nt, zrè yfq­dfé­kb­dè­iè ehj­rb dj­yf plj­åe­kf, yf­dxfñ­xbcm e CIF, Èdtnn pf­vbc­kñ­ænm­cz. ≤Jxt­dbl­ yj, yfq­dfé­kb­dè­it d ébn­nè kñ­lb­yb – wt kñ­lb, zrè ÿÿ jnj­xe­ ñnm. Åtp pd’zp­re p yb­vb, åtp kñ­åj­dè nb ghj­cnj jc­nhè­djr, zr­oj db­yb­rf­ñnm zrècm nhel­yj­oè. Z phj­pe­vè­kf, oj kñ­lzv ckèl neh­åe­df­nb­cz jl­yt ghj jl­yj­uj, åt­htu­nb cdj­ÿö åkbpm­ rbö. Yf­gtd­yt, z pf­délb wt pyf­kf, fkt d CIF z cghfd­lè wt phj­pe­vè­kf≥. 3 Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 34 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Ghf­wz yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè Hj­åèy K. Æuth Hj­lét­kèj Cj­kèc. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd Gèd­lty­yj­uj Vèc­cè­cè­gè q Èk­kè­yjq­ce cnf­hfy­yj ghf­wñ­ñnm yf pdt­lty­yè åe­lby­re lkz jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ ≤Ébn­kj lkz kñ­ltq≥ e Létr­cj­yè (infn Vèc­cè­cè­gè). Ghf­wèd­ybr Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­ne CIF Hj­åèy Æuth hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj nt, zr fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb pf­jöj­ xe­ñnm cne­lty­nèd lj ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè. Gèd­lty­yj­uj Vèc­cè­cè­gè (Utn­nèc­åthu, infn Vèc­cè­cè­gè) æ lj­åhj­ dèkm­ybv ht­ceh­cybv wty­nhjv è wty­nhjv p rj­jh­lb­yf­wèÿ uhj­vfl­cmrbö hj­åèn è ajh­ve­dfy­yz e cne­lty­nèd yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Oj­hj­re yf uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­yècnm ghb­gf­lfæ 20 000 uj­lby. Ec­gèi­yècnm e yf­dxfy­yè è cke­é èy­yz uhj­vf­lè æ zl­hjv ghj­ uhf­vb, zrf pf­jöj­xeæ uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­yècnm cne­lty­nèd yf vèc­wt­dj­ve hèd­yè, d vfc­inf­åfö dcèæÿ rhfÿ­yb è dcmj­uj cdè­n e. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­lty­yj­uj Vèc­cè­cè­gè – jlby èp itc­nb db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd, zrè hf­pjv pè Cöèl­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrbv eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv pfq­vf­ñnm­cz dghj­df­léty­yzv jl­yèæÿ p vj­lt­ ktq ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè. Yf åf­pè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e nf­rjé cndjht­yj è aeyr­wèj­yeæ Wtynh uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ q uhj­vf­lzy­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè Vèc­cè­cè­gè (ht­tp:// www.usm.edu/ocsl). Jcm zr nke­vf­xbnm ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè Èk­kè­yjq­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn (Eh­åf­yf-Ifv­gtqy): E CIF èc­ye­ñnm cbkm­yè nhf­lb­wèÿ lj­åhj­dèkm­yjÿ ghf­wè. Pvf­ktx­re vj­kjlm pf­jöj­xe­ñnm pyf­öj­lb­nb vjé­kb­djc­ nè lj­gj­vju­nb åkbé­ymj­ve. Yf dcèq nt­hb­nj­hèÿ Cgj­ke­ xt­ybö Inf­nèd rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb lf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e åhf­nb exfcnm e lj­åhj­dèkm­yèq uhj­vfl­cmrèq lè­z km­yjc­nè. Èyj­lè cne­lty­nb yf­dènm jn­hb­ve­ñnm pf­kè­rb pf nf­re ghf­wñ, fkt yfq­xfc­nè­it yf­uj­hj­ljñ æ gj­xen­nz pf­lj­dj­kty­yz dèl nj­uj, oj dj­yb rj­vecm lj­gj­vju­kb, è hj­pe­vèy­yz, oj yf­dènm dj­yb, ot ñyè, vj­é enm phj­åb­nb ojcm rj­hbc­yt. Yf­jx­ybv dnè­kty­ yzv wèæÿ rjy­wtg­wèÿ æ jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz ≤Rfv­gec rjv­gfrn≥, zrf yf cdjæ­ve dtå-cfq­nè (ht­tp://www.comp­act.org) öf­hfr­nt­hb­peæ ct­åt zr ≤pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yf rjf­kè­wèz htr­nj­hèd gj­yfl 950 rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p ghb­åkbp­yj 5 vky. cne­lty­nèd, zrf yf­vf­uf­ænm­cz hjp­db­df­nb q pf­jöj­xe­df­nb uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­ yècnm, ajh­ve­df­nb fr­nbd­ye uhj­vf­lzy­cmre gj­pb­wèñ è gj­nht­åe cke­é b­nb cec­gèkm­cnde e cat­hè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb≥. P xf­ce cdj­uj pf­cye­dfy­yz e 1992 hj­wè Åñ­hj p ajh­ve­ dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè ghb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 ≤Gèl­uj­njd­rf cne­lty­nèd lj db­zd­kty­yz fr­nbd­yjÿ uhj­vf­ lzy­cmrjÿ gj­pb­wèÿ æ jl­ybv èp yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibö pf­dlfym ue­vf­yè­nfh­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. Vb gj­d’zpeæ­vj cne­ltyncmre uhj­vfl­ cmre lè­z km­yècnm èp yf­dxfkm­ybv ghj­wt­cjv. Ue­vf­yè­nfh­yf jc­dè­nf lj­gj­vf­ufæ cne­lty­nfv ajh­ve­df­nb èy­nt­ktr­n e­f km­ye 35 eJournal USA Ntl C. Dj­hhty. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nrf eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Cè­tn­nkf yf­dxfæ uke­öj­yè­vj­uj d yf­vt­nj­dj­ve vèc­ntx­re lkz åtp­ljv­ybö yf nt­hb­nj­hèÿ rfv­ge­ce d Cè­tn­nkè (infn Dfi­nby­unjy). è cj­wè­f km­ye ecnfy­jd­re, zrf djl­yj­xfc db­vf­ufæ db­zde ndjh­ xbö plèå­yjc­ntq è dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yjc­nè. Dj­yf ndjh­xf d gkf­yè uj­njd­yjc­nè trc­gt­hb­vty­n e­df­nb p èltz­vb, ezd­k z­nb yj­dè cdè­nb è xb­yb­nb jgèh cnt­htj­nb­gfv. Dj­yf dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yf pf aey­lf­vty­nfkm­yè pd’zp­rb p ht­f km­ybv cdè­njv. vb q uhj­vfl­cmrb­vb jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz­vb, ojå cndjhb­nb ghj­uhf­ ve “DREAM” (d gt­htr­kf­lè – ≤Vhèz≥, åer­dfkm­yj – få­ht­dèf­n e­ hf dèl “Dire­cting Through Rec­re­ation, Education, Adve­ntu­re, and Me­ntoring” – ≤Cghz­ve­dfy­yz ikz­öjv dèl­gj­xby­re, jc­dè­nb, ghb­ujl è db­öj­dfy­yz≥. – Ghbv. htl.). D hfv­rfö wèæÿ ghj­uhf­ vb lj lè­ntq p vèc­wt­dbö vf­kj­pf­åtp­gt­xt­ybö hj­lby ghb­rhèg­ kñ­ñnm yf nhb­df­kbq xfc yf­cnfd­yb­rèd, zrè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm ÿv e yf­dxfy­yè, pfq­vf­ñnm­cz p yb­vb cgjh­njv è öj­lznm e gj­öj­lb. Ghj­uhf­ve gj­xf­kb plèq­cyñ­df­nb e Lfh­nve­nè d 1991 hj­wè, f nt­gth dj­yf gj­ib­hb­kf­cz yf dcñ nt­hb­nj­hèñ inf­n e. Gfh­nyt­ hf­vb ghj­uhf­vb æ fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yè jh­uf­yb, zrè pfq­vf­ñnm­cz gb­nfy­yz­vb ébn­kf, jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz ≤Lèd­xf­nf-crfe­nb≥ q rjv­gf­yèz “Ben and Jerry’s Ice Cream” (ht­tp://www.dreamprogram.org/). Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Cè­t n­nkf (infn Df­iby­unjy) e kbc­nj­gf­lè 2005 hj­re jh­uf­yè­pe­dfd pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­ye rjy­at­hty­wèñ p ghj­åktv åèl­yjc­nè – g’z­n e pf hf­ö ey­rjv. Wtq eyè­dth­cb­ntn gj­ghj­cb­kb ghj­dtc­nb nf­rbq pf­öèl, nj­ve oj d kñ­nj­ve 2005 hj­re nfv èc­ye­df­kj yf­vt­nj­dt vèc­ntx­rj, zrt lf­kj ghb­n e­kjr yf wè­kbq vè­czwm cj­nyè åtp­ljv­ybö xj­kj­dè­rèd è éè­yjr. Eyè­dth­ cb­ntn Cè­t n­nkf cnfd gth­ibv yf­dxfkm­ybv pf­r kf­ljv, zrbq yf­lfd åtp­ljv­ybv nf­re lj­gj­vj­u e. Rjy­at­hty­wèñ jh­uf­yè­pe­df­ kb cne­lty­nb wmj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e è xkt­yb df­iby­unjy­cmrj­ uj dèl­lè­kty­yz ≤Rfv­gec rjv­gfrn≥. Wz fcj­wèf­wèz jå’æl­yeæ Jcm xj­ve nfr dfé­kb­dj yt dè­ljr­htv­kñ­df­nb cne­lty­nèd dèl cec­gèkm­cndf è hjp­db­df­nb ÿö­yñ gj­nht­åe cke­é b­nb kñ­lzv. Yf­ghb­r kfl, pf ldf ct­vè­yf­hb cne­lty­nfv yf dèl­lè­kty­yè fh­öè­ntr­n eh­yj­uj lb­pfq­ye dlf­kj­cz hjp­hj­åb­nb ghj­trn yt­lj­hj­uj­uj, fkt trj­yjv­yj­uj oj­lj db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz tyth­uèÿ åe­lby­re lkz ghj­uhf­vb ≤Ébn­kj lkz kñ­ltq≥. He­ièq­yjñ cb­kjñ wmj­uj eyè­rfkm­yj­uj ghj­tr­n e åe­kj crkfl­yt gj­æl­ yfy­yz wèy­yjc­ntq è db­åj­he, zrt pf­rj­hè­yñ­ænm­cz d uhj­vfl­ cmre dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm, e cty­cè nj­uj, oj nht­åf phj­åb­nb åe­lby­rb lj­cneg­yb­vb lkz vf­kj­pf­åtp­gt­xt­ybö cè­vtq, fkt hf­pjv èp nbv db­rj­hbc­nf­nb yj­dè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ tyth­ujp­åt­ht­ éty­yz≥ (ht­tp://www.union.uiuc.edu/ovp/sle/). E Yj­dèq Fy­ukèÿ Lfh­ven­cmrbq rj­ktlé, Dth­vjyncmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn, rj­ktlé Cd. Vfq­r kf, Yjh­dèx­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ ntn, Ifv­gktqycmrbq rj­ktlé è Rfc­nknjy­cmrbq lth­éfd­ybq rj­ktlé jå’æl­yf­kb­cz p åf­ufnm­vf vèc­wt­db­vb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yb­ eJournal USA 36 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 ghj­tr­nfö. Jl­yè ghf­wñ­ñnm cf­vjc­nèq­ yj, èy­iè – d eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö jå’æl­ yfy­yzö xb vèc­wt­dbö jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zö. Cne­lty­nb Dj­aajhlcmrj­uj rj­kt­lée ghf­wñ­ñnm e åtp­gkfn­ybö ÿlfkm­yzö è ghb­n ek­rfö lkz åtp­ljv­ybö, uj­n e­ñnm è hjp­lf­ñnm ÿée uj­kjl­ybv. Dj­yb db­r kf­lf­ñnm e vèc­wt­dbö irj­kfö è ghf­wñ­ñnm e vèc­wt­dèq åtp­rji­njd­yèq vt­lbx­yèq rkè­yè­wè. Dj­yb lf­he­ñnm hèp­ldz­yè gjl­fhey­rb åèl­ybv lè­nzv è lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm ghb­rhf­if­nb rfv­gec è cdjæ vèc­nj lj cdz­nf (ht­tp://www. wof­ford.edu/service­Learning/de­fa­ult. asp). Dcè rj­kt­léè ghj­gj­y e­ñnm ghj­ uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz p tkt­vty­nf­vb P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ Dj­aajhlcmrj­uj rj­kt­lée uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Pf lf­yb­vb Cne­ltyn Dj­aajhlcmrj­uj rj­kt­lée, infn Gèd­lty­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf, lj­gj­vf­ufæ Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ vèc­wt­dbö cne­lty­nfv vj­kjl­ibö reh­cèd yf pf­yzn­nzö p fr­njh­cmrjÿ vfq­cnth­yjc­nè. rj­kt­léèd, åèkm­it yèé gj­kj­db­yf vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd e CIF nf­rjé ddt­kb gjl­èå­yè ghj­uhf­vb lj cdj­ÿö gkf­yèd. Fcj­wèf­wèz d cdj­ÿö kf­dfö htr­nj­hèd rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd inf­n e db­lf­kf ybp­r e geå­kè­rf­wèq yf wñ nt­ve, ldè p zrbö jcjå­kb­ Df­iby­unjy, zrè yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz gèl­db­ob­nb uhj­vf­lzy­cmre dj wè­rf­dè. Wt “Sustaining Service Learning: The Role of Chief Academic Of­fi­cers” (≤Yfd­xfy­yz uhj­vfl­cmrèq lè­z km­yjc­nè. Hjkm dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yècnm cne­lty­nèd. Lt­nfkm­yè­it ghj rjy­at­hty­wèñ ghj­dèl­ybö db­r kf­lf­xèd. Lj­gj­vèé­yè vf­nt­hèf­kb≥, 8 cnj­hè­yjr) lbd.: ht­tp://www.stu­de­ntsagainsthunger.org. Èy­if pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yj db­pyf­yf ghj­uhf­vf plèq­cyñ­ è “A Practical Guide for Int­eg­rating Civic Responsibi­lity Into the Curriculum” (≤Ghfr­nbx­ybq gj­cèå­ybr èp ddt­lty­yz uhj­vf­lzy­ ænm­cz d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Aeh­vf­yf d Uhèy­dèk­kè (infn Gèd­lty­yf cmrjÿ dèl­gj­dè­lfkm­yjc­nè e yf­dxfkm­y e ghj­uhf­ve≥, 86 cnj­hè­ Rf­hj­kè­yf). Yf dtå-cfq­nè wmj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e crf­pf­yj: yjr). Jåbl­dè geå­kè­rf­wèÿ vjé­yf pyfq­nb yf dtå-cfq­nè ht­tp:// www.aacc.nche.edu/Conte­nt/NavigationMenu/Resource­Ce­nt­er/ ≤Åf­uf­nj reh­cèd p ht­kè­uèÿ, gt­lf­uj­uè­rb, vbc­ntw­ndf, aè­kj­ Proje­cts_Part­nerships/Curre­nt/HorizonsService­Learning­ cj­aèÿ, cj­wèj­kj­uèÿ è gj­kè­nj­kj­uèÿ gt­htl­åf­xf­ñnm uhj­vfl­ Proje­ct/Publ­ications/Publ­ications.htm. cmre ghf­wñ. Yf­iè cne­lty­nb yf­dxf­ñnm xb­nf­nb lè­ntq p Ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­ybq èy­cnb­n en Fkm­åe­rth­rf e inf­ vf­kj­pf­åtp­gt­xt­ybö hj­lby, hjp­hjå­k z­ñnm vfh­rt­nbyu lkz nè Ymñ-Vtr­cb­rj gjl­fæ ghb­r kfl yf­dxfy­yz uhj­vfl­cmrèq vèc­wt­dbö yt­rj­vth­wèq­ybö jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm gèl­ lè­z km­yjc­nè yf hèd­yè vèc­wt­dj­uj rj­kt­lée. Dèy jn­hb­vfd uhfyn ghb­æv­wzv crkf­lf­nb åèp­ytc-gkf­yb. Rjh­gj­hf­wèÿ pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ è uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ ghf­wè, f nf­rjé åf­uf­nj yf­uj­hjl pf pf­c ke­ub d wèq cat­hè. Gj­yfl 50 Ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè yt ghb­gb­ vèc­wt­dbö futy­wèq ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cne­lty­nfv wmj­uj èy­cnb­n e­n e yz­ænm­cz pf ldt­hb­vf fe­lb­nj­hèÿ. Oj­hj­re 800 cne­lty­nèdghf­wñ­df­nb p yb­vb, è cne­lty­nb vj­é enm, pf åf­éfy­yzv, åhf­ ljå­hj­djkm­wèd eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Aeh­vf­yf ghf­wñ­ñnm d ≤Eyè­ nb exfcnm e vj­kj­lèé­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö nf ghj­uhf­vfö yf­lfy­yz dth­cb­ntn­cmrj­ve rjh­ge­cè jc­dè­nb≥, yf­lfñ­xb lj­gj­vj­u e 45 vt­lbx­ybö, cj­wè­f km­ybö è ñhb­lbx­ybö gj­c keu, pfq­vf­nb­cz jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zv, e nj­ve xbc­kè ≤Fh­vèÿ gj­hz­n ey­re≥, Wty­nhj­dè jöj­hj­yjñ kè­cèd, gèl­uj­njd­rjñ è ghj­dt­lty­yzv Cgt­wè­f km­ybö cgt­wè­f km­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz lkz lè­ntq, uhe­gfv ≤Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­ jkèv­gèq­cmrbö èujh, ghf­wñ­df­nb e rjy­uhtc­vt­yèd fåj pfq­vf­nb­ rfy­cmrf èyè­wèf­nb­df≥ nf ≤Lèd­xf­nf-crfe­nb≥≥ (ht­tp://www.furman.edu/main/community.htm). cz pf­öbc­njv ndf­hby (ht­tp://planet.tvi.cc.nm.us/­ ex­per­ie­nti­allearning/). 3 Hjp­nf­ij­df­ybq yt­gj­lf­kèr Dj­aajhlcmrbq rj­ktlé (v. Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb Cgfh­nfy­åthu, infn Gèd­lty­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf) nf­rjé vfæ cdjñ xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. ghj­uhf­ve ajh­ve­dfy­yz yf­db­xjr uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè. Cne­lty­nb wmj­uj yt­dt­kb­rj­uj rj­kt­lée ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö yf­e r lj­åhj­dèkm­yj åt­henm exfcnm e hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö uhj­vfl­cmrbö Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 37 eJournal USA Hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè ­ jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb yf ghb­rkf­lè ct­vb rjy­rhtn­ybö rj­kt­léèd Gj­cjkm­cndf è rjy­c ekm­cndf CIF åt­henm yf hj­åj­ne èyj­ptv­ybö uhj­vf­lzy lkz nj­uj, ojå dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­kb hjp­hjå­k z­nb q htf­kè­pj­de­df­nb jc­dèn­yè nf rekm­neh­yè ghj­uhf­vb, zrè gj­kèg­ie­ñnm dpfæ­vj­hj­pe­vèy­yz. D rdèn­yè 2005 hj­r e Lth­éfd­ybq lt­ gfh­nf­vtyn CIF jh­uf­yè­pe­dfd ghb­ÿpl lj CIF dè­cèv­yfl­w z­nb nf­rbö ghf­wèd­yb­rèd yf yf­dxfy­yz p dèl­dè­lfy­yzv rj­kt­léèd e Ifh­kjn­nè (infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf) nf ÿÿ jrj­kb­w zö lkz jp­yf­qjv­kty­yz p ébn­n zv è gj­å e­njv èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. E wèq cnfn­nè gèl­åb­nj gèl­c ev­rb gj­ÿp­lrb wèæÿ uhe­gb è yf­lf­yj pf­ufkm­yt ezd­kty­yz ghj hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm vjé­kb­djc­ntq jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF. V èc­nj Ifh­kjn­nf åe­kj db­åhf­yt nj­ve, oj wt dt­kb­rbq wtynh åfy­rèd­cmrjÿ lè­z km­yjc­nè, pf­cj­åèd vf­cj­djÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, åèp­ yt­ce, rekm­n e­hb è nhfyc­gjh­n e yf Gèd­lty­yj­ve Cöj­lè CIF, f nf­rjé ≤jct­k z≥ lkz wè­kjÿ ybp­rb gj­dfé­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd. 18 exfc­yb­rèd ghj­uhf­vb åe­kb hjp­lè­kt­yè yf uhe­gb, rjé­yf p zrbö dèl­dè­lf­kf jlby rj­ktlé, ojå pec­nhè­nb­cz pè cne­lty­nf­vb, gj­cgj­cnt­hè­uf­nb pf yf­dxfy­yzv, jå­uj­dj­hb­nb lj­cneg­yè lkz cne­lty­nèd ht­ceh­cb nf ghj­åkt­vb, zrè yf ybö xt­rf­ñnm, f nf­rjé jlthéf­nb ezd­kty­yz ghj ébn­nz è gj­åen èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd e CIF. Dcè wè rj­kt­léè pf­wè­rfd­kt­yè e pf­ke­xty­yè èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd è gèl­nhb­ve­ñnm ht­u e­k zh­yj jyjd­kñ­df­yè, lj­åht jajh­vkt­yè dtå-cfq­nb p èy­ajh­vf­wèæñ ghj ct­åt. Yf­dt­lt­ybq ehb­djr èp dtå-cfq­n e rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf ej­cjå­kñæ pf­ufkm­ye pf­wè­rfd­kt­yècnm rj­kt­léèd d èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nfö: ≤Gj­èy­ajh­vj­df­yècnm ghj gjl­èÿ, zrè dèl­åe­df­ñnm­cz e cdè­nè, nf cneh­åj­df­yècnm ukj­åfkm­yb­vb ghj­åkt­vf­vb – dfé­kb­dè xby­yb­rb jc­dèn­ymj­uj ghj­wt­ce d rj­kt­léè Lt­dèl­cj­yf. Zr cne­ltyn, zrbq ébd è yf­dxfd­cz d èy­ièq rhfÿ­yè, db vj­ét­nt åf­uf­nj xbv gjl­èkb­nb­cz pè cne­lty­nf­vb q db­r kf­lf­xf­vb yf­ij­uj rj­kt­lée. D ghj­wt­cè hjp­ukz­le df­ijÿ pf­zdb vb hjp­hf­öj­deæ­vj lèp­yf­nb­cz åèkm­it ghj dfc è dfi ébn­næ­dbq lj­cdèl≥. Cèv yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­rkf­lèd P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ rj­kt­lée fåfn­cndf Åtk­vjyn Rj­ktlé fåfn­cndf Åtk­vjyn – wt yt­dt­kb­rbq ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybq rj­ktlé, lt yf­dxf­ænm­cz 1000 cne­lty­nèd. Dèy dè­lj­vbq cdjæñ ≤hj­lby­yjñ≥ jå­cnfy­jd­rjñ è ghfu­yty­yzv cajh­ve­df­nb wè­kèc­ye, ufh­vj­yèq­yj hjp­db­ye­n e jcj­åbc­nècnm. Rj­ktlé hjp­nf­ij­df­yj e Åtk­vjy­nè (infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf), d rèkm­rjö ödb­kb­yfö ÿp­lb yf pf­öèl dèl Ifh­kjn­nb. Gj­åkb­pe rj­kt­lée – fåfn­cndj Åtk­vjyn, pf­cyj­df­yt vj­yf­öf­vb-åt­yt­lbr­nby­wz­vb (ht­tp://www.belmo­nt­abbeycolle­ge.edu/). eJournal USA 38 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Wty­n hfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq rj­ktlé – dt­kb­rbq vèc­wt­dbq rj­ktlé e inf­nè Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf, lt yf­dxf­ænm­cz gj­yfl 70 nb­czx cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè åt­henm exfcnm e 100 yf­dxfkm­ybö ghj­uhf­vfö e rèkm­rjö rfv­ge­cfö. Cf­vt nen Ght­pb­ltyn Léjhlé D. Åei db­cne­gbd 5 rdèn­yz 2005 hj­re p ghj­vj­djñ ghj yj­dè èyè­wèf­nb­db p gb­nfym hjp­dbn­re nhe­lj­dbö ht­ceh­cèd. Rj­ktlé gb­if­ænm­ cz nbv, oj d ymj­ve yf­dxf­ñnm­cz cne­lty­nb p gj­yfl 100 rhf­ÿy (ht­tp://www.cpcc.edu). P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ Wty­nhfkm­yj­uj­ G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée Ghja­tcjh lj­gj­vf­ufæ cne­lty­nj­dè d rjv­g’ñ­nth­yj­ve rkf­cè Wty­nhfkm­yj­ uj G’æl­vjyncmrj­uj rj­kt­lée. P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf hjp­nf­ij­df­yj d v. Lt­dèl­cjy (infn Gèd­yèx­yf Rf­hj­kè­yf), ghb­åkbp­yj d 30 ödb­kb­yfö ÿp­lb yf gèd­yèx dèl Ifh­kjn­nb. Yf­ct­kty­yz Lt­dèl­cj­yf yf­kè­xeæ dcmj­uj 8 nbc. jcèå. Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf – wt yt­pf­kté­ybq ue­vf­ yè­nfh­ybq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, e zrj­ve yf­dxf­ænm­cz 1600 cne­lty­nèd. P xf­ce pf­cye­dfy­yz rj­kt­lée d 1837 hj­wè ght­cdè­ nt­hèf­yf­vb p qj­uj cnèy db­qikj 23 cnb­gty­lèf­nb Hjl­cf. Yf jcjå­kb­de edf­u e pf­c ke­uj­deæ pf­cyj­df­yf 20 hj­rèd nj­ve Ghj­ uhf­vf vèé­yf­hjl­ybö lj­c kè­létym èv. Lè­yf Hfc­rf, yf­pdf­yf yf xtcnm db­gec­ryb­rf rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf, zrbq jåèq­vfd gj­cn lth­éfd­yj­uj ctr­ht­nf­hz inf­n e. Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf åe­kj pf­cyj­df­yj zr xj­kj­dè­xbq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, fkt cmj­ujl­yè cne­lty­njr e ymj­ve yt vty­it, yèé cne­lty­nèd (ht­tp://www. davidson.edu). Cne­lty­nb rj­kt­lée Lt­dèl­cj­yf ghj­dj­lznm oj­vè­czx­ye ≤yf­wèj­yfkm­ye dt­xt­hñ≥, gèl xfc zrjÿ ujc­nè vj­éenm jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p reö­ytñ, ve­pb­rjñ è yf­wèj­yfkm­yb­vb rjc­nñ­vf­vb gtd­yjÿ rhfÿ­yb. Yf pyèv­re: cne­lty­nb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm gtr­nb ökèå. Dèr­nj­hèz Fhj­xj. AP/WWP Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjycj­yf q Etkm­cf yf­pb­dfæ ct­åt ≤eyè­dth­ cb­nt­njv, zrbq reæ rfl­hb lkz Fvt­hb­rb≥. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn vfæ cdjÿ rfv­ge­cb d xj­nb­hmjö inf­nfö; rfv­gec e Ifh­kjn­nè åe­kj dèl­rhb­ nj e 2004 hj­wè. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn ghj­gj­yeæ ghj­uhf­vb yt­gj­dyj­uj (ldf hj­rb) è gj­dyj­uj (xj­nb­hb hj­rb p ghb­cdj­æy­yzv cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf) yf­dxfy­yz èp cgt­wè­f km­yèc­nñ e cat­hè åèp­yt­ce, htc­nj­ hfy­yj-uj­ntkm­yjÿ cghf­db nf re­kè­yfh­yj­uj vbc­ntw­ndf. Yf qj­uj dtå-cfq­nè ghtl­cnfd­kt­yj èy­ajh­vf­wèñ cèv­yfl­wznm­vf vj­df­vb (ht­tp://www.jwu.edu/charlotte). Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Léjy­cj­yf è Etkm­cf uj­ne­ñnm­cz lj gj­rf­pe db­gèx­rb yf ≤Yf­wèj­yfkm­yj­ve ökèå­yj­ve cf­vè­nè≥. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 39 eJournal USA P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf – èc­nj­hbx­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbq. Nfv yf­ dxf­ænm­cz 1400 cne­lty­nèd, e hjp­gj­hz­léty­yè zrbö ghj­cnj­hbq rfv­gec, kb­it d vb­kè dèl wty­nhe Ifh­kjn­nb. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè gf­yeæ lheé­yz fn­vjc­at­hf; nen cne­lty­nf­vb jgè­re­ñnm­cz dèl­lf­yè cdj­ÿq cghf­dè neh­åjn­kb­dè gt­lf­uj­ub. Jl­yèæñ p db­vju lj cne­lty­nèd æ exfcnm e ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn ghj­gj­yeæ vjé­kb­dècnm yf­dxfy­yz d lt­d’z­nb pf­rjh­ljy­ybö de­pfö nf èy­nth­yf­n e­ hfö, f nf­rjé cnf­é e­dfy­yz d åèkm­it yèé 90 rjv­gf­yè­zö (ht­tp://www.jcsu.edu/). Ghj­uhf­vf yf­dxfy­yz p tkt­vty­nf­vb ghf­wè yf åkf­uj uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf pyf­ qj­vbnm cne­lty­nèd p lènm­vb, zrbv gj­nhèå­yf lj­gj­vj­uf d yf­dxfy­yè. Pf­dlz­rb wèq ghj­uhf­vè åf­uf­nj lè­ntq, rjn­hè vf­kb ybpm­rè jwèy­rb p vf­nt­vf­nb­rb q xb­nfy­yz, gèl­db­ob­kb cdjñ ec­gèi­yècnm lj hèd­yz db­ot ct­htl­ymj­uj gj inf­ne lkz ex­yèd wèæÿ dè­rj­djÿ rf­nt­uj­hèÿ. P lj­pdj­ke fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­nè Cne­lty­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­nè uj­ne­ñnm­cz lj db­gec­ryjÿ wt­ht­vj­yèÿ. Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­n è åe­kj pf­cyj­df­yj zr éè­yj­xe ct­vè­yf­hèñ. Cmj­ujl­yè cne­lty­nb xj­kj­dè­xjÿ cnf­nè cnfy­jd­k znm 30 dèl­cjn­rèd cnfh­ij­reh­cyb­rèd wmj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, zrbq ghj­gj­yeæ dct­åèx­yè ghj­uhf­vb yf hèd­yè vf­uèc­nhf­n e­hb è gj­d’zpf­ybq p ght­cdè­nt­hè­fycm­rjñ wth­r djñ. Hjp­nf­ij­df­ybq e vf­kmjd­yb­xj­ve ébn­kj­dj­ve hf­qj­yè vèc­nf, eyè­dth­cb­ntn Rdèyc e Ifh­kjn­nè gj­æl­yeæ ghj­uhf­ve xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj åf­pj­dj­uj yf­dxfy­yz d uf­ke­pè ue­vf­yè­nfh­ybö yf­e r p 24 ghja­èkññ­xb­vb lbc­wbg­ kè­yf­vb. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè yf­dxf­ænm­cz åkbpm­rj 2200 cne­lty­nèd, è yf rjé­yj­uj gt­lf­uj­uf ghb­gf­lfæ d ct­htl­ymj­ve gj 13 cne­lty­nèd (ht­tp://www.que­ens.edu/). Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­k è­yb e Ifh­kjn­n è yf­kè­xeæ gj­yfl 19 500 cne­lty­nèd è ghj­gj­yeæ ghj­uhf­vb yf­ dxfy­yz yf hèd­yè åf­rf­kfd­hf, vf­uèc­nhf è lj­rnj­hf yf­e r. Qj­uj ce­xfc­ybq rfv­gec hjp­nf­ij­df­yj ghb­åkbp­yj d 10 vb­k zö dèl wty­nhe Ifh­kjn­nb. Wt dfé­kb­dbq ht­uèj­yfkm­ybq wtynh åèp­yt­ce è yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjÿ hj­åj­nb. D eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè yf­dxf­ñnm­cz cne­lty­nb p ecèö re­njx­rèd CIF è ghb­åkbp­yj èp 80 pf­he­åèé­ybö rhf­ÿy (ht­tp://www.uncc.edu/). ≤Kñ­lb­yf, zrf cf­vf ct­åt cndjhb­kf≥ – gf­v’zn­rf vèc­wt­dj­uj rfv­ge­ ce – dlf­kbq ajy lkz aj­nju­hf­aèÿ cne­lty­nèd eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè Dtql Åhf­njy/eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè eJournal USA 40 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Afr­nb Pf­hf­ö e­dfy­y z è pf­zdf yf dcneg. E hèp­ybö rj­kt­léfö èc­ye­ñnm hèp­yè db­vj­ub oj­lj pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz. Rj­ktlé Lt­dèl­cj­yf q eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb e Ifh­kjn­nè gj­pb­wèj­ ye­ñnm ct­åt zr tkèn­yè pf­r kf­lb. Rj­ktlé fåfn­cndf Åtk­vjyn pj­ct­ht­léeænm­cz yf frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve è le­öjd­yj­ve hjp­dbn­re, f d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Léjy­cj­yf R. Cvè­nf le­ét wè­rfd­kznm­cz öf­hfr­ nt­hjv è jcj­åbc­nèc­nñ fåè­n e­hè­æy­nèd, f nf­rjé ÿö­yè­vb jwèy­rf­ vb. Wty­nhfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq vèc­wt­dbq rj­ktlé vfæ ghj­uhf­vb vfq­ét lkz dcèö, fkt lf­kt­rj yt rj­éty fåè­n e­hè­æyn qj­ve gèl­öj­lbnm. Ldf yfq­åèkm­iè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb – eyè­ dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb e Ifh­kjn­nè nf Wty­nhfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq rj­ktlé – vf­ñnm åf­uf­nè ht­ceh­cb, fkt vj­é enm db­lf­nb­cz rj­vecm pf­yfl­nj dt­kb­rb­vb. Dèl nj­uj, yf­crèkm­rb njx­ yj pyfq­lt­yj ≤ghf­dbkm­ybq≥ yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl, pf­kt­ébnm htpekmnfn hjp­ukz­le pf­zdb cne­lty­nf, qj­uj ec­gèi­yècnm è dèl­ xen­nz pf­lj­dj­kty­yz gèc­kz pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz. Rj­éty yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl vfæ cdèq dtå-cfqn, yf zrj­ve ghtl­cnfd­kt­yj èy­ajh­vf­ wèñ ghj db­vj­ub lj dcneg­yb­rèd, ghj aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue è, d åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd, lj­lfn­rj­de èy­ajh­vf­wèñ lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Ghj­é b­dfy­y z, öfh­x e­dfy­y z, ht­c eh­cb, jöj­hj­yf plj­ hj­d’z è åtp­gt­rf. Wty­nhfkm­ybq G’æl­vjyncmrbq rj­ktlé yt yf­lfæ cne­lty­nfv ueh­nj­é bn­re. Èy­iè hjp­ukz­ye­nè nen yf­dxfkm­ yè pf­r kf­lb vf­ñnm ueh­nj­é bn­rb è yf­lf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv èy­ajh­ vf­wèñ ghj gj­hz­ljr gjl­fxè pf­zd yf jn­hb­vfy­yz ébn­kf. Evj­ db öfh­xe­dfy­yz q ghj­é b­dfy­yz hèp­yè d hèp­ybö rfv­ge­cfö, fkt åèkm­iècnm rj­kt­léèd ghj­gj­ye­ñnm cdj­ÿv cne­lty­nfv yf db­åèh rèkm­rf df­hè­fy­nèd, jcjå­kb­dj gèc­k z gth­ij­uj hj­re yf­dxfy­yz. Dcè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb vf­ñnm åèå­kèj­nt­rb è yf­lf­ñnm cne­lty­ nfv lj­cneg lj rjv­g’ñ­nt­hèd, ecè dj­yb geå­kè­re­ñnm èy­ajh­ vf­wèñ ghj pf­öj­lb åtp­gt­rb d rfv­ge­cè. D ecèö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö dèl cne­lty­nèd db­vf­uf­ñnm vf­nb vt­lbx­yt cnhf­ö e­dfy­ yz, fkt djl­yj­xfc rj­éty pf­r kfl vfæ cdjñ vt­lbx­ye ckeé­åe. Zr­oj cne­lty­nfv yt­jå­öèl­yf lj­gj­vj­uf d flfg­nf­wèÿ lj evjd rfv­ge­ce, dj­yb vj­é enm jn­hb­vf­nb dèl­gj­dèl­ye rjy­cekm­nf­wèñ. Dfh­nècnm è ghf­db­kf ghj­é b­dfy­yz db­pyf­xfæ fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèz rjé­yj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le jr­ht­vj. D hèp­ybö rj­kt­léfö hjp­r kf­lb ktr­wèq è ct­vè­yf­hèd hèp­yè, dj­yb pvè­yñ­ñnm­cz p hj­re d hèr, nj­ve vfq­åen­yèv cne­lty­nfv ckèl enjx­yb­nb nth­vè­yb gj­xfn­re pf­yznm, yf­gb­cfy­yz gbcm­vj­dbö hj­åèn, rf­yè­rek yf dtå-cfq­nfö jå­hf­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd fåj crj­hbc­nf­nb­ cz èy­ib­vb lét­ht­kf­vb èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Lj­gj­vj­uf d yf­dxfy­yè. Ltz­rè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb lj­gj­ vf­uf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv e db­dxty­yè fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db fåj d hjp­ dbn­re gbcm­vj­dbö yf­db­xjr. Åèkm­iècnm åèå­kèj­ntr lj­gj­vj­é enm cne­lty­nfv db­rj­hbc­nj­de­df­nb ht­ceh­cb è ie­rf­nb èy­ajh­vf­wèñ. Dcè rj­kt­léè dkfi­nj­de­ñnm lkz cdj­ÿö db­gec­ryb­rèd pec­nhè­xè p gj­nty­wèq­yb­vb hj­åj­nj­lfd­wz­vb fåj yf­lf­ñnm èy­iè gj­c ke­ub oj­lj gj­ie­rèd vèc­wz hj­åj­nb gj pf­rèy­xty­yè de­pe. Db­cyj­djr Xkt­yb uhe­gb lèq­ikb db­cyjd­re, oj yf­dènm rj­hjn­rbq dè­pbn lj­gj­vèu ÿv yt kb­it gj­yj­db­nb d gf­v’z­nè åf­uf­nj afr­nèd, ghj zrè dj­yb xb­nf­kb fåj xe­kb lj ghb­ÿp­le d CIF, fkt è rhf­ ot phj­pe­vè­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè htf­kèÿ. Yfq­dfé­kb­dè­ibv ehj­rjv cnf­kj nt, oj d CIF èc­yeæ åf­uf­nj hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö vjé­kb­djc­ ntq lkz yf­dxfy­yz. D gèl­uj­njd­wè wmj­uj vf­nt­hèf­ke åhf­kb exfcnm: Vj­öf­vtl Fö­vtl Få­lfk­kf Fö­vtl p Lj­öb (Rf­nfh), Dè­dè­fy Få­lfk­kf p Æhe­cf­kb­vf (Èp­hf­ÿkm), Gf­hfc­rt­dè Dè­d’æy Fk­kè­vj­yj p Vtkm­ åeh­yf (Fdcnhf­kèz), Yf­lf F. Fkm-Cj­pt p Åfu­lf­lf (Èhfr), Vfq­rf Åhpji­nty p Rhf­rj­df (Gj­kmof), Åj­hè Åty­lt­pe-Dt­ktc p Kè­vb (Gt­he), Qj­cè­nf Treæ­dè-Fvf­dè p Kj­vt (Nj­uj), Fkt­öfy­ lhf Tc­rj­åj­cf p Th­vj­cb­kmj (Vtr­cb­rf), Ecf­df­lè Rfn­gb­xfÿ p Åfy­urj­rf (Nfÿ­kfyl), Gf­vt­kf Re­df­kè p Kè­kjy­udt (Vf­kf­dè), Hfn­yf Ver­öth­léè p Xty­yfÿ (Èy­lèz), Vf­hèz Gfj­kf Gè­hè­yè p Hb­vf (Ènf­kèz), Lf­yf Gj­kxb­rj­df p Åhf­nèc­kf­db (Ckj­dfwm­rf htc­geå­kè­rf), Rf­hèy Hjc­yè­wtr p Vñy­öt­yf (Yè­vtx­xb­yf), Keÿ­pf Vf­hèz Dèfe p Udf­nt­vf­kb (Udf­nt­vf­kf), Åt­fn­hèc L.G. Dè­ktqy p Gj­hn-j-Ghtycf (Ufÿ­nè), Rjh­yt­kèz Dkfq­xe p Åe­öf­ htc­nf (He­ve­yèz) è Xéje Öey p Ue­fy­xéje (Rb­ nfq). Dcè dj­yb pjå­hf­ét­yè yf aj­nj dyb­pe. 3 Hj­åthn Rfq­pth/­ Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Gj­c ke­ub q jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. E dcèö rj­kt­léfö èc­yeæ cgt­wè­fkm­yt åñ­hj, zrt jh­uf­yè­pj­deæ hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè pf­öj­lb q fcj­wèf­wèÿ è rke­åb lkz èyj­ptv­ybö nf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lty­nèd pf tn­yèx­yjñ xb ut­ju­hf­aèx­yjñ jp­yf­ rjñ. Ltz­rè ckeé­åb nf­rjé lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv gj­pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p vèc­wt­db­vb cne­lty­nf­vb nf ÿö­yè­vb cè­v’z­vb, ojå ghj­dj­lb­nb p yb­vb xfc, jcjå­kb­dj yf cdz­nf q gèl xfc rf­yè­rek. Èyj­lè cne­lty­nèd p rèkm­rjö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd jå­cke­ uj­deæ jl­yf vèc­wt­df jh­uf­yè­pf­wèz, yf­ghb­r kfl, ≤Lèv èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥ e Ifh­kjn­nè, zrf yf­lfæ èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv vjé­ kb­dècnm åkbé­xt gj­pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p vti­rfy­wz­vb vèc­nf. Dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­y z. Rj­kb èyj­ptv­yè ujc­nè, zrè ghb­ÿöf­kb lj CIF d hfv­rfö ghj­uhf­vb Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e, pf­gb­ ne­df­kb ghj dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz, cne­lty­nb, p zrb­vb dj­yb pec­nhè­ xf­kb­cz, è rjy­cekm­nfy­nb p hj­åj­nb p èyj­ptv­yb­vb cne­lty­nf­vb d jlby uj­kjc rf­pf­kb, oj d rjé­yj­ve yf­dxfkm­yj­ve pf­r kf­lè – xb geå­kèx­yj­ve, xb ghb­dfn­yj­ve, xb ht­kè­uèq­yj­ve – hf­lj pec­nhè­xf­ñnm cne­lty­nèd åelm-zrj­uj dè­hjc­gj­dèlfy­yz. Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 41 eJournal USA Zr ghf­wñæ cbc­nt­vf Db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ ­ d rj­kt­léè Kèy­lf Nj­åfi Cnñ Vèky. AP/WWP Uhe­gb vj­éenm åe­nb dt­kb­rb­vb xb vf­kb­vb, ajh­vfkm­yb­vb xb yt­ajh­vfkm­yb­vb. Ghja­tcjh eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Åhf­ey, infn Hjl-Fq­ktyl, dt­lt pf­yzn­nz. Fd­njh lfæ db­pyf­xty­yz jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nf lhe­ujÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d frf­lt­vèx­yj­ve hj­pe­vèy­yè wbö nth­vè­yèd è ghj­gj­yeæ rj­hbc­yè gj­hf­lb cne­lty­nfv, rjn­hè db­åb­hf­ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Kèy­lf Nj­åfi – lb­htr­njh cne­ltyncmrjÿ ckeé­åb Eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. pf­r kf­lè p ghj­uhf­vf­vb db­dxty­yz èy­ét­yth­yjÿ cghf­db, rjv­g’ñ­ nt­hèd xb èy­ajh­vf­nb­rb; d vèc­nè xb d cèkmcmrèq vèc­wt­djc­nè; gj­hzl èp gkz­étv xb d uj­hfö, gj­hzl èp åfnm­rèd­cmrbv uyèp­ljv xb gjl­f kè dèl ymj­uj; d pf­r kf­lè, zrbq yf­lfæ aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­ vj­u e, xb nfv, lt vjé­yf pfq­yz­nb­cz gtd­yb­vb gj­pfg­hju­hfv­yb­ vb pf­yzn­nz­vb, zr-jn: uhf­nb e aen­åjkm­yèq rj­vfy­lè, ghf­wñ­ df­nb yf eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrèq hf­lèj­cnfy­wèÿ fåj d nt­ktc­n e­lèÿ, uf­pt­nè, nt­fn­hè xb rè­yjc­n e­lèÿ. Fkt åf­uf­nj önj, jl­yfr, cgj­xfn­re db­åb­hfæ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, f gj­nèv ie­rfæ yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb, lt ÿÿ yfq­rhf­ot plj­åe­nb. Yf dèl­vè­ye dèl cbc­nt­vb jc­dè­nb d èy­ibö rhfÿ­yfö, lt cgt­ wèf­kè­pf­wèz cne­lty­nf db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz vf­nt­hèf­kjv, db­dxt­ybv e ct­htl­yèq irj­kè, xb jwèy­rf­vb yf dcneg­ybö èc­gb­nfö, d Fvt­ hb­wè cne­lty­nb åf­pj­dj­uj xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj rj­kt­lée, pf­pdb­xfq, vj­é enm db­åhf­nb åelm-z­rbq yf­dxfkm­ybq pf­r kfl è åelm-z­re pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­ye ghj­uhf­ve yf­dxfy­yz. Pdb­xfq­yj, d ltz­rbö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö, dè­lj­vbö cdjæñ db­åèh­rj­dèc­nñ, le­ét db­cj­rbq rjy­rehc, è yt­åf­uf­nj yf­lpdb­xfq­yj plèå­ybö ñyf­rèd è lèd­xfn p yfq­db­ob­vb gj­rfp­yb­rf­vb vj­é enm ne­lb dcne­gb­nb, ≤Zr è åèkm­iècnm kñ­ltq, z le­ét lj­åht gf­v’z­nfñ njq hèr, rj­kb z db­pyf­xbd­cz èp cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ. Z nhb hf­pb ghbq­vfd hè­ity­yz≥. Lj­rnjh Lt­dèl Åhf­e y­kè, ghja­tcjh èc­nj­hèÿ vbc­ntwnd, Gty­cbkm­ dfy­cmrbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn (ht­tp://www.colle­ge.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_choosing. html). R j­kb nht­åf db­åb­hf­nb èp cj­ntym cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq è nb­czx rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd – zr gèl­cne­gb­nb­cz lj db­åj­he nj­uj, oj è lt db­dxf­nb? Ltö­nj cgj­xfn­re db­åb­ hfæ, lt dxb­nb­cz: e dt­kb­rj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè xb d yt­dt­kbx­rj­ve ue­vf­yè­nfh­yj­ve rj­kt­léè fåj, yf­ghb­r kfl, e cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yj­ve eJournal USA 42 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Gtn Kènnk. AP/WWP Yt­dt­kb­rt ht­ue­kñ­dfy­yz – è dt­kb­xtp­ybq vj­njh pf­gec­rf­ænm­cz d Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­ve ntö­yj­kj­uèx­yj­ve rj­kt­léè. Cnb­gty­lèñ wèæÿ cne­lty­nrb pf­åtp­gt­xt­yj aè­yfy­cf­vb, zrè pf­gj­dèd Åty­léf­vèy Ahfy­rkèy. Db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – wt nt cf­vt, oj q er­kf­lty­yz rjy­ nhfr­n e vèé eyè­dth­cb­nt­njv è cne­lty­njv ghj nt, oj cne­ ltyn pj­åj­d’z­pe­ænm­cz ghj­qnb gtd­ybq rehc yf­dxfy­yz, zrbq crkf­lf­ænm­cz èp pf­ufkm­ybö db­vju yf­dxfy­yz (njå­nj db­vju eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e) nf db­vju yf­dxfkm­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, ghj­uhf­vf yf­dxfy­yz d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè crkf­lf­nb­vtnm­ cz yt kb­it p reh­cèd, oj döj­lznm lj jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Yf­cghfd­lè, pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yè ghtl­vt­nb xb ghtl­vt­nb pf db­åj­hjv, njå­nj ghtl­vt­nb, zrè cne­ltyn cfv db­åb­hfæ èp pf­ ghj­gj­yj­df­ybö reh­cèd zr pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ, nfr è pf èy­ib­vb yf­ghz­vf­vb, vj­é enm cnfy­jdb­nb lj 50–60fi ecèö yf­dxfkm­ybö lbc­wbg­kèy, zrè ckèl jgf­ye­df­nb. Xfc­nrf pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yèö reh­cèd cnj­cjd­yj reh­cèd pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ pf­kt­é bnm dèl eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e è db­åhf­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, fkt db­vj­uf db­dxb­nb gtd­ye rèkm­rècnm pf­ufkm­yjj­åj­d’zp­rj­dbö ghtl­vt­nèd èc­yeæ d ecèö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö. Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf cbc­nt­vf åf­pj­ djÿ jc­dè­nb cdjÿ­vb rj­ht­yz­vb cz­ufæ nhf­lb­wèq ue­vf­yè­nfh­yjÿ jc­dè­nb, è pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yèv lbc­wbg­kè­yfv yf­lf­ænm­cz dt­kb­rt pyf­xty­yz. Vt­nf åelm-z­rjÿ xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjÿ åf­pj­djÿ ghj­uhf­ fkt yf­dènm e vtyi tkèn­ybö pf­r kf­lfö rjy­rehc yf jr­ht­vè cgt­ wè­f km­yjc­nè, yf­ghb­r kfl, vtl­ctc­nhb xb èy­ét­yt­hf, åe­lt db­obv, f db­vj­ub lj dcneg­yb­rèd – cnhj­uè­ib­vb. Ghj­nt d wè­kj­ve gt­htl vfq­åen­yè­vb cne­lty­nf­vb gj­cnfæ le­ét ib­hj­rbq db­åèh. Oj nf­rt jc­yjd­yf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz? Yf dtå-cfq­nè Cnty­ajhlcmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e vjé­yf ghj­ xb­nf­nb: ≤Cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz – wt cat­hf pyfym, zre db påb­hfæ­ntcm jgf­ye­df­nb gèl xfc ghj­öj­léty­yz åf­pj­dj­uj xj­nb­hb­hèx­yj­uj reh­ce yf­dxfy­yz. Dfi db­åèh db­pyf­xfæ, zrbq ghtl­vtn pfq­vf­ nb­vt pyfx­ye xfc­nb­ye df­ij­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj xf­ce q cbk. Rj­kb db jgf­yeæ­nt dcè yt­jå­öèl­yè reh­cb p db­åhf­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è db­rj­yfæ­nt pf­ufkm­yè db­vj­ub eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, dfv ghb­cdj­znm cne­gèym åf­rf­kfd­hf. Df­if cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz lfcnm dfv pvj­u e hjp­ db­df­nb yf­dbx­rb q db­zdb­nb plèå­yjc­nè d hj­pe­vèy­yè ghtl­vt­nf, p yfq­tkt­vty­nfh­yè­ij­uj q lj yfq­crkfl­yè­ij­uj hèd­yz. Db­åèh df­ijÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – wt df­it jcj­åbc­nt hè­ity­yz≥ (ht­tp:// www.sta­nford.edu/-susanz/Majors.html). Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 43 eJournal USA P lj­pdj­ke rj­kt­lée vbc­ntw­ndf è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­yb vb yf­dxfy­yz lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf – yf­ dxb­nb cne­lty­nèd rhb­ nbx­yj vbc­kb­nb è yf­dxb­nb ÿö exb­nb­cz q jlthéf­nb pyfy­yz d gtd­yèq uf­ke­pè. E åf­uf­nmjö pf­ rkf­lfö cne­lty­nb vj­é enm jå­hf­nb yt kb­it jc­yjd­ye, f q lhe­u e cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Lhe­uf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz, pf­pdb­xfq, nèc­yj gj­ d’zpf­yf p jc­yjd­yjñ: Cne­lty­nrf rf­atl­hb vbc­ntwnd dt­lt rjy­cgtrn p yf­ghb­r kfl, fy­ukèq­ fyf­nj­vèÿ d rj­kt­léè vbc­ntw­ndf è lb­pfq­ye Cf­dfy­ cmrf vj­df vj­ét yb, infn Léjhléèz. åe­nb jc­yjd­yjñ, f nt­fn­hfkm­yt vbc­ntw­ ndj – lhe­ujñ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ cne­lty­nf fåj, crf­é è­vj, èc­nj­hèz – jc­yjd­yf, f gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz – lhe­uf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz xb yf­dgf­rb. Lkz pf­dth­ity­yz yf­dxfy­yz yt­jå­öèl­yj jgf­ye­df­nb yt­åf­uf­nj ghtl­vt­nèd p lhe­ujÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, zrè xfc­nj pf­hf­öj­de­ñnm­cz nf­rjé zr jåj­d’zp­rj­dè ghtl­vt­nb p jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. D ltz­rbö pf­r kf­lfö cne­lty­nb e nèc­yèq cgèd­ghf­wè p re­hf­nj­hjv vj­é enm hjp­hj­åb­nb èy­lb­dè­le­f km­ye ghj­uhf­ve cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Dct åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd jåb­hfæ ldè jc­yjd­yè cgt­ wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, dj­yb pf­rèy­xe­ñnm eyè­dth­cb­ntn, db­rj­yfd­ib db­vj­ub p jåjö ghja­èkññ­xbö ghj­uhfv. Cgt­wèf­ kè­pf­wèÿ vj­é enm åe­nb dpfæ­vj­gj­d’zpf­yb­vb, yf­ghb­r kfl, zr ldè cec­gèkm­yè yf­e rb – èc­nj­hèz q cj­wèj­kj­uèz, fåj vj­é enm åe­nb pjd­cèv hèp­yb­vb – crf­é è­vj, åèj­kj­uèz è kè­nt­hf­n e­hf. Xfc­nj e db­åj­hè ldjö jc­yjd­ybö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq cne­lty­nb rt­he­ñnm­cz åf­éfy­yzv rhf­ot gèl­uj­n e­df­nb­cz lj vfq­åen­ymjÿ ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb fåj gj­kèg­ib­nb cdjÿ ify­cb yf dcneg d fc­gè­hfy­n e­he. Fkt èyj­lè db­åèh ldjö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq æ ht­pekm­nf­njv jcj­åbc­nbö egj­lj­åfym. Ltz­rè pf­r kf­lb lj­pdj­k z­ñnm jåb­hf­nb nhb cgt­wèf­ kè­pf­wèÿ djl­yj­xfc, èy­iè db­vf­uf­ñnm gj­xth­uj­dj­uj ghj­öj­léty­yz ghj­uhfv. Pf­uf­kjv, xf­ce yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz db­nhf­xf­ænm­ cz nhj­öb åèkm­it, fkt cne­lty­nfv yt nht­åf gj­xb­yf­nb èy­ie cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ p ye­k z. Pyfx­yf xfc­nb­yf pf­ufkm­yj­jc­dèn­yèö ghtl­vt­nèd è yf­dènm ltz­rè ghtl­vt­nb pf db­åj­hjv pf­hf­öj­de­ñnm­ cz lkz db­rj­yfy­yz db­vju ghj­uhf­vb lhe­ujÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Ecè pf­r kf­lb xèn­rj db­pyf­xf­ñnm db­vj­ub, zrbö ve­cznm lj­ nhb­ve­df­nb­cz cne­lty­nb, ojå jlth­éf­nb cne­gèym. Pf­pdb­xfq, oj­ct­vtc­nhe cne­lty­nb pec­nhè­xf­ñnm­cz p re­hf­nj­hjv, zrbq lj­gj­vf­ufæ ÿv db­åhf­nb ghtl­vt­nb lkz db­rj­yfy­yz db­vju ghj­uhf­vb yf­dxfy­yz. E åèkm­ijc­nè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd cne­lty­nfv nf­rjé yf­lf­ñnm lkz wmj­uj lj­lfn­rj­dè vf­nt­hèf­kb, nf­rè zr Rj­kb ckèl db­åb­hf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ? Ltz­rè cne­lty­nb dcne­gf­ñnm lj rj­kt­lée, njx­yj db­pyf­xbd­ ibcm èp ghtl­vt­njv db­dxty­yz, èy­iè nèkm­rb le­vf­ñnm, oj db­pyf­xb­kb­cz, f ltz­rè yt vf­ñnm éjl­yj­uj ezd­kty­yz, oj é db­åhf­nb. Åèkm­iècnm èp ybö pvè­ybnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, ghb­yfq­ vyè öjx hfp. Jc­rèkm­rb vfq­ét ldè nht­nb­yb cne­lty­nèd e CIF gèl xfc yf­dxfy­yz pvè­yñ­ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, f ltö­nj db­ghj­åj­deæ ct­åt d xj­nb­hmjö xb g’z­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wè­zö, ltz­rè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb yf­lf­ñnm gt­ht­df­u e db­åj­he cne­lty­nf­vb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nèkm­rb gèc­k z gj­xfn­re yf­dxfy­yz. Fkt yf­dènm e nbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö, lt dcneg­yb­rb ve­cznm drf­pf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ ghb gjl­fy­yè lj­ re­vty­nèd, zr ghf­db­kj, d uhf­aè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ vjé­yf db­åhf­nb ajh­ve­kñ­dfy­yz ≤yt db­pyf­xt­yf≥. Öj­xf cne­lty­nfv db­lè­k z­ñnm jå­vt­ét­ybq xfc yf db­åèh cgt­ wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, jc­rèkm­rb åèkm­iècnm ghj­uhfv yf­dxfy­yz hjp­hf­öj­df­ P lj­pdj­ke eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Vt­hè Df­iby­unjy eJournal USA rjy­nhjkm­ybq cgb­cjr db­vju lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz fåj db­rj­yfy­yz ghj­uhf­vb. Ghfr­nb­rf è ot hfp ghfr­nb­rf – nf­rt ébn­nz cne­lty­nèd ve­pbx­yjÿ rf­atl­hb e Dèh­uèy­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vt­hè Df­iby­unjy. yè yf xj­nb­hb hj­rb è 120 pf­kè­rj­dbö åf­kèd (≤rht­lb­nèd≥) – lbd. dhèp­re, – xfc­nj dj­yb dct-nf­rb vf­ñnm ldf hj­rb yf nt, ojå db­pyf­xb­nb­cz p db­åj­hjv è dcnbu­ye­nb cdjæ­xfc­yj pf­dth­ib­nb yf­dxfy­yz. Pf­pdb­xfq, cne­lty­nfv vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd (yf­dxfkm­ ybö pf­r kf­lèd èp ldj­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ yf­dxfy­yz, gj pf­rèy­ xty­yè zrjÿ ghb­cdjñænm­cz cne­gèym vj­kjl­ij­uj cgt­wèf­kèc­nf) lj­dj­lbnm­cz db­pyf­xf­nb­cz yf­åf­uf­nj idbl­it. Nf­rjé cne­lty­ nfv åf­éf­yj hf­yè­it db­pyf­xb­nb­cz pè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ, zr­oj d jå­hf­yèq ghj­uhf­vè pyfx­yf xfc­nb­yf ghtl­vt­nèd yf­kt­é bnm lj cat­hb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ (yf­ghb­r kfl, depm­rjc­gt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè lbc­wbg­kè­yb fåj ltz­rè vt­lbx­yè cgt­wè­f km­yjc­nè), oj gj­nht­åeæ dt­kb­rjÿ rèkm­rjc­nè gj­gthtl­yèö reh­cèd (åf­pj­dbö reh­cèd, zrè cne­lty­nb ve­cznm ghj­qnb, ojå pf­gb­cf­nb­cz yf ghtl­vtn gèl­db­ ot­yj­uj hèd­yz). 44 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lt­vè­fy Lj­dfh­utqyc. AP/WWP èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, ghb­pyf­xt­yjÿ lj­gj­vju­nb e db­åj­hè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Öj­xf ltz­rè pf­r kf­lb yf cdj­ÿö cfq­nfö yf­dj­lznm èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, oj cnj­ce­ænm­cz kb­it ÿö­yèö ghj­uhfv è gj­c keu, åf­uf­nj èy­ibö ghj­gj­ye­ñnm èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, zre vjé­yf pf­cnj­ce­df­nb lj evjd åelm-zrj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le (lbd. dhèp­re). Yfq­xfc­nè­it fåè­n e­hè­æy­nfv è cne­lty­nfv lf­ñnm nf­rè gj­hf­lb: • Gèp­yfq­nt ct­åt åèkm­it. Zrè df­iè cbkm­yè è ckfå­rè cnj­ hj­yb cnj­cjd­yj jc­dè­nb? Oj dfv gjl­jåf­ænm­cz? Oj dfc wè­rf­dbnm? Zrè e dfc wèy­yjc­nè? Oj db påb­hfæ­ntcm hj­åb­nb åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj gj pf­rèy­xty­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e: qnb ghf­wñ­df­ nb xb dxb­nb­cz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè? • Jwè­yènm ct­åt zr jcj­åbc­nècnm, cdjÿ hb­cb öf­hfr­nt­he, cdjÿ èy­nt­ht­cb. Zr­oj wt yt­vjé­kb­dj phj­åb­nb e df­ièq ct­ htl­yèq irj­kè fåj d vèc­nè, pdth­yènm­cz lj Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj èy­ajh­vf­wèq­yj­uj xb rjy­cekm­nf­nbd­yj­uj wty­nhe e df­ièq rhfÿ­yè. D hfv­rfö ghj­uhf­vb EducationUSA lèæ gj­ yfl 450 nf­rbö wty­nhèd e 170 hèp­ybö rhfÿ­yfö (ht­tp://www. educationusa.st­ate.gov). • Dèl­dè­lfq­nt dtå-cfq­nb rf­atlh eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd. Gjl­b­ dènm­cz, zrè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ dj­yb ghj­gj­ye­ñnm. Jwè­yènm, zrè ghtl­vt­nb db­r kf­lf­ñnm­cz è zrè db­vj­ub db­ce­df­ñnm­cz lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz. Ltz­rè ghja­tcj­hb q db­r kf­lf­xè geå­ kè­re­ñnm d Èy­nth­yt­nè yf­dxfkm­yè gkf­yb cdj­ÿö reh­cèd. Xbv åèkm­it db lj­dè­lfæ­nt­cz ghj reh­cb q db­vj­ub lj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­ wèÿ, nbv rhf­ot. • Rj­kb db ghb­ÿlt­nt e Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb, dèl­dè­lfq­nt rf­atl­hb d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè q gj­uj­dj­hènm èp ghf­wèd­yb­rf­vb, db­r kf­lf­xf­vb è cne­lty­nf­vb. • Pfq­lènm lj wty­nhe ghja­tcèq­yjÿ jhè­æy­nf­wèÿ è pyfq­lènm èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj nt, zrè gj­cf­lb pfq­yz­kb db­gec­ryb­rb eyè­ dth­cb­nt­n e è zre cgt­wè­f km­yècnm dj­yb db­dxf­kb. • Rj­kb db gj­xyt­nt yf­dxfy­yz, cghj­åeq­nt gj­öj­lb­nb yf hèp­yè reh­cb yf hèp­ybö rf­atl­hfö. Gj­pyf­qjv­nt­cz p db­r kf­ lf­xf­vb, zrè db­r kf­lf­ñnm jc­yjd­yè reh­cb pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèæñ, è lj­dè­lfq­ntcm, zrè cne­lty­nb nfv yf­dxf­ñnm­cz. • Zr­oj dfv plf­ænm­cz, oj db jå­hf­kb yt ne cgt­wèf­kè­pf­ wèñ, yt ödb­kñq­nt­cz, åèkm­iècnm cne­lty­nèd e CIF pvè­yñ­ ñnm cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Yt dfh­nj nhb­vf­nb­cz pf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, zrf dfv yt gjl­jåf­ænm­cz fåj yt­wè­rf­df. • Yt gke­nfq­nt db­åèh ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb p db­åj­hjv jc­ yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Åelm-z­rf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz gèl­uj­n eæ dfc lj rèkm­rjö hèp­ybö gj­cfl e vfq­åen­ymj­ve. Zr yf­gb­cf­yj yf dtå-cfq­nè Df­iby­unjy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e, ≤db­of jc­dè­nf uj­n eæ dfc lj db­öj­le yf hb­yjr ghf­wè, fkt yt jå­vt­é eæ dfc gtd­yjñ ghja­tcèæñ≥ (ht­tp://www.washington.edu/stu­de­nts/ugrad/advising/ majchoos.html). 3 Cne­ltyn eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Rfh­yt­uè-Vtk­kj­yf ghb­rhèg­kñæ vt­lfkm yf vf­ib­ye åtp dj­lèz, zrf db­uhf­kf ghbp è zre qj­uj rj­vfy­lf ghb­dtp­kf p Gty­cbkm­df­yèÿ yf pvf­ufy­yz d Yt­df­le. Zr db­åhf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ? Jl­yè cne­lty­nb pf­öjg­kñ­ñnm­cz zrb­vjcm rjy­rhtn­ybv ghtl­ vt­njv. Èy­iè ec­gèi­yj db­dxb­kb ojcm e ct­htl­yèq irj­kè. Ltö­nj é gj­cnf­dbd cj­åè pf vt­n e phj­åb­nb rf­h’æ­he, oj pe­vjd­kñæ db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ: yf­ghb­r kfl, ghja­tcèz vtl­ctc­nhb, gt­lf­ uj­uf, éb­dj­gbc fåj èy­ét­yth­yf cghf­df. Fkt åf­uf­nj cne­lty­nèd ghj­cnj ot yt ec­dè­lj­vb­kb cdj­uj gj­r kb­rfy­yz. Öj­xf, vjé­kb­ dj, dj­yb q vf­ñnm ezd­kty­yz, xbv öj­nè­kb å pfq­vf­nb­cz gj pf­ rèy­xty­yè yf­dxfy­yz, ghj­nt vj­é enm xèn­rj yt hj­pèå­hf­nb­cz, zrè ghtl­vt­nb lj­gj­vj­é enm ÿv lj­czu­nb gj­cnfd­kt­yjÿ vt­nb. Zr ghf­ db­kj, åèkm­ijc­nè ghja­tcèq gèl­öj­lbnm yt jl­yf cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz. Yf­cghfd­lè, åf­uf­nj pf­r kf­lèd gj­gt­ht­léfñnm, oj db­åèh rf­h’æ­hb è db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ – wt ldf hèp­ybö ghj­wt­cb. Åèkm­iècnm db­r kf­lf­xèd ddf­éf­ñnm, oj e db­åj­hè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­ wèÿ cne­lty­nb ve­cznm jhè­æy­n e­df­nb­cz yf nt, xbv dj­yb öj­xenm pfq­vf­nb­cz, zrè ÿö­yè plèå­yjc­nè è zr dj­yb öj­xenm dxb­nb­cz. Yfq­rhf­oè ht­ceh­cb, oj lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm db­åhf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ, yf­lf­ñnm­cz cf­vb­vb rj­kt­léf­vb q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nf­vb. Åèkm­iècnm pf­r kf­lèd geå­kè­re­ñnm yf cdj­ÿö dtå-cfq­nfö dt­kb­re rèkm­rècnm Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 45 eJournal USA Db­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è db­åèh ­ ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb D Yt jhè­æy­nj­df­yè ghja­tcèq­yj Wè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ yt uj­n e­ñnm lj gtd­yjÿ ghja­tcèÿ fåj hj­ åj­nb d gtd­yèq uf­ke­pè. Nf­rf ghj­uhf­vf vj­ét cnf­nb ghjat­ cèq­yj jhè­æy­nj­df­yjñ d gj­æl­yfy­yè p lj­cdè­ljv hj­åj­nb fåj nhe­lj­djñ ghfr­nb­rjñ. Ghb­r kf­ljv vj­é enm åe­nb nf­rè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, zr èc­nj­hèz, gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz è cj­wèj­kj­uèz. Lkz lt­rj­uj wè cgt­wè­f km­yjc­nè æ gèl­uj­njd­rjñ lj yf­dxfy­yz yf db­oj­ve hèd­yè fåj d evj­dfö hj­åj­nb xb fc­gè­hfy­n e­hb. b­åèh jc­yjd­yjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ vj­ét db­zdb­nb­cz yt­ghjc­ nbv pf­yzn­nzv. E ≤Lj­dèl­yb­re èp cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ≥ (Book of Majors) Hf­lb rj­kt­léèd jgb­cf­yj gj­yfl 900 cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq, pf­ghj­gj­yj­df­ybö e 3600 rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö. Öj­xf ltz­rè ryb­ub vj­é enm lj­gj­vju­nb jå­hf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­ wèñ, zrf dfv yfq­åèkm­it èv­gj­yeæ, dfh­nj nf­rjé dèl­dè­lf­nb dtå-cfq­nb eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, lt vjé­yf pyfq­nb rj­hbc­ye q åtp­rji­njd­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ. Ecè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb geå­kè­re­ñnm gj­dyè cgbc­ rb vjé­kb­dbö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq è ghj­uhfv yf­dxfy­yz lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz d eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö lj­dèl­yb­rfö è yf cdj­ÿö dtå-cfq­nfö. Xfc­nj dj­yb nf­rjé yf­lf­ñnm åf­uf­nj èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ, èycnhe­vty­nèd è ht­ceh­cèd, oj lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm phj­pe­vè­nb è db­åhf­nb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ. Yf­ghb­r kfl, yf cfq­nè eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Vèy­yt­cj­nb nf­rf èy­ajh­vf­wèz ghj pd’z­pjr cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè è ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb vèc­ nbnm­cz e hjp­lè­kè ≤Rjy­cgtrn p db­åj­he è pvè­yb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­ wèÿ≥ (“A Workbook for Choosing and Changing Your Major”) (ht­tp://ucs1.ucs.umn.edu/www/majorworkbook.html). Ghja­tcèq­yj jhè­æy­nj­df­yè Ghja­tcèq­yj jhè­æy­nj­df­yè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ uj­n e­ñnm cne­lty­ nèd lj