Khải Định - Wikipedia

Emperor of Vietnam from 1916 to 1925

Emperor Khải Định啓定帝
The Emperor on his throne and holding hốt.
Emperor of Đại Nam under French protectorate of Annam and Tonkin
Reign	18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925
Predecessor	Duy Tân
Successor	Bảo Đại
Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty
Reign	18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925
Predecessor	Duy Tân
Successor	Bảo Đại
Born	(1885-10-08)8 October 1885Imperial City of Huế, French protectorate of Annam
Died	6 November 1925(1925-11-06) (aged 40)Kien Trung palace, Imperial City of Huế, French Indochina
Burial	Ứng Lăng (應陵)
Spouse	12 including Trương Như Thị TịnhNoble Consort of First Rank, Ân phi Hồ Thị ChỉHoàng Thị Cúc, Empress Mother Đoan Huy
Issue	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy
Names Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹)Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn (阮福晙) Era name and dates Khải Định (啓定): 1916 – 1925 Posthumous name Tự Thiên Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế (嗣天嘉運聖明神智仁孝誠敬貽謨承烈宣皇帝) Temple name Hoằng Tông (弘宗)
House	Nguyễn Phúc
Father	Đồng Khánh
Mother	Empress Hựu Thiên
Religion	Buddhism, Ruism
Signature

Khải Định (Vietnamese: [xa᷉ːjɗîŋ̟ˀ]; chữ Hán: 啓定; born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo; 8 October 1885 – 6 November 1925) was the 12th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam, reigning from 1916 to 1925. His name at birth was Prince Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo. He was the son of Emperor Đồng Khánh, but he did not succeed him immediately.

Biography

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Before Emperor Đồng Khánh's era came the eras of Emperor Thành Thái and Emperor Duy Tân, both of whom were exiled by the French for their resistance to the colonial regime. After this trouble, the French decided to enthrone Bửu Đảo as he was the son of the monarch who was the most submissive Nguyễn collaborator with the colonial regime, standing with the French colonizers and opposing any independence movements, Emperor Đồng Khánh.

Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo became the nominal ruler of Annam on 18 May 1916, after the exile of Duy Tân (Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San) and took the name Khải Định for his reign, meaning "auger of peace and stability." He said he wanted to restore the prestige of the empire, but this was not possible with his close collaboration with the French occupiers. Although not satisfied with his position, Khải Định enacted a policy of close collaboration with the French government and was effectively a puppet political figurehead for the French colonial rulers, following all of their instructions to give "legitimacy" to French policies.

• Emperor in Mianfu ceremonial outfit.
• Emperor Khải Định on throne drawing.
• Emperor Khải Định and cabinet ministers

Because of this, Khải Định was very unpopular with the Vietnamese people. The nationalist leader Phan Châu Trinh accused him of selling out his country to the French and living in imperial luxury while the people were exploited by France. Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote a play about Khải Định called "The Bamboo Dragon" that ridiculed him as being all grand appearance and ceremony but a powerless puppet of the French government.

In 1918, the Emperor made a decree that Vietnam cease to use Chinese as official written language and was replaced by Romanized Vietnamese.

In 1922, the Emperor's visit to France to see the Marseilles Colonial Exhibition was also ridiculed by nationalist leaders, who hated Vietnam's status as a colonial subject of France and saw nothing in the exhibition worth celebrating.

Emperor Khải Định's unpopularity reached its peak in 1923 when he authorized the French to raise taxes on the Vietnamese peasants, part of which was to pay for the building of his palatial tomb, and which caused a great deal of hardship. He also signed the orders of arrest against many nationalist leaders, such as Phan Bội Châu, forcing them into exile and having their followers who were captured beheaded.

Marriages and sexuality

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When he was still Duke of Phụng Hóa, Emperor Khải Định married his first wife Trương Như Thị Tịnh in 1907. She left him in 1915 and became a nun, before he was enthroned. Upon ascending the throne, he married his second wife, Ân phi, Noble consort of the first rank Hồ Thị Chỉ (1902–1982) of An Truyền Hồ Đắc clan. She is a daughter of Hồ Đắc Trung, who became Annam's Minister for Public Instruction. Emperor Khải Định had his first and only son with one of his concubines, Hoàng Thị Cúc (1890–1980). She gave birth to Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (later Emperor Bảo Đại) in 1913. After Khải Định's ascension, she was given the title of Huệ tần, noble consort of the third rank, later elevated to the title Huệ phi, noble consort of the second rank.

• Hoàng Thị Cúc as Empress Dowager Từ Cung, wife of Khải Định and the last Empress Dowager of Vietnam

Historical records and studies state that Emperor Khải Định only had homosexual desires. He rarely slept with his wives during his reign. He was close to his male guard, Nguyễn Đắc Vọng, and always slept with him.[1]

Death

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Khải Định suffered poor health like his father and became a drug addict. He died of tuberculosis in the Imperial City of Huế, according to his concubine Ba Phi, who described him as "not interested in sex" and "physically weak".[2]

Reign symbols

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Symbols created and / or used during the reign of Khải Định
Symbol	Image	Description
Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty
Seal of Khải Định(Chinese-style)		The inscription Khải Định thần khuê written in Traditional Chinese characters (as opposed to seal script usually used on Nguyễn dynasty period seals).
Seal of Khải Định(French-style), a total of 12 imperial seals were created under Khải Định.[3]		See: Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty.
Personal standard of emperors Khải Định and Bảo Đại		Flag ratio: 2:3.
Personal coat of arms of Khải Định.		The personalised version of the coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty, a sword per fess charged with the ramparts of the Purple Forbidden City in Huế, inscribed with six Traditional Chinese characters (啟定大南皇帝) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon surrounded by clouds.Influences:
Khải Định Thông Bảo(啓定通寶)		A series of cash coins bearing his reign era.
Khải Định Bảo Giám(啓定寳鑑)		A series silver coins bearing his reign era.

Gallery

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• Emperor Khải Định in his study, 1916.
• Emperor Khải Định, 1916.
• Khai Dinh in palanquin
• Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy to France, 1922.
• Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy paying tribute at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
• Working time of the emperor.
• Emperor Khải Định and crown prince Vĩnh Thụy.
• Emperor Khai Dinh
• Khai Dinh on the throne
• Emperor in Ao dai
• The emperor returns to the palace after Nam Giao ceremony, 1924.
• The emperor in a hunting trip

See also

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emperor Khải Định.

• Tomb of Khải Định
• Khải Định Thông Bảo

References

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1. ^ "'Chẩn đoán' căn bệnh 'bất lực' của vua Khải Định" (in Vietnamese). 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
2. ^ "In Vietnam, the Queen Mother Clings to a Faded Court Life". The New York Times. 28 August 1973. p. 30.
3. ^ VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). "No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today". VietNam Breaking News. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

External links

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Media related to Emperor Khải Định at Wikimedia Commons

• Asian Historical Architecture: Tomb of Emperor Khai Dinh
• Erdal Can Alkoçlar
• Emperor Khai Dinh's tomb

Khải Định House of Nguyễn PhúcBorn: 8 October 1885 Died: 6 November 1925
Regnal titles
Preceded byDuy Tân	Emperor of Vietnam 18 May 1916 – 6 November 1925	Succeeded byBảo Đại

v t e Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty
Gia Long Minh Mạng Thiệu Trị Tự Đức Dục Đức Hiệp Hòa Kiến Phúc Hàm Nghi Đồng Khánh Thành Thái Duy Tân Khải Định Bảo Đại