hj­åj­nb d gtd­yèq uf­ke­pè, fkt yt lj rjy­rhtn­yjÿ ghja­tcèÿ. Yf­dxfy­yz pf nf­rjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ gèl­uj­n eæ dfc lj hj­åj­nb cnf­ét­hjv. Dlf­kb­vb ghb­r kf­lf­vb æ éeh­yf­kèc­ nb­rf, vt­ytlévtyn è vf­nt­vf­nb­rf. Ghja­tcèq­yè Wè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ åtp­gj­ct­htl­ymj uj­n e­ñnm lj rjy­rhtn­yjÿ hj­åj­nb xb ghja­tcèÿ. Nf­rè ghj­uhf­vb xfc­nj hjp­hf­öj­df­yè yf yf­dxfkm­ye gèl­uj­njd­re lj jn­hb­vfy­yz ghja­tcèq­yjÿ kè­ wty­pèÿ fåj cth­nb­aè­rf­wèÿ. Ct­htl ghb­r kf­lèd vjé­yf puf­lf­nb gt­lf­uj­uè­re, ghja­tcèñ vtl­ctc­nhb nf èy­ét­yth­ye cghf­de. Hèp­yj­db­l b jc­yjd­ybö cgt­wèf­k è­pf­wèq Ltz­rè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ nèc­yj gj­d’zpf­yè p gtd­yb­vb ghjat­ cèz­vb, nj­lè zr èy­iè yt vf­ñnm nf­rj­uj jl­yjp­yfx­yj­uj pd’zp­re. P njx­rb pj­he gèl­uj­njd­rb lj rf­h’æ­hb cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ vjé­yf hjp­lè­kb­nb yf nhb rf­nt­uj­hèÿ: Nb­gj­dbq cgb­cjr jc­yjd­ybö ­ yf­dxfkm­ybö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq Cèkmcmrt ujc­gj­lfh­cndj Dt­nt­hb­yf­hèz Pjj­ntö­yè­rf Vt­öf­yè­pf­wèz d cèkmcmrj­ve ujc­gj­lfh­cndè Jdj­xèd­ybw­ndj Gèl­ghb­æv­ybw­ndj è vt­ytlévtyn e cèkmcmrj­ve ujc­gj­lfh­cndè Hjc­kb­yjp­yfd­cndj è uhey­njp­yfd­cndj Cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrf yf­e rf Eg­hfd­kèy­yz gf­cj­dbo­ybv ujc­gj­lfh­ cndjv Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf ntö­yè­rf Åèå­kèj­nt­rjp­yfd­cndj Ve­ptÿ è jöj­hj­yf rekm­n eh­ybö wèy­yjc­ntq Jå­hjå­rf lf­ybö eJournal USA Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf vf­nt­vf­nb­rf Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf ntö­yè­rf q èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ Ghj­uhf­ve­dfy­yz Cbc­nt­vb q vt­ytlévtyn e cat­hè èy­ajh­ vf­wèq­ybö ntö­yj­kj­uèq Gt­lf­uj­uè­rf Åèp­ytc-jc­dè­nf Db­r kf­lfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö vjd Ue­vf­yè­nfh­yf jc­dè­nf Ldj­vjd­yf/vèé­rekm­n eh­yf jc­dè­nf Lj­irèkm­yf jc­dè­nf Rjy­cekm­n e­dfy­yz Vf­nt­vf­nbx­yf jc­dè­nf Yf­dxfy­yz lj­hjc­kbö è gt­ht­gèl­uj­njd­rf 46 Jc­dè­nf d uf­ke­pè vbc­ntw­ndf, ve­pb­rb q lhf­vf­n eh­uèÿ Jc­dè­nf d uf­ke­pè njx­ybö yf­e r Jc­dè­nf d ct­htl­yèq irj­kè Jc­dè­nf d cnfh­ibö rkf­cfö ct­htl­ymjÿ irj­kb Jc­dè­nf d cat­hè lj­vj­djl­cndf Jc­dè­nf d cat­hè jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yjÿ ntö­ yè­rb Jc­dè­nf d cat­hè cec­gèkm­ybö yf­e r Gj­xfn­rj­df jc­dè­nf Ghja­tcèq­yf q ghj­vbc­kj­df jc­dè­nf Ht­kè­uèq­yf jc­dè­nf Cgt­wè­f km­yf jc­dè­nf Aèp­rekm­n eh­yf jc­dè­nf/Aèn­ytc Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Èy­ét­yth­yf cghf­df Ft­hj­rjc­vèx­yf q fdèf­wèq­yf ntö­yè­rf Fh­öè­ntr­n eh­yt ghj­tr­n e­dfy­yz Fc­nhj­yfd­nb­rf Åèjèy­ét­yt­hèz Åèj­vt­lbx­yf ntö­yj­kj­uèz Åe­lè­dtkm­yf cghf­df Utj­lt­pèz è rfh­nju­hf­aèz Uèh­cmrf ntö­yè­rf q jå­hjå­rf vè­yt­hf­kèd Tktr­nhbx­yt vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz Tktr­nhj­yè­rf Èy­ét­yth­yf utj­kj­uèz Èy­ét­yth­yf utj­aè­pb­rf Vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz Vt­nf­keh­uèz Yf­anjg­hj­vbc­kj­df cghf­df Jå­xbc­kñ­dfkm­yf ntö­yè­rf Ghj­vbc­kj­df ntö­yè­rf è ghj­tr­n e­dfy­yz Cbc­ntv­ybq fyf­kèp è cbc­nt­vb ghj­tr­n e­ dfy­yz Cèkmcmrj­ujc­gj­lfh­cmrf ntö­yè­rf Cel­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz Ce­lyj­dt vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz Ntö­yè­rf pd’zp­re Ntö­yj­kj­uèz db­hjå­ybw­ndf rt­hf­vèx­ybö db­hj­åèd Ntö­yj­kj­uèz vf­nt­hèf­kèd Öè­vèx­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ Zlth­yf ntö­yè­rf Ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ, gj­d’zpf­yè p èy­ét­yth­yjñ cghf­djñ Rhtc­kty­yz Fd­nj­vj­åèkm­yt vf­ib­yj­åe­le­dfy­yz è ntö­yè­rf Tktr­nhj­ntö­yè­rf Tktr­nhj­vt­öf­yè­rf Trj­kj­uèx­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ è ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ tyth­ujp­åt­ht­éty­yz Ntö­yèx­yf vt­öf­yè­rf Ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ jöj­hj­yb plj­hj­d’z è åtp­gt­rb yf db­hjå­ybw­ndè Åe­lè­dtkm­yè ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ Fdèf­wèz è gj­dèn­hz­yè gt­ht­dt­pty­yz Gt­ht­dt­pty­yz è gj­cnf­xfy­yz Vjd­kty­yz è hb­nj­hb­rf Gbcm­vty­ybwm­rf vfq­cnth­yècnm Gj­hèd­yzkm­yf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf Ntö­yèx­yt q lè­kj­dt gbcm­vj Tn­yju­hf­aèz Fvt­hb­rf­yèc­nb­rf Fa­hb­rf­yèc­nb­rf Fa­hj-fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf tn­yju­hf­aèz Tn­yju­hf­aèz fpè­fncm­rj-nb­öjj­rt­fycm­rj­uj ht­uèj­ye Tn­yju­hf­aèz rj­hèy­yj­uj yf­ct­kty­yz Fvt­hb­rb Tn­yju­hf­aèz kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd Èc­kf­vèc­nb­rf Èe­lfÿ­rf Rhfÿ­yjp­yfd­cndj – Æd­hj­gf Rhfÿ­yjp­yfd­cndj – Kf­nby­cmrf Fvt­hb­rf Rhfÿ­yjp­yfd­cndj – Åkbpm­rbq Cöèl Èyj­ptv­yè vj­db Uhtwm­rf vj­df Èd­hbn Èyj­ptv­yè vj­db è kè­nt­hf­n e­hf Èc­gfy­cmrf vj­df Ènf­kèq­cmrf vj­df Rb­nfq­cmrf vj­df Kf­nby­cmrf vj­df Vj­db Fpèÿ Vj­db Åkbpm­rj­uj Cöj­le Yè­vtwm­rf vj­df Gj­hne­ufkmcmrf vj­df Hj­cèq­cmrf vj­df Crfy­lb­yfd­cmrè vj­db Ckj­d’zycm­rè vj­db (rhèv hj­cèq­cmrjÿ) Ahfy­wepm­rf vj­df Zgjy­cmrf vj­df Pf­ufkm­yè q vèé­l bc­wbg­k è­yfh­yè yf­e rb Ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè yf­e rb Lj­c kè­léty­yz d uf­ke­pè at­vè­yèp­ve Èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ Vèé­lbc­wbg­kè­yfh­yè yf­e rb Hjp­d’z­pfy­yz rjy­akèr­nèd Cec­gèkm­cndjp­yfd­cndj Fy­ukèq­cmrf vj­df è kè­nt­hf­n e­hf Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf Fy­ukèq­cmrf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf Fy­ukèq­cmrf vj­df Rkf­cbx­yf kè­nt­hf­n e­hf q rkf­cbx­yf jc­dè­nf Kèy­udèc­nb­rf Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 47 Vf­nt­vf­n b­rf Fr­n e­fh­yf vf­nt­vf­nb­rf (aè­yfy­cj­djåeöufk­nth­cmrè hjp­hf­ö ey­rb) Vf­nt­vf­nb­rf Ghb­r kfl­yf vf­nt­vf­nb­rf Cnf­nbc­nb­rf Dèq­cmrj­dè yf­e rb Dèq­cmrj­dè yf­e rb Rhb­vè­yfkm­yf ñc­nb­wèz q jöj­hj­yf ghfdj­gj­hzl­re Ghj­nb­gj­été­ybq pf­öbcn è åtp­gt­rf Gfh­r b è vjé­kb­djc­n è dèl­gj­xby­r e Fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèz gfh­rèd Lj­c kè­léty­yz d uf­ke­pè cgjh­n e, dèl­gj­xby­ re è lj­pdèk­k z Trj­kj­uèz Rj­yt­djl­cndj Kè­cj­dt ujc­gj­lfh­cndj Kè­cjg­hj­ler­wèz q jå­hjå­rf kè­ce Vt­ytlévtyn e uf­ke­pè lb­rjÿ ghb­hj­lb q hbå­yj­uj ujc­gj­lfh­cndf Yf­e rf ghj jöj­hj­ye ljdrèkkz Eg­hfd­kèy­yz jöj­hj­yjñ ljdrèkkz Aè­kj­cj­aèz, ht­k è­uèz è åj­ujc­k è­d’z Fl­vè­yèc­nhf­nbd­yj-ujc­gj­lfh­cmrt eg­hfd­ kèy­yz ht­kè­uèq­yb­vb pf­r kf­lf­vb Åèå­kèq­yè vj­db Lj­c kè­léty­yz Åèå­kèÿ Le­öjd­yf ve­pb­rf Ht­kè­uèq­yf jc­dè­nf Ht­kè­uèz è åj­ujc­kè­d’z Aè­kj­cj­aèz Aè­kj­cj­aèz è ht­kè­uèz Pd’zp­r b p uhj­vfl­cmrèc­n ñ è ñhbc­ghe­lty­wèz Pd’zp­rb p uhj­vfl­cmrèc­nñ/ Fl­vè­yèc­nhe­dfy­yz Rhb­vè­yfkm­yf ñc­nb­wèz è jöj­hj­yf ghf­dj­gj­hzl­re Gj­xfn­rj­df ñhb­lbx­yf jc­dè­nf Ghf­dj­df lj­gj­vj­uf Ghb­ve­cj­dè pf­öj­lb Cj­wè­f km­yf lj­gj­vj­uf/Cj­wè­f km­yè gj­c ke­ub eJournal USA Ghb­hjl­yb­xè yf­e rb Fc­nhj­yj­vèz Fc­nhj­aè­pb­rf Åèj­kj­uèx­yè cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ Åèj­kj­uèz Åèj­aè­pb­rf Åèj­öè­vèz Åj­nf­yè­rf Db­dxty­yz fn­vjc­at­hb q vt­ntj­hj­kj­uèÿ Utj­kj­uèz Pjj­kj­uèz Rkè­nby­yf q vj­kt­re­k zh­yf åèj­kj­uèz Vèr­hj­åèj­kj­uèz/Åfr­nt­hèj­kj­uèz Vjh­cmrf åèj­kj­uèz Yf­e rf ghj ptv­kñ è rjc­vjc Ghb­hj­ljp­yfd­cndj Ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ lj­c kè­létym Aè­pb­rf Öè­vèz Cec­gèkm­yè yf­e rb Fy­nhj­gj­kj­uèz Fh­ötj­kj­uèz Ut­ju­hf­aèz Trj­yj­vè­rf Èc­nj­hèz Rhb­vè­yj­kj­uèz Vèé­yf­hjl­yè cghf­db/dèl­yj­cb­yb Gj­kè­nj­kj­uèz Gcb­öj­kj­uèz Cj­wèj­kj­uèz Eg­hfd­kèy­yz Eh­åf­yèc­nb­rf Jå­hf­pjn­djh­xt q db­rj­yfd­cmrt vbc­ntw­n dj Lb­pfqy Lb­pfqy èy­nt­h’æ­he Lhf­vf­nbx­yt vbc­ntw­ndj Rè­yt­vf­nju­hf­aèz Ve­pb­rf Jå­hf­pjn­djh­xt vbc­ntw­ndj Ht­vèc­ybw­ndj q rec­nfh­yt db­hjå­ybw­ndj Nf­ytwm Aj­nju­hf­aèz (Cgb­cjr crkf­lt­yj A2zcolle­ges.com) Yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr Å Hj­r b yf­dxfy­y z Gth­ibq hèr – freshman (yj­df­xjr) Lhe­ubq hèr – sophomo­re (lhe­uj­reh­cybr) Nht­nèq hèr – junior (lée­yè­jh, cne­ltyn gt­ht­lj­cnfy­ymj­uj reh­ce) Xtn­dth­nbq hèr – senior (cnfh­ibq, cne­ltyn db­gec­ryj­uj reh­ce) èkm­iècnm ghj­uhfv åf­rf­kfd­hf­n e hjp­hf­öj­df­yè yf xj­nb­hb hj­rb cnf­wèj­yfh­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz. Jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf lfæ vjé­kb­dècnm gj­xf­nb ghja­tcèq­ye hj­åj­n e fåj ghj­ljd­é b­nb yf­dxfy­yz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè. Cne­gt­yè vj­kjl­ij­uj cgt­ wèf­kèc­nf, zrè pf­pdb­xfq ghb­cdjññnm vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè, hjp­hf­öj­ df­yè yf ldf hj­rb cnf­wèj­yfh­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz. Gèc­k z jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz vj­kjl­ij­uj cgt­wèf­kèc­nf vjé­yf db­qnb yf hj­åj­n e fåj ghj­ljd­é b­nb yf­dxfy­yz d pf­r kf­lè p xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ. E åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr crkf­lf­ænm­cz p ldjö ct­vtc­nhèd nhb­df­kèc­nñ gj 15 nbé­yèd rj­éty¡. Yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr, pf­pdb­xfq, gj­xb­yf­ænm­cz e cth­gyè fåj dt­htc­yè è nhb­dfæ lj nhfd­yz fåj xth­dyz; zr ghf­db­kj, e uhel­yè fåj cèx­yè æ rj­hjn­rè pb­vj­dè rf­yè­re­kb. Yf­dxfy­yz vj­ét ghj­öj­ lb­nb è d kèn­yèq ct­vtcnh – e xth­dyè, kbg­yè è/f­åj cth­gyè, fkt e åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd yf åf­pj­dj­ve hèd­yè kèn­yæ yf­dxfy­yz yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dt. eJournal USA ¡ Ct­htl èy­ibö gj­ib­ht­ybö cbc­ntv yf­dxfkm­yj­uj hj­re vjé­ yf yf­pdf­nb nhb­vtc­nhb, rj­kb yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr lè­kbnm­cz yf nhb hèd­ybö gt­hèj­lb gj 10–12 nbé­yèd rj­éty, è ≤rdfh­nfkm­ye≥ cbc­nt­ve, rj­kb hèr lè­kbnm­cz yf xj­nb­hb hèd­yè gt­hèj­lb gj 10 nbé­yèd rj­éty. Lkz yf­dxfy­yz yf cnf­wèj­yf­hè cne­ltyn ve­cbnm dèl­dè­le­df­nb pf­yzn­nz öj­xf å nhb p xj­nb­hmjö xdth­ntq. 48 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Db­vj­ub lj jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf L kz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz åf­rf­kfd­hf e åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd nht­åf yf­åhf­nb 120 pf­kè­rj­dbö åf­kèd (≤rht­lb­nèd≥) (180, zr­oj rj­ktlé ghf­wñæ pf ≤rdfh­nfkm­yjñ≥ cbc­nt­vjñ). Vfh­ uf­htn Ifw­vfy pè Ckeé­åb jwè­yñ­dfy­yz lf­ybö ghj jc­dè­n e d Vè­kej­rè, infn Dèc­rjy­cby, ghj­gj­yeæ nf­rbq jgbc cbc­nt­vb ≤rht­lb­nèd≥: Cne­lty­nb cnf­wèj­yf­he åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce, zr ghf­db­kj, vf­ñnm jn­hb­vf­nb yt vty­it 15 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥ pf ct­vtcnh, njå­nj 30 ≤rht­ lb­nèd≥ pf hèr. 5 reh­cèd, nj­ve d pf­ufkm­yèq ce­vè dj­yb yf­åb­hf­ñnm 15 ≤rht­lb­ nèd≥ pf ct­vtcnh. Nf­rbv xb­yjv, cne­lty­nb ghj­dj­lznm åkbpm­rj 15 uj­lby yf nbé­ltym yf pf­yzn­nzö. Rhèv xf­ce, ghj­dt­lt­yj­uj d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ, lj­lfn­rj­dbq xfc db­nhf­xf­ænm­cz yf gèl­uj­njd­re, d nj­ve xbc­kè yf xb­nfy­yz, db­rj­yfy­yz lj­vfi­yèö pf­dlfym, pf­yzn­nz e åèå­kèj­nt­wè q yf gèl­uj­njd­re lj jgb­n e­dfy­yz nf rjy­nhjkm­ybö hj­åèn. Kf­åj­hf­njh­ybq rehc, ghfr­nbx­ybq rehc è pf­yzn­nz d cne­lèÿ (db­rj­yfd­cmrt vbc­ntw­ndj, vf­kñ­dfy­yz, éb­dj­gbc è n. èy.) Gth­ibq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 1 lj 30 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥. Lhe­u bq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 31 lj 60 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥. Nht­n èq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 61 lj 90 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥. Xtn­dth­n bq hèr yf­dxfy­y z: dèl 91 lj 120 ≤rht­lb­nèd≥. Jlby ≤rht­lbn≥ ghb­hèd­yñ­ænm­cz lj ldj­ö–xj­nb­hmjö 50ödb­kby­ybö pf­yznm d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ yf nbé­ltym ghj­nz­ujv jl­yj­uj ct­vtc­nhe. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, yf pf­yzn­nzö p kf­åj­hf­njh­yj­uj xb ghfr­nbx­yj­uj reh­ce fåj yf pf­yzn­nzö e cne­lèÿ cne­lty­nb ghj­dj­lb­nb­venm yf nbé­ltym e 2–4 hf­pb åèkm­it xf­ce d fe­lb­nj­ hèÿ, yèé yf pf­yzn­nzö p ntj­ht­nbx­yj­uj reh­ce. Gèl­uj­njd­rf gj­pf fe­lb­nj­hèæñ ghb wmj­ve vè­yè­vfkm­yf fåj pjd­cèv yt db­vf­uf­ænm­ cz. Yf­ghb­r kfl, lkz pf­cdj­æy­yz kf­åj­hf­njh­yj­uj reh­ce, pf zrbq cne­ltyn jn­hb­veæ ldf ≤rht­lb­nb≥, yt­jå­öèl­yj åe­lt ghj­dj­lb­nb d kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ, zr vè­yè­vev, ldè­xè yf nbé­ltym gj ldf 50-ödb­kby­ ybö gt­hèj­lb. Ntj­ht­nbx­ybq rehc Jlby ≤rht­lbn≥ lj­hèd­yñæ 50 ödb­kb­yfv yf­dxfkm­yj­uj xf­ce (yf pf­yzn­nè) d nbé­ltym ghj­nz­ujv jl­yj­uj ct­vtc­nhe (15 nbé­ yèd). Åèkm­if xfc­nb­yf ntj­ht­nbx­ybö reh­cèd åf­pj­dj­uj hèd­yz tr­dè­df­ktyn­yf 3 fåj 4 ≤rht­lb­nfv≥ rj­éty. Nf­rbv xb­yjv, ojå jn­hb­vf­nb pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz ≤nhbr­ht­lbn­yj­uj reh­ce≥, cne­ltyn gj­db­ yty ghj­dj­lb­nb yf pf­yzn­nzö gj 50 ödb­kby nhb­xè yf nbé­ltym. E åèkm­ijc­nè cne­lty­nèd åf­pj­dj­uj hèd­yz d rjé­yj­ve ct­vtc­nhè gj Rj­hbc­yè dtå-cfq­nb N Eyè­dth­cb­ntn inf­n e Jr­kf­öj­vf (ht­tp://home.okst­ate.edu/ homep­ages.nsf/toc/chp15_1) hjp­hj­åbd gj­hfl­ybr ≤Gèl­uj­njd­rf lj db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb 101≥, lt vjé­yf pyfq­nb åf­uf­nj ht­rj­vty­lf­wèq ghj nt, oj yt­jå­öèl­yj phj­åb­nb lj gj­xfn­re yf­dxfy­yz è oj nht­ åf pyf­nb, rj­kb gj­xb­yf­ñnm­cz pf­yzn­nz. Nfv nf­rjé æ hjp­lèk ghj db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. en yf­dt­lt­yj ltz­rè dtå-cfq­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, zrè lf­ñnm rj­hbc­ye èy­ajh­vf­wèñ cne­lty­nfv (cfq­nb ht­rj­vty­ lj­df­yj fd­nj­hjv). Cfqn Rf­k è­ajh­yèq­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e d Åth­r kè (ht­tp:// ls-advise.ber­ke­ley.edu/choosingmajor/intro.html) lfæ db­pyf­xty­yz, oj nf­rt cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèz, hjp­gj­dè­lfæ, zr gèl­uj­n e­df­nb­cz lj db­åj­he cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è gjl­fnb pf­zde lj rèy­wz lhe­uj­uj hj­re yf­dxfy­yz, hjp­ukz­lfæ ltz­rè yt­ghf­dbkm­yè ezd­kty­yz ghj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è db­åèh ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb è ghj­gj­yeæ gj­hf­lb cne­lty­nfv, zr db­pyf­xb­nb lkz ct­åt vt­n e jc­dè­nb. Cfqn eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e inf­n e Gty­cbkm­df­yèz (ht­tp://www. psu.edu/dus/md/mdmisper.htm) hjp­gj­dècnm ghj gjl­jkfy­yz gj­ ib­ht­ybö öbå­ybö ezd­ktym cnj­cjd­yj cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq, yf­ghb­r kfl, ghj nt, oj db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ è ghja­tcèq­yjÿ rf­h’æ­hb – wt yt jl­yt è nt cf­vt, fåj oj db­åèh jl­yèæÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ yt jp­yf­xfæ dèl­vj­de dèl ecèö èy­ibö. Yf cfq­n è eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e Vèy­yt­cj­n b (ht­tp://ucs1.ucs.umn. edu/www/majorworkbook.html) db pyfq­lt­nt db­pyf­xty­yz cgt­ wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ, zrt lfæ Léjy Ujk­kfyl. Gt­ht­kè­xe­ñnm­cz afr­nj­hb, zrè dgkb­df­ñnm yf db­åèh cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ: èy­nt­ht­cb, yf­dbx­rb, wèy­yjc­nè q öf­hfr­nth­yè ≤nb­gb≥ jcj­åbc­njc­nè, oj lj­gj­vj­ét cne­lty­nfv rhf­ot phj­pe­vè­nb, lj zrj­uj nb­ge dj­yb yf­kt­éfnm è zrè cgt­wèf­kè­ pf­wèÿ ÿv vj­é enm gè­lèq­nb. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Cfqn Gty­cbkm­dfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e (ht­tp://www. colle­ge.upenn.edu/curriculum/major_fa­ctors.html) ghj­gj­yeæ cne­lty­nfv ≤rjy­nhjkm­ybq≥ cgb­cjr lkz nj­uj, ojå dj­yb pvju­kb db­pyf­xb­nb cdjÿ èy­nt­ht­cb, vj­nb­df­wèÿ è wè­kè. 49 eJournal USA Pf­yzn­nz d fe­lb­nj­hè­zö ­ ghj­nz­ujv gth­ibö xj­nb­hmjö ­ hj­rèd yf­dxfy­yz Kèy­lf Nj­åfi Vfqrk Rjy­hjq. AP/WWP Cne­lty­nb gj­dby­yè åhf­nb fr­nbd­ye exfcnm d jå­uj­dj­hty­yzö e rkf­cè. Db­vj­ub, zrè db­c e­df­ñnm­cz gt­htl cne­lty­nf­vb yf pf­yzn­ nzö, pf­kt­éfnm dèl db­r kf­lf­xf è ghtl­vt­nf, fkt, pf­uf­kjv, cbc­nt­vf fvt­hb­rfy­cmrjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb gt­htl­åf­xfæ fr­nbd­ ye exfcnm cne­lty­nf d ct­vè­yf­hfö è db­rj­yfy­yz lj­vfi­yèö pf­dlfym ghj­n z­ujv ecmj­uj reh­c e. Gèl­c ev­rj­df jwèy­rf xfc­nj db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz jwèy­rf­vb pf rjy­nhjkm­yè hj­åj­nb ghj­n z­ ujv ct­vtc­nhe è pf èc­gbn, f nf­rjé èy­ib­vb gj­rfp­yb­rf­vb jg­hf­wñ­dfy­yz ghtl­vt­ne. Fd­njh gj­zc­yñæ ltz­rè cbc­nt­vb jwè­yñ­dfy­yz. Kèy­lf Nj­åfi – lb­htr­njh cne­ltyncmrjÿ ckeé­ åb Èy­cnb­ne­ne vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. lj db­r kf­lfy­yz. Ct­htl yfq­gj­ib­ht­yè­ibö db­vju db­r kf­lf­xèd vjé­yf yf­dtc­nb nf­rè: • Cne­ltyn gj­db­yty dèl­dè­l e­df­n b pf­y zn­nz. D åf­ uf­nmjö pf­r kf­lfö cf­vè db­r kf­lf­xè db­pyf­xf­ñnm ghf­db­kf dèl­dè­le­dfy­yz pf­yznm. Fkt vj­ét èc­ye­df­nb è cgèkm­yf lkz dcmj­uj pf­r kf­le cbc­nt­vf dèl­dè­le­dfy­yz, yf­ghb­r kfl, cne­ lty­nb yt gj­dby­yè ghj­gec­rf­nb åèkm­it nhmjö pf­yznm pf ct­vtcnh. Yt­hèl­rj, f d ltz­rbö pf­r kf­lfö jåj­d’zp­rj­dj, pf dèl­dè­le­dfy­yzv pf­yznm dt­ltnm­cz rjy­nhjkm. Xfc­nj ghj­gecr pf­yznm vj­ét dgkb­ye­nb yf rèy­wt­de jwèy­re cne­lty­nf (lbd. dhèp­re). Lj nj­uj é, ltz­rè db­r kf­lf­xè dkfi­nj­de­ñnm yt­cgj­lè­ df­yè jgb­n e­dfy­yz. Zr­oj cne­ltyn ghj­gec­rfæ pf­yzn­nz, dèy ghj­gec­rfæ q jgb­n e­dfy­yz, oj nf­rjé vj­ét dgkb­ye­nb yf rèy­wt­de jwèy­re. • Cne­ltyn vfæ åe­n b gèl­uj­njd­kt­ybq lj pf­y zn­ nz. D yf­dxfkm­yj­ve gkf­yè ghja­tcjh pf­uf­kjv drf­peæ dcè pf­dlfy­yz. Cne­lty­nb gt­htl pf­yzn­nzv gj­dby­yè ghj­xb­nf­ nb yt­jå­öèl­ybq vf­nt­hè­f k è åe­nb uj­nj­db­vb jå­uj­dj­hb­nb qj­uj. Èy­rj­kb cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm pèå­hf­nb­cz d uhe­gb è hf­pjv Ö j­xf rj­éty db­r kf­lfx vj­ét vf­nb dkfc­ybq cnbkm è db­vj­ub lj cne­lty­nèd, d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­ nfö dèl cne­lty­nèd pf­uf­kjv xt­rf­ñnm fr­nbd­yjÿ exfc­nè d yf­dxfkm­yj­ve ghj­wt­cè. Zr ghf­db­kj, yf gth­ij­ve pf­yzn­ nè db­r kf­lfx hjp­lfæ cne­lty­nfv yf­dxfkm­ybq gkfy reh­c e fåj lfæ fl­ht­c e dtå-cfq­n e, lt wtq gkfy jgeå­kè­rj­df­yj. D ymj­ve drf­pf­yj vt­n e reh­c e, gj­pfr­kfc­yt xb­nfy­yz è pf­dlfy­ yz, cbc­nt­ve jwè­yñ­dfy­yz, ghf­db­kf dèl­dè­l e­dfy­yz q yt­hèl­rj – pf­ufkm­y e gt­lf­uj­uèx­y e aè­kj­cj­aèñ xb gèl­öèl db­r kf­lf­xf eJournal USA 50 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 P lj­pdj­ke Cöèl­yj­uj Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Cbc­nt­vf jwè­yjr E CIF yfq­xfc­nè­it déb­df­ænm­cz cbc­nt­vf jwè­yjr dèl F lj F (0–4), lt A=4 B=3 C=2 D = 1 (fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf rjy­wtg­wèz) F = 0 (failure – yt­pf­lj­dèkm­yj, èyj­lè yf­pb­df­ænm­cz T) Cne­lty­nb ghf­wñ­ñnm e kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ Cöèl­yj­uj Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne d Dèh­uè­yèÿ. Èy­iè gj­ib­ht­yè jwèy­r b I = incomp­lete (yt­pf­dth­it­yj) W = withdrawal (dèl­vj­df) WU = unof­ficial withdrawal (yt­jaè­wèq­yf dèl­vj­df) Audit = ghj­c ke­öj­de­dfy­yz reh­ce åtp db­cnfd­kty­yz jwèy­rb, åtp jn­hb­vfy­yz ≤rht­lb­nèd≥, dèl­dè­lfy­yz pf­yznm è db­rj­yfy­yz pf­dlfym Pass/Fail = ghj­öj­léty­yz reh­ce p jn­hb­vfy­yzv pf­kè­re fåj åtp jn­hb­vfy­yz pf­kè­re, åtp ghj­öèl­yj­uj åf­ke Pass/No cred­it = ghj­öj­léty­yz reh­ce fåj p jn­hb­vfy­ yzv pf­kè­re, fåj åtp pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz ≤rht­lb­n e≥; yèz­rbö yt­uf­nbd­ybö åf­kèd ghf­wñ­df­nb yfl pf­dlfy­yzv. E åèkm­ijc­nè gj­cèå­yb­rèd lkz cne­lty­nèd db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz, zr dfé­kb­dj ht­u e­k zh­yj db­rj­ye­ df­nb pf­dlfy­yz è yt dèl­cnf­df­nb. Jå­czu hj­åj­nb vj­ét åe­nb nf­rbv dt­kb­rbv, oj xfc­nj cne­ltyn, zrbq dèl­cnfd, eét yt pvj­ét yf­plju­yf­nb uhe­ge. Nfr oj le­ét dfé­kb­dj qnb d yj­u e p ecè­vf. • Cne­ltyn gj­db­yty cdjæ­xfc­yj plf­df­nb dcè pf­dlfy­yz. Zr ghf­db­kj, jwèy­re pf pf­dlfy­yz, zrt åe­kj db­rj­yf­yj gèp­yè­it dèl drf­pf­yj­uj nth­vè­ye, åe­lt pyb­ét­yj. Ltz­rè db­r kf­lf­xè pf éjl­ybö jå­cnf­dby yt ghbq­vf­ñnm pf­dlfy­yz, plf­yè èp pf­gèp­ yty­yzv. • Cne­ltyn gj­db­yty åhf­nb exfcnm e hj­åj­nè uhe­gb. E dt­ kb­rbö fe­lb­nj­hè­zö yf ktr­wè­zö, lt vj­ét åe­nb åèkm­it yèé 200 cne­lty­nèd, lbc­re­cèÿ vèé db­r kf­lf­xtv è cne­lty­nf­vb pf­pdb­xfq jå­vt­ét­yè. Ghj­nt yf åèkm­ijc­nè pf­yznm e uhe­gfö rèkm­rècnm kñ­ltq yf­åf­uf­nj vty­if q exfcnm d jå­uj­dj­hty­ yè yt­hèl­rj æ crkfl­yb­rjv pf­ufkm­yjÿ jwèy­rb. Cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm yt kb­it dèl­gj­dèlf­nb yf pf­gb­nfy­yz, fkt q cnf­db­nb ÿö. Pf­dlfy­yz åèkm­ijÿ xfc­nb­yb reh­cèd – cgj­ye­rf­nb cne­ lty­nèd lj jc­vbc­kty­yz vf­nt­hèf­ke, zrbq db­dxf­ænm­cz, è lj ajh­ve­dfy­yz ÿöymjÿ dkfc­yjÿ lev­rb. Èy­ib­vb ckj­df­vb, cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm yt ghj­cnj db­dxb­nb vf­nt­hè­f k, f q hjp­ db­ye­nb, db­c kj­db­nb è jå­uhey­n e­df­nb dkfc­ybq gj­ukzl yf ghtl­vtn xb nt­ve. Rj­éty ghja­tcjh dcnfy­jd­kñæ cdjÿ rhb­nt­hèÿ jwè­ yñ­dfy­yz hj­åj­nb cne­lty­nèd è db­cnfd­kty­yz gèl­cev­ rj­djÿ jwèy­rb p ghtl­vt­n e. Zr ghf­db­kj, db­r kf­lf­xè gj­zc­yñ­ñnm cdjñ cbc­nt­ve jwè­yñ­dfy­yz e gth­ibq ltym pf­yznm, drkñ­xfñ­xb wè lf­yè lj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj gkf­ye. Xfc­nj ghja­tcjh gj­zc­yñæ, zr åe­lt jwè­yñ­df­nb rjy­nhjkm­yè è reh­cj­dè hj­åj­nb. Le­ét hèl­rj gèl­cev­rj­df jwèy­rf db­pyf­xf­ænm­cz kb­it jl­yèæñ reh­cj­djñ hj­åj­ njñ fåj jl­ybv èc­gb­njv; pf­pdb­xfq jwèy­rf crkf­lf­ænm­ cz p gtd­yjÿ rjv­åè­yf­wèÿ nf­rbö rhb­nt­hè­ÿd: • fi exfcnm e hj­åj­nè d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ • fi jgb­n e­dfy­yz q rjy­nhjkm­yè hj­åj­nb • fi èc­gbn e ct­ht­lb­yè ct­vtc­nhe • fi gèl­cev­rj­dbq èc­gbn • fi gèl­cev­rj­df reh­cj­df hj­åj­nf Nj xj­uj ckèl xt­rf­nb cne­lty­nj­dè dèl nj­uj xb èy­ij­uj db­le pf­yznm, zrè dèy, vjé­kb­dj, dèl­dè­le­df­nb­vt? E rj­kt­léè vj­ét èc­ye­df­nb hèp­yf rèkm­rècnm hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö ghtl­vt­nèd, zrè lj­ dt­ltnm­cz db­dxf­nb. Yf gth­ij­ve reh­cè xfc­nj nht­åf åe­lt dèl­ dè­le­df­nb ktr­wèÿ, yf zrbö ghb­cen­yè 100 è åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd. Yf nf­rbö ktr­wè­zö p dt­kb­rjñ rèkm­rèc­nñ dèl­dè­le­df­xèd xfc­nj gjl­fænm­cz dt­kb­rbq jå­czu vf­nt­hèf­ke è cne­lty­nb gj­dby­yè dtc­nb rjy­cgtr­nb. Yf nf­rbö reh­cfö vj­é enm xfc­nj ghj­dj­lb­ nb jgb­n e­dfy­yz è rjy­nhjkm­yè hj­åj­nb. Vjé­kb­dj, cne­lty­nb ghf­wñ­df­nb­venm e yf­dxfkm­ybö uhe­gfö p vty­ijñ rèkm­rèc­nñ Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 51 eJournal USA dèl­dè­le­df­xèd, fåj pec­nhè­xf­nb­venm­cz jcj­åbc­nj p db­r kf­lf­xtv, fåj db­rj­ye­df­nb­venm pf­dlfy­yz, hjp­vè­ot­yè e åf­pè lf­ybö wmj­ uj ghtl­vt­n e. Jl­yfr åèkm­iècnm reh­cèd jöjg­kñæ yf­åf­uf­nj vty­it cne­ lty­nèd – 30–40 jcèå yf pf­yzn­nè. Jcm nen cgèk­re­dfy­yz vèé cne­lty­nf­vb uhfæ le­ét dfé­kb­de hjkm. P gèl­db­oty­yzv hèd­yz crkfl­yjc­nè ghtl­vt­n e hjp­vè­hb uhe­gb pvty­ie­ñnm­cz, f ltz­rè ghtl­vt­nb db­r kf­lf­ñnm yf ct­vè­yf­hfö e uhe­gfö p 10 fåj vty­it exfc­yb­rèd. E nf­rbö vf­ktym­rbö uhe­gfö yf­lpdb­xfq­yj dfé­kb­df gèl­uj­njd­rf lj pf­yzn­nz è plfn­yècnm åhf­nb fr­nbd­ye exfcnm e hj­åj­nè. Dtql Åhe­njy/Eyè­dth­cb­ntn Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè Wè cne­lty­nb åèp­ytc-irj­kb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Gèd­yèx­yjÿ Rf­hj­kè­yb d Ifh­kjn­nè cke­ öf­ñnm ktr­wèñ d fe­lb­nj­hèÿ-fv­aè­nt­fn­hè, jl­yj­ve p åf­uf­nmjö hèp­yj­vf­yèn­ybö db­lèd fe­lb­nj­hèq d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö ht­ceh­cb. Nj­ve yt­jå­öèl­yj jc­djÿ­nb tktr­nhj­yye cbc­nt­ve, zrf èc­yeæ d yf­dxfkm­yj­ve pf­r kf­lè. Lkz ltz­rbö cne­lty­nèd xfc­nb­yf yf­dxfy­yz vj­ét ghj­qnb e db­ukz­lè nhe­lj­djÿ ghfr­nb­rb. Vt­nf nf­rjÿ ghfr­nb­rb – pf­ rhè­gb­nb ntj­ht­nbx­yè pyfy­yz ghfr­nbx­yb­vb yf­dbx­rf­vb, f nf­rjé lf­nb cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e jwè­yb­nb, xb gèl­öj­lbnm ÿv wtq dbl lè­z km­yjc­nè. Pf­pdb­xfq, cne­lty­nb ghf­wñ­ñnm e rjv­gf­yè­zö, nèc­yj gj­d’zpf­ybö pè cat­hjñ ÿöymjÿ cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèÿ. Zr­oj pf ghfr­nb­re vjé­yf jlth­éf­nb ≤rht­lbn≥, zrbq pf­hf­öj­de­ænm­cz lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­gt­yz, nj cne­lty­nfv lj­dj­lbnm­cz xfc­nj åhf­nb exfcnm e gt­hèj­lbx­ybö pec­nhè­xfö uhe­gb, ojå jå­uj­dj­ hb­nb lj­cdèl, jn­hb­vf­ybq gèl xfc ghfr­nb­rb. Ghfr­nb­rf vj­ét jg­kf­xe­df­nb­cz, fkt d åèkm­ijc­nè db­gfl­rèd dj­yf fåj dpf­uf­kè yt jg­kf­xe­ænm­cz, fåj jg­kf­xe­ænm­cz xfc­nrj­dj. D ltz­rbö uf­ke­pzö, yf­ghb­r kfl, d èy­ét­yth­yèq cghf­dè, cne­lty­nfv gj­cnèq­yj ht­rj­ vty­le­ñnm ghj­öj­lb­nb nhe­lj­de ghfr­nb­re yf kèn­yèö rf­yè­re­ kfö. Zr ghf­db­kj, pf kèn­yñ ghfr­nb­re yf­dxfkm­ybq ≤rht­lbn≥ yt pf­hf­öj­de­ænm­cz. Ot jl­yf tatr­nbd­yf vj­ltkm drkñ­xfæ uhj­vfl­cmre lè­ zkm­yècnm lj ghj­uhfv yf­dxfy­yz fåj lfæ cne­lty­nfv pvj­u e pfq­vf­nb­cz uhj­vfl­cmrjñ hj­åj­njñ, oj jåj­d’zp­rj­dj döj­lbnm lj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj gkf­ye. D uhj­vfl­cmrèq lè­z km­yjc­nè jcjå­kb­df edf­uf ghb­lè­k z­ænm­cz pf­cnj­ce­dfy­yñ ntj­ht­nbx­ybö pyfym yf ghfr­nb­wè lkz hjp­d’z­pfy­yz ghj­åktv rjy­rhtn­yjÿ cgèkm­yj­nb. Nf­rf ghj­uhf­vf gj­r kb­rf­yf yt kb­it yf­lf­nb lj­gj­vj­u e kñ­ lzv, cajh­ve­df­nb e cne­lty­nèd gj­xen­nz uhj­vf­lzy­cmrjÿ dèl­gj­dè­ lfkm­yjc­nè, f q cghbz­nb hjp­dbn­rj­dè e ybö yf­db­xjr è dèl­xen­nz yf­kté­yjc­nè lj lt­vjr­hf­nbx­yj­uj cec­gèkm­cndf. 3 P lj­pdj­ke eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne Léjy­cj­yf C. Cvè­nf Rèv­yf­nf d cne­ltyncmrj­ve ueh­nj­ébn­re – wt vèc­wt lkz cye, yf­dxfy­yz è dèl­gj­ xby­re d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Léjy­cj­yf C. Cvè­nf d Gèd­yèx­yèq Rf­hj­kè­yè. Ct­htl èy­ibö pf­yznm vj­é enm åe­nb kf­åj­hf­njh­yè hj­åj­nb, yfq­xfc­nè­it p ghb­hjl­yb­xbö yf­e r è vf­nt­vf­nb­rb, vt­njñ zrbö æ ghj­dt­lty­yz lj­c kè­lèd. Cne­lty­nb yf dèl­lè­kty­yzö jå­ hf­pj­ndjh­xj­uj vbc­ntw­ndf vj­é enm jxè­re­df­nb, oj db­dxty­yz ltz­rbö ghtl­vt­nèd ghj­öj­lb­nb­vt d cne­lèÿ è jöjg­kñ­df­nb­vt zr ntj­hèñ, nfr è ghfr­nb­re db­rj­yfy­yz zrj­ujcm ghj­tr­n e. Nfr cf­vj åf­uf­nj reh­cèd nfy­wñ­hbc­nèd, fr­nj­hèd, cgè­df­rèd, ve­pb­rfy­ nèd crkf­lf­nb­venm­cz p ghfr­nbx­ybö pf­yznm è db­cne­gèd. Cne­lty­nb vj­é enm lj­vj­db­nb­cz ghj ghj­öj­léty­yz ltz­rbö reh­cèd pf èy­lb­dè­le­f km­yb­vb gkf­yf­vb. Zr ghf­db­kj, cne­ltyn hf­pjv èp db­r kf­lf­xtv hjp­hjå­k zæ nf­rbq yf­dxfkm­ybq gkfy, d zrj­ve vèc­nbnm­cz ghj­dt­lty­yz lj­c kè­létym, yf­gb­cfy­yz reh­cj­ djÿ hj­åj­nb nf hjp­r kfl rjy­cekm­nf­wèq p db­r kf­lf­xtv ghj­nz­ ujv ct­vtc­nhe. Dct åèkm­it eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd yf­lf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv vjé­kb­ dècnm db­åb­hf­nb ajh­ve yf­dxfy­yz: jx­yè reh­cb (jcj­åbc­nt dèl­dè­le­dfy­yz) fåj Èy­nth­ytn-reh­cb (lb­cnfy­wèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz). Yt­hèl­rj jl­yè cne­lty­nb db­dxf­ñnm ltz­rè reh­cb, dèl­dè­leñ­xb pf­yzn­nz, f èy­iè – xt­htp Èy­nth­ytn. Yf­dènm d evj­dfö pdbx­yj­uj jx­yj­uj yf­dxfy­yz db­r kf­lf­xè dct xfc­nè­it db­rj­hbc­nj­de­ñnm Èy­nth­ytn lkz geå­kè­rf­wèÿ lj­lfn­rj­djÿ èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ è lj­vfi­ yèö pf­dlfym, f nf­rjé hjp­vè­oe­ñnm gj­cbkfy­yz yf lj­lfn­rj­dè eJournal USA Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnf­nnè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 52 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d ­ Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö Kèy­lf F. Cè­ct­hj/Sta­nford News Service Db­gec­ryb­rb lz­re­ñnm cdj­ÿv åfnm­rfv pf dcè nè éth­ndb, yf zrè dj­yb vf­kb gè­nb, ojå lf­nb ÿv jc­dè­ne. Rji­nb yf yf­dxfy­yz åèkm­ijc­nè fvt­hb­rfy­ cmrbö cne­lty­nèd db­lè­k z­ñnm­cz p cè­vtq­ybö pf­jof­létym, gj­pbr, uhfy­nèd è pf­hj­åèn­rèd. E èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd yt pf­délb æ nf­rè vjé­kb­djc­nè, è d wèq cnfn­nè vb lfæ­vj gj­hf­lb, lt vjé­yf pyfq­nb èy­ajh­vf­wèñ ghj aè­yfy­cj­de gèl­nhbv­r e. hjc­nt, f hf­pjv èp pf­cnj­ce­dfy­yzv yj­dbö ntö­yj­kj­uèq hèp­rj phj­cnf­ñnm db­lfn­rb yf kf­åj­hf­nj­hèÿ nf èy­iè cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yè åe­lèd­kè. Eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb q rj­kt­léè gj­cnèq­yj ie­rf­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­djÿ gèl­nhbv­rb p åj­re jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, rjh­gj­ hf­wèq è ghj­vbc­kj­djc­nè, f nf­rjé vèc­wt­dbö jh­uf­yèd eg­hfd­kèy­ yz, fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ inf­n e q at­lt­hfkm­yj­uj ehz­le. È dct é lkz vfq­åen­yèö cne­lty­nèd dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d eyè­ dth­cb­nt­nè vj­ét db­lf­nb­cz pf­uhjp­kb­djñ. Ltz­rè cne­lty­nb gèl xfc yf­dxfy­yz ghf­wñ­ñnm e ct­htl­yèq irj­kè fåj d rj­kt­léè, ojå pf­hj­åb­nb yf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­yz xb yf èy­iè db­nhf­nb, yf­ghb­r kfl, yf gèl­hex­yb­rb, nhfyc­gjhn fåj ébn­kj. Ojå gj­rhb­nb wè pf­nhf­nb, rj­kt­léè lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm cne­lty­nfv dkfi­ ne­df­nb­cz yf hj­åj­n e fåj d rfv­ge­cè, fåj d hf­qj­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­ ne. Yfq­xfc­nè­it ec­gèö vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd gj­zc­yñ­ænm­cz nbv, oj dj­yb lj­pdj­k z­ñnm lj­hjc­kbv, rjn­hè ghf­wñ­ñnm, dxb­nb­cz e dt­xèh­yèq xfc, fåj e db­öèl­yè, fåj zrjcm èyfr­it gj­æl­ye­df­nb jx­yt xb pf­jx­yt yf­dxfy­yz p hj­åj­njñ yf gj­dybq fåj yt­gj­ dybq hj­åj­xbq ltym. P xf­cèd Lhe­ujÿ cdè­nj­djÿ dèq­yb dt­kb­rjñ gt­ht­df­ujñ ckeé­åb d fh­vèÿ åe­kf jg­kf­nf pf yf­dxfy­yz puèl­yj èp ≤Pf­rj­yjv ghj GI≥, pf zrbv fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbv cj­k lf­nfv, zrbö yf­pb­df­ñnm “gover­nme­nt issue” (crj­hj­xt­yj GI jp­yf­xfæ ≤ehz­lj­dt vfq­yj≥), yf­lf­ænm­cz aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf lkz jn­hb­ vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, zrf d èy­ij­ve hf­pè åe­kf å yt­vjé­kb­djñ lkz åf­uf­nmjö cj­k lf­nèd-dt­nt­hf­yèd. Y f­dxf­nb­cz d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­ve rj­kt­léè xb eyè­dth­cb­nt­ nè le­ét lj­hj­uj. Hèr yf­dxfy­yz d jl­yj­ve p ghj­dèl­ybö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd p xj­nb­hb­hèx­yjñ ghj­uhf­vjñ vj­ét rji­n e­df­nb lj 50 nb­czx lj­kf­hèd, yt dhf­öj­deñ­xb lj­lfn­rj­dbö db­nhfn yf nhfyc­gjhn, ébn­kj nj­oj. Pdb­xfq­yj, èc­ye­ñnm è lt­itd­iè df­hè­fy­nb yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léfö, zrè nté lf­ñnm jc­dè­ ne yf db­cj­rj­ve hèd­yè. E åf­uf­nmjö xj­nb­hb­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léfö yf­dxfy­yz rji­n e­df­nb­vt dfv yt vty­it, yèé 10 nb­czx lj­kf­hèd yf hèr, f gt­ht­dfé­yf åèkm­iècnm èp ybö gj­nhfg­k zæ lj wè­yj­djÿ rf­nt­uj­hèÿ dèl 20 lj 30 nb­czx lj­kf­hèd yf hèr. Jg­kf­nf jc­dè­nb lè­ntq cnf­kf jl­ybv èp jc­yjd­ybö xby­yb­rèd db­nhfn d fvt­hb­ rfy­cmrbö cè­v’zö. Åf­uf­nj önj gj­xb­yfæ dèl­r kf­lf­nb rji­nb ot ghb yf­hj­léty­yè lb­nb­yb, f d ltz­rbö inf­nfö ghf­wñ­ñnm pf­jöj­xe­dfkm­yè ghj­uhf­vb yf jofl­yè dytc­rb. Nf ckèl dèl­pyf­xb­nb, oj, gj­ghb db­cj­re dfh­nècnm cf­vj­uj yf­ dxfy­yz, db­nhf­nb yf pf­åtp­gt­xty­yz jc­dè­nb ot db­oè. Dfh­nècnm en­hb­vfy­yz åe­lè­dtkm, jå­kfl­yfy­yz è ghf­wèd­yb­rèd gj­cnèq­yj Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 53 eJournal USA Èc­yeæ ldf jc­yjd­yè lét­ht­kf aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, jr­hèv rji­nèd cè­v’ÿ nf pf­jof­létym: gj­pb­rb è uhfy­nb. Gj­pb­rb – wt gj­pb­xt­yè rji­nb, zrè yt­jå­öèl­yj gj­dth­ye­nb p dèl­cjn­ rf­vb, öj­xf dèl­cjn­rb yf cne­ltyncmrè gj­pb­rb ybé­xè, yèé yf èy­iè db­lb gj­pbr. Gj pf­rèy­xty­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd åf­uf­nj önj e gth­iè hj­rb hj­åj­nb pfq­yz­nbq db­g kf­njñ cne­ltyncmrbö åjh­uèd. Uhfy­nb, d nj­ve xbc­kè cnb­gty­lèÿ, – wt gjl­fhj­df­yè uhj­iè, è gj­dth­nf­nb ÿö yt nht­åf, fkt, pf­pdb­xfq, lkz jn­hb­vfy­ yz uhfy­nf cne­lty­nb vf­ñnm dèl­gj­dèlf­nb gtd­ybv rhb­nt­hè­zv, njå­nj gj­cnèq­yj jlth­é e­df­nb lj­cbnm db­cj­rè åf­kb fåj lj­dtc­ nb aè­yfy­cj­de yt­cghj­vjé­yècnm cè­v’ÿ en­hb­ve­df­nb cne­lty­nf. Cnb­gty­lèÿ, zr ghf­db­kj, ckèl pf­c ke­é b­nb, dj­yb yf­lf­ñnm­cz pf ec­gè­öb d yf­dxfy­yè, cgjh­nè fåj d uhj­vfl­cmrèq hj­åj­nè xb pf èy­ib­vb rhb­nt­hèz­vb, zrbv dèl­gj­dè­lfæ cne­ltyn fåj qj­uj cè­ v’z. Ghj­wtc gj­ie­re wbö rji­nèd è pdth­yty­yz gj ybö lj­cbnm crkfl­ybq è vj­ét yf­dènm dèl­k z­rf­nb ltz­rè cè­v’ÿ. D rj­kt­léfö, ct­htl­yèö irj­kfö nf èy­ibö jh­uf­yè­pf­wè­zö èc­ye­ñnm ckeé­åb, zrè yf­lf­ñnm lj­gj­vj­u e cne­lty­nfv e gj­ie­rfö lét­htk aè­yfy­ ce­dfy­yz. Ot crkfl­yè­ibv wtq ghj­wtc db­lf­ænm­cz cne­lty­nfv p èy­ ibö rhf­ÿy, zrè öj­xenm yf­dxf­nb­cz d CIF. E åf­uf­nmjö rhfÿ­yfö jc­dè­nf åtp­rji­njd­yf fåj lj­cbnm yt­lj­hj­uf, yf­åf­uf­nj lt­itd­ if, yèé e CIF. Zrè df­hè­fy­nb lj­cneg­yè lkz cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè öj­xenm yf­dxf­nb­cz d CIF, fkt yt pf­jof­lée­df­kb uhj­itq lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, gj­xb­yfñ­xb p gth­ij­uj rkf­ce irj­kb? E dt­htc­yt­dj­ve db­gec­re éeh­yf­ke pf 2006 hèr gèl yf­ pdjñ ≤Lj pec­nhè­xè d CIF≥ (ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/ itps/0905/ij­pe/ij­pe0905.htm) db­cdèn­kñ­df­kb­cz gb­nfy­yz gj­ÿp­lrb cne­lty­nèd lj CIF è, pjr­ht­vf, jcjå­kb­dj lt­nfkm­yj hjp­ukz­lf­kb­cz dè­pj­dè gb­nfy­yz. Yt­ycè Rt­nt­re, rjy­cekm­nfyn p gb­nfym jc­dè­nb d rhfÿ­yfö Fa­hb­rb, zrf ghf­wñæ e dèl­lè­kty­yè Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e d Fr­rhè, Uf­yf, jgeå­kè­re­df­kf cnfn­ nñ ≤Db­of jc­dè­nf d CIF: aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz≥. Vb ht­rj­vty­leæ­vj jp­yf­qj­vb­nb­cz p ytñ, f nf­rjé p ecèv éeh­yf­kjv. Ybé­xt yf­dt­ lt­yj jc­yjd­yè gj­kj­éty­yz wèæÿ cnf­nè. Db öj­xt­nt dxb­nb­cz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö? Vjé­kb­dj, db pdth­ye­kb edf­u e yf nt, oj dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz d CIF db­of, yèé e rhfÿ­yfö, lt cbc­nt­vf jc­dè­nb gt­ht­åe­dfæ gèl tuè­ljñ lth­ éf­db, zrf wty­nhf­kè­pj­df­yj ytñ rt­heæ. Nf vb cgj­lè­dfæ­vj­cz, oj db nfr cf­vj pf­e df­é b­kb, oj drkf­lt­yè d fvt­hb­rfy­cmre jc­ dè­n e rji­nb ghb­yj­cznm dt­kb­xtp­yè lb­dè­lty­lb, jn­ét, drkf­lf­nb rji­nb d jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb nen db­uèl­yj. Jcm rèkm­rf ikz­öèd jh­uf­yè­pf­wèÿ df­ibö db­nhfn yf jc­dè­n e d CIF. • Wty­nhb EducationUSA (≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥), oj ÿö gèl­ nhb­veæ Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF, cnfy­e nm df­ibv jaè­wèq­ybv lét­ht­kjv èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ. Pyfq­nb yfq­åkbé­xbq lj dfc wtynh ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ vjé­yf yf cfq­nè ht­tp://www. educationUSA.st­ate.gov/ce­nt­ers.htm. • E wty­nhfö EducationUSA dfh­nj gj­ie­rf­nb ldf nf­rè db­lfy­ yz: “T­he Colle­ge Board Int­er­national Stu­de­nt Handbook” (≤Lj­ dèl­ybr lkz cne­lty­nèd p hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy, er­kf­lt­ybq Hf­ljñ rj­ kt­léèd≥), f nf­rjé ryb­ue db­lfd­ybw­ndf “Peterson” “Applying to Colle­ges and Universit­ies in the Unit­ed St­ates” (≤Zr dcne­gf­nb d rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥). • Ht­ceh­cb, zrè yf­lfæ fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbq ehzl: åèkm­iècnm fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö lth­éfd­ybö ghj­uhfv ghb­pyf­xt­yj lkz fc­gè­hfy­nèd. Rt­hèd­ybw­ndj ghj­uhf­vf­vb plèq­cyñ­ñnm dèl­lè­kb ghtcb, jcdènb è rekmnehb d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö gj­cjkm­cndfö fåj Futy­wè­zö CIF p vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj hjp­dbn­re yf jc­yj­dè ldj­cnj­hjy­yèö eujl. • Futy­wèÿ, zrè yf­lf­ñnm cnb­gty­lèÿ: jåt­hté­yj^ Èc­yeæ åf­uf­ nj afkm­ib­dbö futy­wèq. Cgèk­reñ­xbcm p futy­wèæñ, ckèl lj­nhb­ve­df­nb­cz jc­yjd­yj­uj ghf­db­kf: cnf­db­nb­cz le­ét jåt­ hté­yj lj futy­wèq, zrè åt­henm gkf­n e pf èy­ajh­vf­wèñ, yt­pf­ kté­yj dèl nj­uj, yf­crèkm­rb gt­ht­rjy­kb­dbq db­ukzl vf­ñnm ÿö­yè db­lfy­yz è yf­crèkm­rb gt­ht­rjy­kb­dj pde­xfnm uf­hfy­nèÿ. Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz nf èy­iè gkf­nt­éè gj­hèd­yz­yj ­ èp pf­ufkm­yb­vb db­lfn­rf­vb yf db­oe jc­dè­ne Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz – wt nèkm­rb gj­xf­njr df­ibö rf­gè­nf­kjd­r kf­ltym d fvt­hb­rfy­cmre jc­dè­n e. Pf­ufkm­yè db­nhf­nb nf­rjé drkñ­xf­ñnm eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrè dytc­rb; ltz­rè p ybö cgkf­xe­ñnm ecè cne­lty­nb oj­ct­vtc­nhe, f ltz­rè gj­d’zpf­yè p gtd­yb­vb db­åhf­yb­vb reh­cf­vb. Cne­ lty­nb nf­rjé ve­cznm gkf­nb­nb pf ébn­kj, gèl­hex­yb­rb, èy­iè vf­nt­hèf­kb, ÿée, vt­lbx­yt cnhf­ö e­dfy­yz nf jå­c ke­uj­de­dfy­yz, pf nhfyc­gjhn, gfh­re­dfy­yz, nt­kt­ajy, Èy­nth­ytn nj­oj. Zr ghf­db­kj, d geå­kèx­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lfö jg­kf­nf pf yf­dxfy­yz lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­ nèd vfæ db­obq nf­hba, yèé lkz cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè ghj­é b­df­ñnm gj­pf vt­éf­vb inf­n e, d zrj­ve hjp­nf­ij­df­yj pf­r kfl. Dfh­nj nf­rjé dhf­ö e­df­nb, oj db drkf­lfæ­nt cdèq xfc, flét zr­oj db dxb­nt­cz, nj yt ghf­wñæ­nt, f wt jp­yf­xfæ, oj db dnhf­xfæ­nt ghb­ åe­njr. Yf­dènm zr­oj cne­ltyn ghf­wñæ, zr ghf­db­kj, wt ghf­wz ghj­nz­ujv yt­gj­dyj­uj nbé­yz è jg­kf­xe­ænm­cz dj­yf pf ybé­xb­vb nf­hb­af­ vb, yèé hj­åj­nf yf gj­dye cnfd­re. Yf­dt­lt­yf nfå­kb­wz lfæ vfq­åen­yèv cne­lty­nfv nf ÿö­yèv åfnm­rfv pf­ufkm­yt ezd­kty­yz ghj dfh­nècnm yf­dxfy­yz. eJournal USA 54 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Ghb­åkbp­ybq åñ­létn dèl­dè­l e­dfy­yz rj­kt­lée Db­nhf­nb Dfh­nècnm Rèkm­rècnm ct­vtc­nhèd Pf­uf­kjv Dyt­cjr pf gjl­fxe pf­zdb Dcneg­yè èc­gb­nb Jg­kf­nf yf­dxfy­yz Yt­cdjæ­xfc­yf ht­æc­nhf­wèz Ébn­kj Öfh­xe­dfy­yz Gèl­hex­yb­rb/Rfy­wt­kzh­cmrt ghb­kfl­lz Gfh­re­dfy­yz Fd­nj­vj­åèkm­yt cnhf­öe­dfy­yz Lj­lfn­rj­dè db­nhf­nb yf vf­ib­ye Vèc­wt­dbq nhfyc­gjhn Gj­ÿp­lrf lj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne è yf­pfl Pf­vè­yf cne­ltyncmrj­uj ghj­gec­re Jg­kf­nf db­rj­hb­cnfy­yz cgjh­npf­ke Lj­re­vtyn ghj jwèy­rb Jg­kf­nf pf rj­hbc­ne­dfy­yz åèå­kèj­nt­rjñ Rct­hj­rj­gèÿ Vèr­hj­aèkm­vb Hjp­df­ub Pf­uf­kjv Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 55 eJournal USA Vjé­kb­dè lét­ht­kf ­ aè­yfy­cj­djÿ lj­gj­vj­ub Vfh­nè­yf Iekm­wt Trc­gthn hf­lbnm, lt èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb, f jcjå­kb­dj fc­gè­ hfy­nb, vj­é enm pyfq­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e, q lfæ ht­rj­ vty­lf­wèÿ, zr ghf­dbkm­yj yf­gb­cf­nb pf­zde. Vfh­nè­yf Iekm­wt – cgt­wèf­kècn p gb­nfym rekm­ne­hb Ut­yt­hfkm­yj­uj rjy­c ekm­ cndf CIF è rjy­c ekm­nfyn p gb­nfym jc­dè­nb ≤F vt­hb­rf­wty­ nhe­ve≥ d Ufv­å eh­pè (Yè­vtx­xb­yf). yf jg­kf­n e yf­dxfy­yz, f nf­rjé ght­nty­le­df­nb yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèq lkz cgjh­ncvt­yèd è cne­ltyncmrbö gj­pbr. Fc­gè­hfy­ nb vj­é enm ghf­wñ­df­nb fcbc­nty­nf­vb ghja­tcj­hf, kf­åj­hfy­nf­ vb, cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­rf­vb fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèÿ, f nf­rjé pdth­ye­nb­cz gj jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèÿ lj ghb­dfn­yj­uj xb geå­kèx­yj­uj eyè­dth­ cb­nt­n e. Fc­gè­hfy­nb vj­é enm dpz­nb gj­pb­re yf yf­dxfy­yz. G Zr ghf­dbkm­yj pdth­ye­nb­cz gj aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue? Gj­xb­yfq­nt uj­n e­df­nb­cz q fyf­kè­pe­df­nb vjé­kb­djc­nè yf­gt­ htl, rhf­ot pf gèd­nj­hf hj­re lj gt­htl­åf­xe­df­yj­uj gj­xfn­re pf­yznm. Lj­dè­lfq­nt­cz, zrè cnb­gty­lèÿ ghj­gj­yeæ dfi ehzl nf eyè­dth­cb­ntn, è pf­plf­kt­uèlm gjl­fq­nt pf­zde. Db­dxènm vjé­kb­djc­nè: dèl­dè­lfq­nt rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybq wtynh, zrbq cgèd­ghf­wñæ p EducationUSA, è gt­htu­k zym­nt cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­ yè lj­dèl­yb­rb ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb q wè­rf­dè lkz dfc rf­atl­hb, lt vjé­yf lèp­yf­nb­cz, d zrj­ve jå­cz­pè yf­lf­ænm­cz aè­yfy­cj­df lj­gj­vj­uf. Xt­htp Èy­nth­ytn lèp­yfq­ntcm zrj­vj­uf åèkm­it ghj 4–6 eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, lj zrbö db öj­nè­kb å dcne­gb­nb. Zr­oj db fc­gè­hfyn, pyfq­lènm d Èy­nth­yt­nè df­ibö vfq­åen­yèö ghja­tcj­hèd è gj­pyf­qjv­nt­cz p yb­vb lj nj­uj, zr gjl­fc­nt lj­re­vty­nb. Cf­vt wè kñ­lb ghbq­vf­nb­venm hè­ity­yz ghj pf­hf­ö e­dfy­yz, è dj­yb vf­ñnm gj­pyf­qj­vb­nb­cz p df­vb lj nj­uj, zr ghbq­venm df­ie pf­zde. Yt cj­hjv­nt­cz ghj­cb­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e. Zr­oj dfv dèl­vj­db­kb gth­ij­uj hf­pe, yf­gb­iènm èot jlby pf­gbn è fl­ht­ ceq­nt qj­uj rjy­rhtn­yèq jcj­åè yf rf­atl­hè, zrf dfc pf­wè­rf­db­ kf, fåj ghbq­vfkm­yèq rj­vè­cèÿ. Zr­oj df­if gth­if cghj­åf yt åe­kf ec­gèi­yjñ, pf­nt­kt­aj­yeq­nt è lèp­yfq­ntcm, xj­ve dfv dèl­vj­ db­kb, f yf­cneg­yj­uj hj­re gjl­fq­nt jå­uhey­nj­df­yè­ie pf­zde. È jcnfy­yæ, fkt yt vtyi dfé­kb­dt: hjp­vè­hb aè­yfy­cj­djÿ lj­ gj­vj­ub lkz cne­lty­nèd jå­vt­ét­yè, è yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèÿ èc­yeæ ujc­nhf rjy­re­hty­wèz. Ojå gèl­db­ob­nb ify­cb yf ec­gèö, dfv lj­dt­ltnm­cz ghj­lt­vjy­cnhe­df­nb le­ét zrèc­yè frf­lt­vèx­yè pyfy­yz, lj­åht gèl­uj­n e­df­nbcm, fåb jn­hb­vf­nb zr­yfq­db­oè åf­kb yf ntc­nfö TOE­FL, SAT, GMAT, GRE, gèl­ndth­lb­nb yf­zd­ yècnm dkfc­ybö rji­nèd fåj ghj­lt­vjy­cnhe­df­nb cghfd­é yñ gj­nht­åe e aè­yfy­cj­dèq lj­gj­vj­pè è gjl­fnb fre­hfn­ye, gj­dye è ht­ntkm­yj gèl­uj­nj­df­ye pf­zde. 3 j­yfl 500 nb­czx èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd dcne­gf­ñnm oj­hj­re d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb. Pf lf­yb­vb Eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb, åkbpm­ rj 67 dèl­cjn­rèd cne­lty­nèd gj­r kf­lf­ñnm­cz yf rji­nb cè­v’ÿ, ojå jg­kf­nb­nb cdjæ yf­dxfy­yz d Fvt­hb­wè. Jl­yfr pdth­yty­yz gj dèl­gj­dèl­ye aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­u e lkz åf­uf­nmjö æ le­ét dfé­kb­djñ xfc­nb­yjñ ghj­wt­ce gjl­fxè pf­zdb. D ct­htl­ymj­ve èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv d Fvt­hb­wè lj­dt­ltnm­cz db­nhf­nb­nb dèl 16 lj 46,5 nb­cz­xè lj­kf­hèd pf jlby yf­dxfkm­ybq hèr yf jg­kf­ ne yf­dxfy­yz è db­nhfn yf ghj­é b­dfy­yz. Lt èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb vj­éenm jn­hb­vf­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue? Jr­hèv dkfc­ybö rji­nèd, jc­yjd­yb­vb lét­ht­kf­vb aè­yfy­cj­ djÿ gèl­nhbv­rb æ nè fvt­hb­rfy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb, zrè ghbq­vf­ñnm dcneg­yb­rèd (ÿö xfc­nrf ct­htl ecèö lét­htk aè­ yfy­ce­dfy­yz cnfy­jdbnm 23fi), è ehzl fåj eyè­dth­cb­ntn yf åfnm­ rèd­ob­yè cne­lty­nf (ÿö xfc­nrf cnfy­jdbnm 2,4fi). Ghj­nt zr­oj gj­hèd­yz­nb lf­yè lkz cne­lty­nèd åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce q fc­gè­hfy­nèd, nj rfh­nb­yf hf­lb­rfkm­yj pvè­yñ­ænm­cz. Nèkm­rb åkbpm­rj 10fi èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce jn­hb­ve­ñnm aè­yfy­cj­de gèl­nhbv­re dèl fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj pf­r kf­le, f ct­htl fc­gè­hfy­ nèd wz wba­hf cnfy­jdbnm 41fi. Åf­uf­nj fc­gè­hfy­nèd ghf­wñ­ñnm fcbc­nty­nf­vb ghja­tcj­hf xb kf­åj­hfy­nf­vb d èy­cnb­n e­nfö p ib­hj­rjñ yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­rjñ åf­pjñ fåj d hfv­rfö lj­rnjh­cmrbö ghj­uhfv. Åèkm­it nj­uj, lj­rnjh­cmrè ghj­uhf­vb vf­ñnm åèkm­iè rji­nb, yèé cec­gèkm­yè q ue­vf­yè­nfh­yè. Pf­pdb­ xfq, åèkm­it rji­nèd yf­lf­ænm­cz èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv, zrè gjl­fñnm­cz yf frf­lt­vèx­yè ghj­uhf­vb, f yt yf ghja­tcèq­yè. Yf lhe­uj­ve hj­wè yf­dxfy­yz ify­cb jn­hb­vf­nb aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ ue dèl fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­n e phj­cnf­ñnm. Zre aè­yfy­cj­de lj­gj­vj­ue vjé­yf jn­hb­vf­nb p fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö lét­htk? Èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb åf­pj­dj­uj reh­ce vj­é enm pdth­ye­nb­cz gj jn­hb­vfy­yz cnb­gty­lèq, zrè xfc­nrj­dj gj­rhb­df­ñnm db­lfn­rb eJournal USA Lev­rb, db­r kf­lt­yè e wèq cnfn­nè, yt jåj­d’zp­rj­dj dè­ljå­hf­éf­ñnm gj­u kz­lb xb gj­kè­nb­r e ehz­l e CIF. 56 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb hf­lè ­ dè­nf­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd ­ e vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léfö Léty­yè­ath Åth­xfv (Yf­lhe­rj­df­yj d “Community Colle­ge Times”) C gj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb dè­nf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, rjn­hè åf­éf­ñnm jn­hb­vf­nb jc­dè­n e d Fvt­hb­wè, f vè­cèÿ CIF pf rjh­lj­yjv jlth­éf­kb lb­htr­nb­de hjp­ukz­lf­nb d gth­ie xth­u e lj­re­vty­nb cne­lty­nèd è exfc­yb­rèd ghj­uhfv jå­vè­ye, crf­pf­kf Lét­yèc Lét­rjåc, gj­vèx­ybr pf­cneg­yb­rf Lth­éctr­ht­ nf­hz CIF p dè­pj­dbö gb­nfym, yf 57-q oj­hèx­yèq rjy­at­hty­wèÿ Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ fcj­wèf­wèÿ lèz­xèd vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb (rj­kbi­ yz Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz e cghf­dfö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd), oj dèl­åe­kfcm e 2005 hj­wè. Dj­yf dèl­pyf­xb­kf, oj, öj­xf gèc­k z nt­hfr­nèd 11 dt­htc­yz 2001 hj­re ltz­rè ghj­wt­le­hb pdth­yty­yz gj dè­pe pvè­yb­kb­cz, yt­ghf­dbkm­yj åe­kj å ddf­éf­nb, oj dj­yb cnf­kb yt­gt­ht­åjh­yjñ gt­ht­gj­yjñ yf ikz­ö e plèq­cyty­yz gj­ÿp­ljr lj CIF p vt­njñ yf­dxfy­yz. ≤Pfc­nf­hè­kf uhj­vfl­cmrf lev­rf ghj pvè­yb e dè­pj­dbö gj­hzl­rfö hf­pñ­xt dèl­hèp­yz­ænm­cz dèl lèq­cyjc­nè, – crf­pf­kf Lét­rjåc. – Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­ vtyn yf­vf­uf­ænm­cz gèl­nhb­vf­nb ghj­wtc, zrbq, vb cgj­lè­dfæ­vj­ cz, cghbz­nb­vt dèl­yjd­kty­yñ yf­g kb­de èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, exfc­yb­rèd ghj­uhfv jå­vè­ye, dxt­ybö è åèp­ytc­vt­yèd≥. E cdjæ­ve db­cne­gè yf rjy­at­hty­wèÿ ≤Hjkm Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e d ghbq­jvè èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd e vèc­wt­dè rj­ kt­léè CIF≥ Lét­rjåc uj­dj­hb­kf ghj ne hjkm, zre dè­lèu­hf­kb vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè d vèé­yf­hjl­yèq jc­dè­nè. ≤Z pyfñ, oj vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè dcèæÿ rhfÿ­yb yf­lf­ñnm èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv dct åèkm­it q åèkm­it xe­lj­dbö vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz jc­dè­nb, zrè d ybö æ≥, – crf­pf­kf dj­yf. E dèl­gj­dèlm yf gj­åjñ­dfy­yz ghtl­cnfd­yb­rèd ldj­hèx­ybö rj­kt­léèd, db­r kb­rf­yè gj­ib­ht­yjñ lev­rjñ ghj nt, oj ÿö­yèv gj­nty­wèq­ybv cne­lty­nfv xfc­nj dèl­vjd­k z­ñnm e dè­pfö, Lét­rjåc crf­pf­kf, oj Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn yf­uf­lfd rjy­ cekmcmrbv ghf­wèd­yb­rfv, oj hèp­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb dèl­gj­ dè­lf­ñnm db­vj­ufv hèp­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Dj­yf nf­rjé dèl­pyf­xb­kf, oj rjy­cekmcmrè ghf­wèd­yb­rb pj­åj­d’z­pf­yè hjp­ukz­lf­nb rj­éty db­gf­ljr jr­ht­vj, yt pf­åe­dfñ­xb ghj dt­kb­re hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yècnm vjé­kb­djc­ntq lkz jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lét­rjåc lj­lf­kf, oj p dt­htc­yz 2001 hj­re Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn hjp­ib­hbd infn rjy­cekmcmrbö ckeé­åjd­wèd, dghj­df­lbd­ib 350 yj­dbö vècwm, oj cghbzæ ghb­idbl­it­yèq jå­hjå­wè pf­zd yf jn­hb­vfy­yz cne­ltyncmrjÿ dè­pb, ghb­xj­ve lj yb­yèi­ymj­uj åñ­lét­n e dyt­ct­yj pf­gbn yf gj­lfkm­it hjp­ib­ hty­yz inf­n e yf 121 vèc­wt. Vfq­ét dcè pf­zdb yf jn­hb­vfy­yz dè­pb – åkbpm­rj 97fi – jå­hjå­k z­ñnm­cz ghj­nz­ujv ldjö lyèd, f ghj­wtc jå­hjå­rb 2,5fi pf­zd, zrè gèl­k z­uf­ñnm jcjå­kb­dj­ve hjp­ukz­lj­dè xt­htp vèh­re­dfy­yz åtp­gt­rb, åe­kj ghb­idbl­it­yj, lj­lf­kf dj­yf. ≤Lkz 2,5fi pf­zd­yb­rèd, xbÿ fy­rt­nb gèl­k z­uf­ñnm jcjå­kb­dèq gt­ht­dèh­ wè p vèh­re­dfym yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ åtp­gt­rb, vb ghb­idbl­ib­kb ghj­wtc hjp­ukz­le, nfr oj yf­dènm wz yt­dt­kb­rf xfc­nb­yf vj­ét hjp­hf­öj­de­df­nb yf idbl­re dèl­gj­dèlm, – crf­pf­kf Lét­rjåc. – Hèr nj­ve hjp­ukzl pf­zdb, ghb zrj­ve db­rj­hbc­nj­de­df­kb­cz ≤xen­kb­dè≥ ntö­yj­kj­uèÿ, nhb­dfd e ct­htl­ymj­ve 74 lyè. Yf cmj­ ujl­yè ct­htl­yèq nth­vèy jå­hjå­rb nf­rbö pf­zd cnfy­jdbnm 14 lyèd, è vb ghj­ljd­é eæ­vj dljc­rj­yf­kñ­df­nb wtq ghj­wtc≥. Lét­rjåc dèl­pyf­xb­kf, oj, pf lf­yb­vb Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj èy­cnb­n e­n e vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb, d 2003–2004 yf­dxfkm­yj­ve hj­wè d fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö yf­dxf­ kjcm gj­yfl 572 nb­cz­xè èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd. Ct­htl ybö yfq­åèkm­it ghtl­cnfd­yb­rèd Èy­lèÿ è Rb­nfñ, è öj­xf rèkm­rècnm dcneg­yb­rèd-èyj­ptv­wèd lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd pyb­pb­ kf­cz, Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb ghj­ljd­é e­ñnm ghbq­vf­nb åèkm­it cne­lty­nèd p-pf rjh­lj­ye, yèé åelm-z­rf èy­if rhfÿ­yf. ≤Vb le­ét cgj­lè­dfæ­vjcm, oj pvj­ét­vj hjp­dèz­nb vèa ghj nt, oj Fvt­hb­rf yt hf­lf èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv, – rf­ét Lét­rjåc. – Wt ghj­cnj yt­ghfd­lf. Cne­lty­nb dèl Vfc­rf­nf lj Vev­åfÿ vf­ñnm pyf­nb: zr­oj dj­yb dj­yb öj­xenm yf­dxf­nb­cz d CIF – yf­iè ldt­hè dèl­xb­yt­yè≥. 3 57 eJournal USA Oj nf­rt ≤rjy­cekm­nfyn èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥? 2.. Vjh­ufy Ve­rfh­hfv/rj­ktlé Kt­Vjqy-Jety P lj­pdj­ke Cöèl­yj­uj Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­uj eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne 1. 3.. 1. Èyj­ptv­ybq cne­ltyn hf­lbnm­cz p rjy­cekm­nfy­njv e Cöèl­yj­ve Vty­yj­yèn­cmrj­ve eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè e Dèh­uè­yèÿ. Hj­åthn Léjh­lfy. AP/WWP 2. Èc­nj­hbr Nf­lée­lèy Uåf­lf­vj­cè p Yè­ut­hèÿ ghj­dèd hèr e rj­kt­léè Kt­Vjqy-Jety e Nty­ytc­cè pf ghj­uhf­vjñ Aek­åhfq­nf. Wtq èc­nj­ hbx­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrbq rj­ktlé gb­if­ænm­cz nbv, oj dctc­dèn­ymj­­ dè­lj­vbq cgt­wèf­kècn p èc­nj­hèÿ è rekm­ne­hb èc­kf­ve q ve­cekm­vfy­ cmrjÿ wb­dè­kè­pf­wèÿ gjl­èkbd­cz cdjÿ­vb pyfy­yz­vb pè cne­lty­nf­vb. 3. Cne­lty­nb p Gèd­lty­yjÿ Rj­htÿ åt­henm exfcnm d jp­yf­qjv­kñ­ dfkm­ybö pf­öj­lfö lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd d eyè­dth­cb­nt­nè Vèc­ cè­cè­gè. E öj­lè ghj­uhf­vb, hjp­hf­öj­df­yjÿ yf wè­kbq ltym, cne­lty­nb pyf­qjv­kznm­cz p eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbv ébn­nzv è pf­gb­ce­ñnm­cz yf reh­cb, zrè dj­yb vf­ñnm ghj­öj­lb­nb e gth­ij­ve ct­vtc­nhè. Y f­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz lèz­xèd vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb (rj­ kbi­yz Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz e cghf­dfö èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd) pfq­vf­ænm­cz ghj­gf­ufy­ljñ vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. E ryb­pè “The Profession of Fo­reign Stu­de­nt Advising” (≤Ghj­at­cèz rjy­cekm­nfy­nf èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd≥), jgeå­kè­rj­df­yèq e 2000 hj­wè db­lfd­ybw­ndjv “Int­ercultural Press”, gj­zc­yñ­ænm­cz hjkm nf­rj­uj af­öèd­wz. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd ghf­wñ­ñnm pè cne­lty­ nf­vb q yf­e rjd­wz­vb dcmj­uj cdè­n e. Dj­yb yf­lf­ñnm èy­ajh­vf­ wèñ, ghj­uhf­vb è gj­c ke­ub, gj­r kb­rf­yè phj­åb­nb gt­ht­åe­dfy­yz cne­lty­nèd è dxt­ybö d Fvt­hb­wè zrj­vj­uf ghj­ler­nbd­yè­ibv. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb æ ghj­vèé­yjñ kfy­rjñ vèé cne­lty­nf­vb q yf­e rjd­wz­vb, p jl­yj­uj åj­re, nf dcè­vf èy­ib­vb, p rbv dj­yb cgèk­re­ñnm­cz, p èy­ij­uj åj­re. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb ghtl­cnfd­k z­ñnm èy­nt­ht­cb cne­lty­nèd è dèl­gj­dèl­yj ÿö rjy­cekm­n e­ñnm. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd ghf­wñ­ñnm yt kb­it p hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yb­vb uhe­gf­vb, jöjg­kt­yb­vb db­pyf­xty­yzv ≤èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb≥, fkt q p fvt­hb­rfy­cmrb­vb cne­lty­nf­ vb, db­r kf­lf­xf­vb, vèc­wt­dbv yf­ct­kty­yzv, cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­rf­ vb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö nf èyj­ptv­ybö lth­éfd­ybö ecnfy­jd è p hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yb­vb futy­wèz­vb, zrè aè­yfy­ce­ñnm gt­ht­åe­dfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd è dxt­ybö e CIF. Dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm yf­kf­uj­lb­nb è gèl­nhb­ve­df­nb rjy­cnher­nbd­yè cnj­cey­rb vèé èyj­ptv­yb­vb cne­lty­nf­vb q yf­e rjd­wz­vb nf fvt­hb­rfy­wz­vb, oj ÿö ghbq­vf­ñnm. Rjy­cekm­nfy­nb èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd yf­vf­uf­ñnm­cz lj­ytc­nb gt­ht­df­ub vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj jå­vè­ye lj eyè­dth­cb­ntn­cmrbö fl­vè­yèc­nhf­wèq, uhj­vfl­cmrjc­nè nf kñ­ltq e dcmj­ve cdè­nè. Dj­yb lj­gj­vf­uf­ñnm kñ­lzv p hèp­ybö rhf­ÿy rhf­ot phj­pe­vè­nb èyj­ptv­wèd è ghb wmj­ve cnf­nb nj­kt­hfyn­ yèib­vb è dèl­rhb­nè­ib­vb e cdj­ÿq cdè­lj­vjc­nè uhj­vf­lz­yf­vb dpfæ­vj­pf­kté­yj­uj cdè­n e. Lt­nfkm­yè­ie èy­ajh­vf­wèñ vjé­yf pyfq­nb yf cfq­nè ht­tp://www.nafsa.org. eJournal USA 58 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Åèå­kè­ju­hf­aèz Jr­ht­vè geå­kè­rf­wèÿ ghj db­oe jc­dè­n e d CIF Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj e cghf­dfö jc­dè­nb è rekm­n e­hb. Ct­hèz åhj­ieh ≤Zr­oj db öj­xt­nt dxb­nb­cz d Cgj­ke­ xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥. Df­iby­unjy, jr­heu Rj­kev­åèz: 2002–2003. ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/pubs.htm Gth­iè nhb åhj­ie­hb p wèæÿ db­xth­gyjÿ ct­hèÿ yf­hf­pè db­lf­yè fy­ukèq­cmrjñ, fhfå­cmrjñ, èc­gfy­cmrjñ, rb­nfq­cmrjñ, hj­cèq­ cmrjñ nf ahfy­wepm­rjñ vj­df­vb. Xtn­dth­n e db­lf­yj fy­ukèq­ cmrjñ, rb­nfq­cmrjñ è hj­cèq­cmrjñ vj­df­vb. Åhj­ie­hf 1. Undergraduate Study (≤Åf­pj­dt xj­nb­hb­hèx­yt yf­ dxfy­yz≥); Åhj­ie­hf 2. Graduate and Professional Study and Research (≤Fc­gè­hfy­n e­hf, ghja­tcèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz è yf­e rj­dj-ljc­kèl­ybwm­ rf hj­åj­nf≥); Åhj­ie­hf 3. Short-Term Study, English Language Programs, Dista­nce Education, and Accred­it­ation (≤Rj­hjn­rj­nth­vè­yj­dt yf­dxfy­yz, ghj­uhf­vb fy­ukèq­cmrjÿ vj­db, lb­cnfy­wèq­yt (pf­jx­yt fåj p lj­gj­vj­ujñ rjv­g’ñ­nt­hf) yf­dxfy­yz è fr­ht­lb­nf­wèz≥); Åhj­ie­hf 4. Getting Ready to Go: Practical Info­rmation for Living and Studying in the Unit­ed St­ates (≤Gèl­uj­njd­rf lj dè­l’ÿp­le. Ghfr­nbx­yf èy­ajh­vf­wèz ghj ébn­nz è yf­dxfy­yz d Cgj­ke­xt­ ybö Inf­nfö≥). ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/life/pubs.htm Colle­ge Board. Trends in Stu­de­nts Aid, 2005 (Hf­lf rj­kt­léèd. Nty­lty­wèÿ cne­ltyncmrjÿ lj­gj­vj­ub, 2005). New York: The Colle­ ge Board, 2005. ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com./proddownloads/press/cost05/t­rends_aid_05.pdf Colle­ge Board. The Colle­ge Board Book of Majors (Hf­lf rj­kt­ léèd. Lj­dèl­ybr Hf­lb rj­kt­léèd èp uj­kjd­ybö cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèq). New York: The Colle­ge Board, 2004. CSIET: Council On Standards for Int­er­national Educational Tr­avel. Advisory List of Int­er­national Educational Tr­avel and Exchange Programs (Hf­lf p gb­nfym cnfy­lfh­nèd lkz vèé­ yf­hjl­ybö jc­dèn­yèö gjl­jhj­étq. Èyajh­vf­wèq­ybq cgb­cjr vèé­yf­hjl­ybö jc­dèn­yèö gjl­jhj­étq nf jå­vèy­ybö ghj­uhfv). Alexandria, VA: CSIET, 2005. ht­tp://www.csiet.org/mc/page. do?sit­eP­ageId=748 Denslow, Lanie, Tinkham, Mary and Willer, Patricia. U.S. Cultu­re Ser­ies: Introduction to American Life (Lty­c kje Kty, Nèy­rtv Vt­hè è Dèk­kth Gfn­hè­cèz. Ct­hèz ≤Rekm­n e­hf CIF≥: Dcneg lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj­uj ébn­nz). Washington, DC: NAFSA: Association of Int­er­national Educators, 2004. ht­tp://www.nafsa.org/publ­ication.sec/­ int­er­national_ stu­de­nts/u.s.cultu­re_ser­ies Andrews, Linda Landis. How to Choose a Colle­ge Major (Ty­lhñc Kèy­lf Kty­lèc. Zr jåb­hf­nb jc­yjd­ye cgt­wèf­kè­pf­wèñ d rj­kt­ léè). New York; McGraw-Hill Companies, 2006. Fo­rest, James J.F. and Alt­bach, Philip G.,eds. The Int­er­national Handbook of Higher Education (Gèl htl. Aj­htc­nf Létq­vcf è Jk­nåf­öf Aè­kè­gf. Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq lj­dèl­ybr p gb­nfym db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb). New York: Springer, 2005. ht­tp://www.higher-ed.org/handbook/TOC.pdf Ashley, Dwayne and Williams, Juan. I’ll find a Way or Make One: A Tr­ib­ute to Historically Black Colle­ges and Universit­ies (Ti­kè Le­fqy è Dè­kmzvc Öe­fy. Z pyfq­le ikzö fåj cndj­hñ qj­uj. Lf­yb­yf èc­nj­hbx­yj ≤xjh­ybv≥ rj­kt­léfv nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfv). New York: Harper Tr­ade, 2004. Fo­rest, James J.F. and Kinser, Kevin. Higher Education in the Unit­ ed St­ates: An Encyclopedia (Aj­htcn Létqvc è Rèy­cth Rt­dèy. Db­of jc­dè­nf e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö. Ty­wbr­kj­gt­lèz). New York: ABC-CLIO Publishers, 2002. Colle­ge Board. Int­er­national Stu­de­nt Handbook 2006 (Hf­lf rj­ kt­léèd. Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq lj­dèl­ybr lkz cne­lty­nèd, 2006). New York: The Colle­ge Board, 2005. Gose, Ben et al. “Community Colle­ges: Special Issue” (Uj­ep Åty nf èy. ≤Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè. Cgt­wè­f km­ybq db­gecr≥). The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 52, no. 10, 28 Oct­ob­er 2005, pp. B1–B44. Colle­ge Board. Trends in Colle­ge Pricing, 2005 (Hf­lf rj­kt­léèd. Nty­lty­wèÿ wè­yj­djÿ gj­kè­nb­rb rj­kt­léèd, 2005). New York: The Colle­ge Board, 2005. ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com/­ proddownloads/press/cost05/t­rends_ colle­ge _pricing_ 05.pdf Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 59 eJournal USA Gre­en, Madel­eine and Turlington, Ba­rbara. A Br­ief Guide to U.S. Higher Education. (Uhèy Vtl­kèy è Nfh­kèy­unjy Åfh­åf­hf. Rj­hjn­ rbq lj­dèl­ybr p gb­nfym db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb e CIF) Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 2001. ht­tp://www.ace­net. edu/booksto­re/pdf/2001_br­ief guide.pdf Kalmar, Geo­rge ed. Fo­reign Stu­de­nts’ Guide to American Schools, Colle­ges and Universit­ies (Gèl htl. Rfk­vt­hf Léjhléf. Ge­nèd­ybr gj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö irj­kfö, rj­kt­léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd). Santa Monica, CA: Int­er­national Education Service, 2005. ht­tp://www.iesed.com/ Gree­ne, Howard et al. The Public Ivies (Uhèy Uj­dfhl nf èy. Geå­kèx­yè eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb “Kè­ub gkñ­of”.) New York: Harpe­rTr­ade, 2001. Lanier, Alison Raymond et al. Living in the U.S.A. 6th ed. (Kf­ymæ Tkè­cjy Htq­vjyl nf èy. Ébn­nz e CIF. 6-t dbl.) Yarmo­uth, ME: Int­ercultural Press, 2004. “Historically Black Colle­ges and Universit­ies: Special Se­ction” (Ècnj­ hbx­yj ≤xjh­yè≥ rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb. Cgt­wè­f km­ybq hjp­lèk). Ebony, vol 60, no 11, Se­ptember 2005, pp.73–130. Lat­imer, Jon, ed. Applying to Colle­ges and Universit­ies in the Unit­ed St­ates 1998: A Handbook for Int­er­national Stu­de­nts. (Gèl htl. Kf­nè­vt­hf Qj­yf. Gjl­fy­yz pf­zdb yf dcneg e rj­kt­léè nf eyè­dth­ cb­nt­nb e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö, 1998. Lj­dèl­ybr lkz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd). Lawrren­cev­ille, NJ: Peterson’s, 1997. Inde­pen­de­nt Colle­ges and Universit­ies: A National Profi­le (Yt­pf­kté­ yè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb. Yf­hbc). Washington, DC: National Association of Inde­pen­de­nt Colle­ges and Universit­ies, 2004. ht­tp://www.naicu.edu/pubs/2004Hrofi­le.pdf E wèq åhj­ie­hè, yf­lhe­rj­df­yèq pf gèl­nhbv­rb Yf­wèj­yfkm­yjÿ fcj­ wèf­wèÿ yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, Hf­lb yt­pf­kté­ ybö rj­kt­léèd nf Ajy­le yt­pf­kté­yjÿ db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb, vèc­nznm­cz afr­nb, cnf­nbc­nbx­yè lf­yè nf åè­ju­hf­aèÿ cne­lty­nèd è cgèd­hj­åèn­yb­ rèd. Lipka, Sara. “Fu­lbr­ight Conne­cts With the Muslim World”(Kèg­rf Cf­hf. “Ghj­uhf­vf Aek­åhfq­nf ndj­hbnm rjy­nfr­nb p ve­cekm­vfy­ cmrbv cdè­njv”). The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 53, no 11, 4 November 2005, pp. A47–A49. Vèc­nbnm nfå­kb­wè nf nhb åè­ju­hf­aèÿ aek­åhfq­nèd­cmrbö cnb­gty­lèf­ nèd wmj­uj hj­re. Instit­ute of Int­er­national Education. Funding for Unit­ed St­ates Study Ser­ies: Funding for U.S. Stu­dies: A Scholarship Guide for Europeans (Èycnb­n en vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. Ct­hèz ≤Aè­yfy­ce­dfy­ yz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lèq≥. Lj­dèl­ybr p gb­nfym cnb­gty­lèq lkz æd­hj­gtq­wèd). New York: IIE, 2005. ht­tp://www.iie­books.org/fu­nforunst­at.html Open Doors: St­atistics on Int­er­national Stu­de­nt Mobi­lity (Dèl­rhb­nè ldt­hè. Cnf­nbc­nb­rf gt­ht­vè­otym èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd). New York: Instit­ute of Int­er­national Education, 2005. Dèl­åèh­rj­dè nfå­ kb­wè lj­cneg­yè d Èynth­yt­nè. Open Doors: Rep­ort on Int­er­national Education Exchange (Dèl­rhb­nè ldt­hè. Pdèn ghj vèé­yf­hjl­yè jc­dèn­ yè jå­vè­yb). ht­tp://opendoors.iie­ne­twork.org/ Instit­ute of Int­er­national Education. Funding for Unit­ed St­ates Study Ser­ies: Funding for U.S. Stu­dies: Graduate and Postgraduate Opportu­ nit­ies for Latin Americans (Èycnb­n en vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb. Ct­hèz ≤Aè­yfy­ce­dfy­yz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö cne­lèq≥. Vjé­kb­djc­nè db­ojÿ q gèc­kz­lbg­kjv­yjÿ jc­dè­nb lkz kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­wèd). New York: IIE, 2004. ht­tp://www.iie­books.org/­ fu­nforunst­at.html Riley, Naomi Schaefer. God on the Quad: How Religious Colle­ges and the Missionary Ge­ner­ation Are Changing America (Hè­kè Yf­jvè It­ath. Åju yf gkf­we. Zr ht­kè­uèq­yè rj­kt­léè nf gj­rj­kèy­yz vè­cè­jyt­hèd pvè­yñ­ñnm Fvt­hb­re). New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005. Rot­hbl­att, Sheldon. The Living Arts: Comparati­ve and Historical Ref­le­ctions on Lib­eral Education (Hjn­åkfnn Itk­ljy. Éb­dt vbc­ ntw­ndj. Gj­hèd­yzkm­yè q èc­nj­hbx­yè hjp­le­vb ghj kè­åt­hfkm­ye jc­dè­n e). Washington, DC: Association of American Colle­ges and Universit­ies, 2003. Smit­hee, Michael; Gree­nbl­att, Sidney L.; and Eland, Alisa. U.S. Cultu­re Ser­ies: U.S. Classroom Cultu­re (Cvè­nè Vfqrk, Uhèy­åkfnn Cèl­ytq è Tkfyl Fkè­cf. Ct­hèz ≤Rekm­n e­hf CIF≥. Yf­dxfkm­yf rekm­ ne­hf CIF). Washington, DC: NAFSA: Association of Int­er­national Educators, 2004. ht­tp://www.nafsa.org/publ­ication.sec/int­er­national_­ stu­de­nts/u.s. cultu­re_ser­ies_1 Twel­ve fa­cts Th­at May Surprise You Abo­ut American’s Private Colle­ ges and Universit­ies (Ldf­yfl­wznm afr­nèd oj­lj fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eJournal USA 60 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 ghb­dfn­ybö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, zrè vj­é enm dfc plb­ de­df­nb). Washington, DC: National Association of Inde­pen­de­nt Colle­ges and Universit­ies, 2003. ht­tp://www.naicu.edu/pubs/ NAICU12Fa­ctsNew.pdf Èy­iè geå­kè­rf­wèÿ ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmre db­oe jc­dè­n e nf yf­dxfy­yz d CIF vjé­yf pyfq­nb yf nf­rbö dtå-cfq­nfö, zrè åf­pe­ñnm­cz yf åhj­ie­hfö ct­hèÿ “If You Want to Study in the Unit­ed St­ates” (≤Zr­oj db öj­xt­nt dxb­nb­cz d Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥. – Df­iby­unjy, jr­heu Rj­kev­åèz, 2002–2003): U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate. Bu­reau of Int­er­national Info­rmation Programs. “Community Colle­ges in the Unit­ed St­ates” (Lth­éfd­ ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ ybö ghj­uhfv. Tktr­nhj­yybq xf­cj­gbc ≤Uhj­vfl­cmrè rj­kt­léè e Cgj­ke­xt­ybö Inf­nfö≥). eJournal USA: U.S.Socie­ty & Values, vol 7, no. 1, Ju­ne 2002, 26 pp. ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/ itsv/0602/ijse/ijse0602.htm – Yf­dxfy­yz d fc­gè­hfy­n e­hè: ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate. gov/graduate/b­iblio.htm – Ébn­nz d CIF: ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/ life. htm – Vjé­kb­djc­nè lkz dxt­ybö: ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate. gov/schoolars/b­iblio.htm – Èy­ajh­vf­wèz lkz nbö, önj dè­l’ÿéléfæ: ht­tp://www.­ educationusa.st­ate.gov/pre­dep­artu­re/b­iblio.htm – Cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­yt ghja­tcèq­yt yf­dxfy­yz: ht­tp://www.­ educationusa.st­ate.gov/professional/b­iblio.htm – Rj­hjn­rj­nth­vè­yj­dt yf­dxfy­yz: ht­tp://www.educationusa. st­ate.gov/study/b­iblio.htm – Åf­pj­dt xj­nb­hb­hèx­yt yf­dxfy­yz: ht­tp://www.educationusa. st­ate.gov/undergrad/b­iblio.htm U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate. Bu­reau of Int­er­national Info­rmation Programs. “See You in the U.S.A.” (Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv. Tktr­nhj­yybq xf­cj­gbc ≤Lj pec­nhè­xè e CIF≥). eJournal USA: Fo­reign Policy Agenda, vol.10, no. 2, Se­ptember 2005, 52 pp. ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/itps/0905/ij­pe/gough.htm U.S. Dep­artme­nt of St­ate. Bu­reau of Int­er­national Info­rmation Programs. “The Unit­ed St­ates in 2005: Who We Are Today” (Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF. Åñ­hj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èy­ ajh­vf­wèq­ybö ghj­uhfv. Tktr­nhj­yybq xf­cj­gbc ≤Cgj­ke­xt­yè Inf­nb e 2005 hj­wè. Önj vb cmj­ujl­yè≥). eJournal USA: Socie­ty & Values, vol. 9, no. 2, De­cember 2004, 48 pp. ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/journals/itsv/1204/ijse/ijse1204.htm Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF yt dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf pvècn è yf­zd­yècnm ht­ ceh­cèd èy­ibö futy­wèq nf jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, puf­lf­ybö db­ot. Dcè gj­cbkfy­yz yf ht­c eh­cb Èy­nth­yt­ne gjl­fñnm­cz cnfy­j v yf kbc­nj­gfl 2005 hj­r e. 61 eJournal USA Lét­ht­kf d Èy­nth­yt­nè Db­åhf­yè dtå-cfq­nb, ghb­cdz­xt­yè db­oèq jc­dè­nè d CIF Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF Jlby èp jc­yjd­ybö ht­ceh­cèd ghj fvt­hb­rfy­cmre cbc­nt­ve jc­dè­ nb, cndjht­ybq lkz èy­ajh­ve­dfy­yz èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, zrè ghb­ÿp­lznm lj CIF pf jå­vè­yjv. Åñ­hj e cghf­dfö jc­dè­nb è rekm­n e­hb ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/ Gèl pf­uj­kjd­rjv ≤Dfi uèl gj cbc­nt­vè db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb CIF≥ dtå-cfqn ≤Jc­dè­nf d CIF≥ yf­lfæ ≤dt­kb­rbq jå­czu èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ è hèp­yj­vf­yèn­yè gj­c ke­ub èyj­ptv­ybv cne­lty­nfv yf dcèö tnf­ gfö gj­ie­re rj­kt­lée≥. Dèy zd­k zæ cj­åjñ ukj­åfkm­ye vt­ht­é e åèkm­it yèé èp 450 èy­ajh­vf­wèq­yj-rjy­cekm­nf­wèq­ybö wty­nhèd (ht­tp://www.educationusa.st­ate.gov/ce­nt­ers.htm) e 170 rhfÿ­ yfö. Wè wty­nhb ≤ghj­gf­u e­ñnm db­oe jc­dè­n e d CIF e dcmj­ve cdè­nè, yf­lfñ­xb njx­ye, gj­dye, jå’ær­nbd­ye q fr­n e­f km­ye èy­ajh­ vf­wèñ ghj vjé­kb­djc­nè jn­hb­vfy­yz jc­dè­nb d CIF è gj­hf­lb, zr rhf­ot db­rj­hbc­nf­nb wè vjé­kb­djc­nè nbv, önj dèl­gj­dè­lfæ gtd­ybv db­vj­ufv≥. Jr­ht­vè hjp­lè­kb cfq­n e ghb­cdz­xt­yè gb­ nfy­yzv fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ è gj­ie­re yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le, dè­pj­dèq ghj­wt­le­hè, aè­yfy­cj­dèq lj­gj­vj­pè, cnb­gty­lè­zv Aek­åhfq­nf, ghj­uhf­vfv Åñ­hj e cghf­dfö jc­dè­nb q rekm­n e­hb Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e. Lj­gj­vj­uf cne­lty­nfv yf at­lt­hfkm­yj­ve hèd­yè: èyj­ptv­yè cne­lty­nb ht­tp: //stu­de­ntaid.ed.gov/PORTALSWe­bApp/stu­de­nts/english/ intl.jsp IPEDS: vjé­kb­djc­nè yf­dxfy­yz d rj­kt­léfö ht­tp://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/index.asp Åñ­hj p gb­nfym db­ojÿ ghja­tcèq­yj-ntö­yèx­yjÿ jc­dè­nb Åf­pf lf­ybö ghj fr­ht­lb­nj­df­yè yf­dxfkm­yè pf­r kf­lb ht­tp://ope.ed.gov/accred­it­ation/ Ckeé­åf CIF p gb­nfym uhj­vf­l zy­cndf q èv­vèu­hf­wèÿ Zr cnf­nb cne­lty­njv db­oj­uj yf­dxfkm­yj­uj pf­r kf­le CIF? ht­tp://uscis.gov/graphics/howdoi/academic.htm Hf­l èj­cnfy­wèz ≤Uj­kjc Fvt­hb­r b≥ Vèé­yf­hjl­ybq nbé­ltym jc­dè­nb, 2005 hèr ht­tp://iew.st­ate.gov/ Cgèkm­yf èyè­wèf­nb­df Lth­éfd­yj­uj lt­gfh­nf­vty­n e CIF nf Lt­ gfh­nf­vty­n e jc­dè­nb CIF p vt­njñ pf­jöj­xty­yz vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb q jå­vè­ye. Ukj­åfkm­ybq aj­hev rj­kt­léèd Fvt­hb­rb ht­tp://www.voanews.com/english/AmericanLife/­ global_colle­ge_forum.cfm Wtq oj­nbé­yt­dbq hf­lèjju­k zl hjp­gj­dè­lfæ ghj èyj­ptv­ybö cne­lty­nèd, zrè yf­dxf­ñnm­cz d hèp­ybö fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­ léfö nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nfö. Vèé­yf­hjl­yè èy­ajh­vf­wèq­yè ghj­uhf­vb Yf­dxfy­yz d CIF ht­tp://usinfo.st­ate.gov/scv/life_and_cultu­re/education/­ study_in_t­he_us.html Åè­kbq lèv Åñ­hj rjy­cekmcmrbö cghfd: dè­pb ht­tp://tr­avel.st­ate.gov/visa_1750.html Èyè­wèf­nb­df ≤Db­cj­rè gj­rfp­yb­rb d yf­dxfy­yè ct­htl kf­nb­yjf­vt­ hb­rfy­wèd≥ ht­tp://www.yic.gov/ Yf­dxfy­yz d CIF: dè­pb ht­tp://www.unit­edst­atesvisas.gov/studying.html​ Èyè­wèf­nb­df ≤Nhf­lb­wèq­yj yt­uhb­nzy­cmrè rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­ nt­nb≥ ht­tp://www.ed.gov/abo­ut/inits/list/whhbcu/ed­lite-index.html Lt­gfh­nf­vtyn jc­dè­n b CIF USNEI: Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf vt­ht­éf èy­ajh­vf­wèÿ ghj jc­dè­n e ht­tp://www.ed.gov/abo­ut/of­fi­ces/list/jus/int­er­national/­ usnei/ed­lite-index.html eJournal USA Èyè­wèf­nb­df ≤Rj­kt­léè q eyè­dth­cb­nt­nb lkz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd≥ ht­tp://www.ed.gov/abo­ut/inits/list/whtc/­ ed­lite-index.html 62 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Èy­iè ht­c eh­cb Hf­lf p vèé­yf­hjl­yj­uj jc­dèn­ymj­uj jå­vè­ye (CIEE) ht­tp://www.ciee.org/ Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf fcj­wèf­wèz vèc­wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd ht­tp://www.aacc.nche.edu/ eduPASS! ht­tp://www.edupass.org/ Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf hf­lf p jc­dè­nb ht­tp://www.ace­net.edu//AM/Template.cfm?Se­ction=Home Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrf hf­lf p jc­dè­nb, zrf æ uj­kjd­ybv rj­jh­lb­yf­wèq­ ybv jh­uf­yjv ecèö db­obö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd rhfÿ­yb, f nf­rjé gèl­nhb­veæ rj­kj vèé­yf­hjl­ybö èyè­wèf­nbd: ht­tp://www.ace­net.edu/AM/Template.­ cfm?Se­ction=I­nt­er­national. Gj­hnfk ht­ceh­cèd ghj db­oe jc­dè­n e ht­tp://www.higher-ed.org/ Kf­nb­yjf­vt­hb­rfy­cmrf fcj­wèf­wèz rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd ht­tp://www.hacu.net/ Èy­cnb­n en vèé­yf­hjl­yjÿ jc­dè­nb ht­tp://www.iie.org/ Rjy­cjh­wè­ev db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb lkz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö èy­lè­fy­wèd ht­tp://www.aihec.org/ NAF­EO: Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz pf hèd­yè vjé­kb­djc­nè e db­oèq jc­dè­nè ht­tp://www.naf­eo.org/abo­ut.htm AMIDEAST, Fvt­hb­rfy­cmrj-åkbpm­rjc­öèl­yf jc­dèn­yz è nht­yèy­uj­df ckeé­åf ht­tp://www.ami­deast.org/ NAFSA: Vèé­yf­hjl­yf fcj­wèf­wèz gt­lf­uj­uèd ht­tp://www.nafsa.org/ Fcj­wèf­wèz fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd ht­tp://www.aacu-edu.org/ Yf­wèj­yfkm­yf fcj­wèf­wèz eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd inf­nèd è cgt­wèf­kè­pj­df­ ybö rj­kt­léèd ht­tp://www.nasulgc.org/ Rfv­gec-rjv­gfrn ht­tp://www.comp­act.org Pf­ufkm­yj­yf­wèj­yfkm­yf rjf­kè­wèz htr­nj­hèd rj­kt­léèd nf eyè­dth­ cb­nt­nèd, ≤z­rè ghfu­yenm hjp­db­df­nb q pf­jöj­xe­df­nb uhj­vfl­cmre lè­z km­yècnm, fr­nbd­ye uhj­vf­lzy­cmre gj­pb­wèñ è yf­dxfy­yz, oj vèc­nbnm tkt­vty­nb uhj­vfl­cmrjÿ ghf­wè≥. Nt­öfcm­rbq eyè­dth­cb­ntn d Jc­nb­yè Db­of jc­dè­nf d CIF d Èy­nth­yt­nè ht­tp://www.ut­exas.edu/world/univ/ Cnèd Utk­åth. AP/WWP Hf­lf p fr­ht­lb­nf­wèÿ e db­oèq jc­dè­nè ht­tp://www.chea.org/ Åf­pf lf­ybö p fr­ht­lb­nj­df­ybö yf­dxfkm­ybö pf­r kf­lèd è ghj­uhfv ht­tp://www.chea.org/search/de­fa­ult.asp Öhj­yè­rb db­ojÿ jc­dè­nb ht­tp://chronicle.com/ Gj­nhèå­yf gèl­gbc­rf; e dèkm­yj­ve lj­cne­gè æ kb­it jå­vt­ét­yf rèkm­rècnm vf­nt­hèf­kèd ht­tp://chronicle.com/f­ree/ Hf­lf rj­kt­léèd ht­tp://www.colle­ge­board.com/splash/ Cgjh­nbd­yè gjl­èÿ rj­kt­lée påb­hf­ñnm yf­njd­gb kñ­ltq, zr vjé­yf wt gj­åf­xb­nb yf cnf­lèj­yè Gj­kè­ntö­yèx­yj­uj èy­cnb­ne­ne Dèh­uè­yèÿ q eyè­dth­cb­nt­ne inf­ne. Vèc­wt­dè rj­kt­léè CIF ht­tp://www.cc-usa.org/ Gj­cbkfy­yz yf dtå-cfq­nb fvt­hb­rfy­cmrbö eyè­dth­cb­nt­nèd, vèc­ wt­dbö rj­kt­léèd, lj­dèl­yb­rèd gj rj­kt­léfö nf yf ht­uèj­yfkm­yè fr­ht­lb­nj­df­yè futy­wèÿ. Hf­lf yt­pf­kté­ybö rj­kt­léèd ht­tp://www.cic.org/ Lth­éfd­ybq lt­gfh­nf­vtyn CIF yt dèl­gj­dè­lfæ pf pvècn è yf­zd­yècnm ht­ ceh­cèd èy­ibö futy­wèq nf jh­uf­yè­pf­wèq, puf­lf­ybö db­ot. Ecè gj­cbkfy­yz yf ht­c eh­cb Èy­nth­yt­ne gjl­fyj cnfy­j v yf kbc­nj­gfl 2005 hj­r e. Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 63 eJournal USA A MONTHLY JOURNAL OFFERED IN MULTIPLE LANGUAGES review the full listing of titles at http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm eJournal USA 64 Cec­gèkm­cndj è wèy­yjc­nè / Kbc­nj­gfl 2005 Source Exif Data: File Type : PDF File Type Extension : pdf MIME Type : application/pdf PDF Version : 1.4 Linearized : Yes XMP Toolkit : 3.1.1-111 Create Date : 2007:10:23 13:56:15+02:00 Modify Date : 2007:10:23 14:06:05+02:00 Metadata Date : 2007:10:23 14:06:05+02:00 Creator Tool : Adobe InDesign CS2 (4.0.5) Thumbnail Format : JPEG Thumbnail Width : 256 Thumbnail Height : 256 Thumbnail Image : (Binary data 16452 bytes, use -b option to extract) Version ID : 1 Instance ID : uuid:54a05862-8160-11dc-b659-003065f351b4 Document ID : adobe:docid:indd:40eeb027-6127-11dc-b5af-af033c63ba3f Rendition Class : proof:pdf Derived From Instance ID : 95ee14a4-bb14-11da-9f88-b38955385b43 Derived From Document ID : 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300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00, 300.00 Manifest Placed Resolution Unit : Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches, Inches Manifest Reference Instance ID : uuid:EFBA4634798811DCB3A8FDC08F0C9A13, uuid:C48B5D2F61E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:23D28A7061FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E508DEAC61F811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:23D28A7561FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:25825ED561DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:036D855161D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5676C5A461FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C60E848861D811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:FCF0C1F161D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:BE8D236661D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:764332F861E911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:036D855961D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:ABB6B3CF61DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:BE8D235E61D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:9399A1A161D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C48B5D2A61E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:CFA3A06D61EC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B97DC04861F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5EEE05CF61F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:7915FF5761EA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:A98A2B8F61D411DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:4818212061D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8C428CE261EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B0362B6F61F811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:9098F05F61D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5B1CD11A61FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:07EBE53D61EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:6515E16461EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D1629B9361ED11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5C06601261D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5EEE05D761F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:9098F05A61D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:73B6048C61DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:9399A19961D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8BB823F361EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D8E7FC0561D211DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5676C59C61FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:1CF8788B61FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:7915FF5F61EA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2567D40861EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:CFA3A07261EC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:BF16CFF961FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:F997C4FB61D311DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:051BA41861DB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:07EBE54261EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B2EDA11561D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:F997C50361D311DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2BEB9EEC61F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C48B5D3461E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:23D28A7A61FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:F3B75E0D61FB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:FAB74AC061D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5FE8B13A61D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:051BA42061DB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:13EED24461EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D1629B8E61ED11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:BF16CFF461FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:6515E15F61EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E12EE22761D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:19D498A561D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E508DEB461F811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:52A5741961E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:1E1995ED61E911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5C06601A61D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D1CBF3E061EA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8C428CDA61EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2C6025EB61FB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C9FE996461EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2567D40361EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E5C2F21461D411DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:3AF7A48361D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C9FE996C61EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:0EFB473661FB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E5C2F21C61D411DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:585CFA7461D411DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:242B546361EC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:648D21E461EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:46026AAC61EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2C6025F361FB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:84BE097961FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:13EED24961EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:648D21E961EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:242B546B61EC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5202F84E61ED11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:4E59BF7561DB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8F78FAA461DB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5202F84661ED11DCA8BA933C32F3061A Manifest Reference Document ID : uuid:A9100BF3620611DCB942F2EDD49D6577, uuid:C48B5D2E61E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:56AF115061FB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B0362B7361F811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:23D28A7461FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:25825ED161DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C60E848C61D811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5676C5A061FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:FAB74AC461D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:FCF0C1EA61D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:BE8D236261D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:764332F461E911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:036D855561D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:ABB6B3CB61DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:4818212461D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:9399A19D61D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:52A5741D61E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:CFA3A06C61EC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B97DC04461F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2BEB9EF061F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:764332FC61E911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:585CFA7861D411DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:4818211C61D911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8C428CDE61EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B0362B6B61F811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:9098F05E61D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5B1CD11961FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:07EBE53C61EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:6515E16361EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D1629B9261ED11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E12EE22B61D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5EEE05D361F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:19D498A961D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:25825ED961DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5FE8B13E61D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8BB823F261EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D8E7FC0161D211DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:1CF8788F61FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B97DC04C61F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:7915FF5B61EA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2567D40761EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:CFA3A07161EC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:BF16CFF861FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:F997C4FA61D311DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:ABB6B3D361DA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:07EBE54161EE11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B2EDA11161D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:F997C50261D311DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:2BEB9EEB61F911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:C48B5D3361E811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:23D28A7961FC11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:F3B75E0961FB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:B2EDA11961D711DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:5FE8B13661D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:051BA41C61DB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:13EED24361EF11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:D1629B8D61ED11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:84BE097D61FA11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:6515E15B61EB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E12EE22661D611DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:19D498A161D511DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:E508DEB061F811DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:8F78FAAA61DB11DCA8BA933C32F3061A, uuid:1E1995E961E911DCA8BA933C32F3061A, 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