v t e Nguyễn dynasty topics
Overview	Sovereign state (1802–1883) French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945) Empire of Vietnam (1945)
History	Sovereign Việt Nam / Đại Nam(Nhà Nguyễn thời độc lập, 茹阮𥱯獨立) Nguyễn lords Đàng Trong Nam tiến Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam Citadel of Saigon Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century Tự Đức's Catholic persecution Văn Thân movement French protectorate(s)(Pháp thuộc, 法屬) French conquest of Vietnam Cần Vương Great Hanoi Rat Massacre Hanoi Exhibition Đông Du Duy Tân Hội Hanoi Poison Plot History of Vietnam during World War I Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Le Travail movement Communist Party of Vietnam Phú Riềng Đỏ Việt Minh French Indochina in World War II Japanese period Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina Vietnamese famine of 1945 Abdication of Bảo Đại Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Government	Emperors Gia Long (1802–1820) Minh Mạng (1820–1841) Thiệu Trị (1841–1847) Tự Đức (1847–1883) Dục Đức (1883) Hiệp Hòa (1883) Kiến Phúc (1883–1884) Hàm Nghi (1884–1885) Đồng Khánh (1885–1889) Thành Thái (1889–1907) Duy Tân (1907–1916) Khải Định (1916–1925) Bảo Đại (1925–1945) Ministries & agencies Censorate Court of Judicial Review Court of Imperial Entertainments Court of the Imperial Stud Court of Imperial Sacrifices Office of the National Altars Hàn lâm viện House of People's Representatives of Annam Imperial Clan Court Imperial Household Department Quốc Tử Giám Lục bộ Ministry of Education Nội các Viện cơ mật Symbols Coat of arms Đăng đàn cung Flags Provincial flags Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam) Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty Vietnamese dragon Provincial administration Đề Đốc Tuần phủ Tổng Trấn French administration Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ Prominent mandarins Bạch Xuân Nguyên Cao Xuân Dục Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau Jean Marie Despiau Hoàng Cao Khải Hoàng Diệu Hoàng Kế Viêm Michael Hồ Đình Hy Lê Chất Ngô Đình Diệm Ngô Đình Khả Ngô Đình Khôi Nguyễn Trường Tộ Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức Nguyễn Văn Tâm Nguyễn Văn Tồn Nguyễn Văn Nhơn Phan Văn Thúy Phạm Quỳnh Phạm Thận Duật Phan Đình Phùng Phan Thanh Giản Phan Thanh Liêm Nguyễn Tri Phương Thân Văn Nhiếp Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ Thoại Ngọc Hầu Tôn Thất Đính Tôn Thất Thuyết Trần Trọng Kim Trần Cao Vân Đặng Huy Trứ Trương Định Trương Minh Giảng Trương Tấn Bửu Nguyễn Văn Tường Philippe Vannier
Military	Battles and wars Tây Sơn wars French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) Cambodian rebellion (1820) Ja Lidong rebellion Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) Nduai Kabait rebellion Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion Katip Sumat's Jihad Ja Thak Wa uprising Lê Văn Khôi revolt Cambodian rebellion (1840) Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) Bombardment of Tourane (1847) Cochinchina campaign Tonkin campaign Garnier Expedition Sino-French War Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương Yên Thế Insurrection Pacification of Tonkin Thái Nguyên uprising Vue Pa Chay's revolt Yên Bái mutiny Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets August Revolution Prominent military personnel Hoàng Kế Viêm Lê Văn Duyệt Lê Văn Khôi Nguyễn Cư Trinh Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức Nguyễn Văn Thành Nguyễn Văn Tồn Nguyễn Văn Nhơn Nguyễn Tri Phương Phan Văn Thúy Trương Minh Giảng
Special administrative regions	Champa Principality of Thuận Thành Principality of Hà Tiên Sip Song Chau Tai Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá Trấn Ninh Trấn Tây Thành
Palaces & mausoleums	Palaces Imperial City of Huế Meridian Gate Tombs Thien Tho Mausoleum Khiêm Mausoleum An Mausoleum Ứng Mausoleum
Society & culture	Áo dài Đại Nam nhất thống chí Đại Nam thực lục Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục Khăn vấn Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
Education	Imperial Academy, Huế Imperial examination Confucian court examination system in Vietnam Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin Tonkin Free School
Currency	Cash coins Tự Đức Thông Bảo Tự Đức Bảo Sao Khải Định Thông Bảo Bảo Đại Thông Bảo Currency units Văn Mạch Quán Tiền Colonial currencies French Indochinese piastre
Laws	Hương ước
Treaties	Saigon (1862) Huế (1863) Saigon (1874) Huế (1883) Huế (1884)
Orders, decorations, and medals	Bai Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam Kim Khánh
Other topics	Domain of the Crown Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth House of Nguyễn Phúc Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking Thoại Hà Canal Vĩnh Tế Canal Tôn Thất Việt gian Vietnamese nationalism

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States France BnF data
Other	IdRef