Myanmar | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, Language, & Facts

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• Introduction & Quick Facts
• Land
  • Relief
  • Drainage and soils
  • Climate
  • Plant and animal life
• People
  • Ethnic groups
  • Languages
  • Religion
  • Settlement patterns
  • Demographic trends
• Economy
  • Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
  • Resources and power
  • Manufacturing
  • Trade
  • Taxation
  • Transportation
• Government and society
  • Administrative framework
  • Local government
  • Justice
  • Security
  • Health and welfare
  • Education
• Cultural life
• History
  • The origins of civilization in Myanmar
    • The Pyu state
    • The Mon
  • The kingdom of Pagan (849–c. 1300)
    • The advent of the Burmans at Pagan
    • The unification of Myanmar
    • Pagan state and society
  • Myanmar from the end of Pagan to 1885
    • The first Ava kingdom, 1364–1527
    • The Toungoo dynasty, 1531–1752
    • The Alaungpaya dynasty, 1752–1885
    • The administration of dynastic Myanmar
  • The British in Burma, 1885–1948
    • The initial impact of colonialism
    • The religious dilemma
    • The colonial economy
    • The emergence of nationalism
    • World War II and after
  • Since independence
    • The unsettled early years, 1948–62
    • The socialist state, 1962–88
    • Myanmar since 1988

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• What is the geographic location of Myanmar?

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External Websites

• Council on Foreign Relations - Myanmar�s Troubled History: Coups, Military Rule, and Ethnic Conflict
• globalEDGE - Burma
• Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Burma

Britannica Websites Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.

• Myanmar - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
• Myanmar - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)

Quick Summary Ask the Chatbot a Question Also known as: Burma, Mranma Prañ, Myanma, Union of Myanmar Written by Maung Htin Aung Associate Fellow, St. Antony's College, University of Oxford. Burmese Ambassador to Ceylon, 1959–63. Rector and Vice-Chancellor, University of Rangoon, 1946–59. Author of Burmese Drama; A History of... Maung Htin AungAll Fact-checked by Britannica Editors Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Britannica Editors Last updated Dec. 28, 2025 •History Table of Contents Table of Contents Quick Summary Ask the Chatbot a Question Top Questions

What is the geographic location of Myanmar?

Myanmar is located in the western portion of mainland Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north and northeast, Laos to the east, Thailand to the southeast, the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest, Bangladesh to the west, and India to the northwest.

What are the main physiographic regions of Myanmar?

Myanmar can be divided into five physiographic regions: the northern mountains, the western ranges, the eastern plateau, the central basin and lowlands, and the coastal plains.

What are Myanmar’s main rivers and their significance?

Myanmar’s main rivers, such as the Irrawaddy and its tributaries, run from north to south. The Irrawaddy is navigable for nearly 1,000 miles (1,600 km) and is crucial for transportation and agriculture. The Salween River drains the Shan Plateau, and the Sittang flows into the Gulf of Martaban.

What are the major ethnic groups in Myanmar?

The major ethnic groups in Myanmar include the Burmans (the largest group), the Karen, the Shan, the Mon, the Chin, and the Kachin. The Burmans are concentrated in the Irrawaddy River valley and coastal strips.

What is the state of Myanmar’s economy?

Myanmar’s economy is one of the least developed in the region and is primarily agricultural. Nearly half of the country’s economic output was nationalized in the 1960s, and the country has an extensive informal economy. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing are major contributors to the economy.

News •

Myanmar holds first election since military seized power but critics say the vote is a sham • Dec. 28, 2025, 8:59 AM ET (AP) ...(Show more) Myanmar will hold its first general election in 5 years as criticism of the military rule mounts • Dec. 25, 2025, 10:49 PM ET (AP) Resistance forces in Myanmar detain a candidate in this month's election, state media report • Dec. 3, 2025, 8:12 AM ET (AP) Show less

Myanmar, country, located in the western portion of mainland Southeast Asia. In 1989 the country’s official English name, which it had held since 1885, was changed from the Union of Burma to the Union of Myanmar; in the Burmese language the country has been known as Myanma (or, more precisely, Mranma Prañ) since the 13th century. The English name of the city that served as the country’s capital from 1948 to 2006, Rangoon, also was dropped in 1989 in favor of the common Burmese name, Yangon.

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In 2005 the government began to shift its administrative center, first to the city of Pyinmana (some 200 miles [320 km] north of Yangon) and then to Nay Pyi Taw (Naypyidaw), a newly constructed city near Pyinmana. Nay Pyi Taw was proclaimed the capital of Myanmar in 2006.

Quick Facts See article: flag of Myanmar Audio File: National anthem of Myanmar Head Of State And Government: Prime Minister: Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing2 (Show more) Capital: Nay Pyi Taw (Naypyidaw) (Show more) Population: (2025 est.) 57,940,000 (Show more) Form Of Government: military government2 (Show more) Official Language: Myanmar (Burmese) (Show more) Official Religion: none3 (Show more) Official Name: Pyihtaungsu Thamada Myanmar Naingngandaw (Republic of the Union of Myanmar)1 (Show more) Total Area (Sq Km): 676,553 (Show more) Total Area (Sq Mi): 261,217 (Show more) Monetary Unit: Myanmar kyat (K) (Show more) Population Rank: (2025) 26 (Show more) Population Projection 2030: 58,851,000 (Show more) Density: Persons Per Sq Mi: (2025) 221.8 (Show more) Density: Persons Per Sq Km: (2025) 85.6 (Show more) Urban-Rural Population: Urban: (2019–2020) 29.9% Rural: (2019–2020) 70.1% (Show more) Life Expectancy At Birth: Male: (2022) 62.8 years Female: (2022) 71.3 years (Show more) Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate: Male: (2019) 92% Female: (2019) 86% (Show more) Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000): (2023) 66,552 (Show more) Gni Per Capita (U.S.$): (2023) 1,230 (Show more) Also called: Burma (Show more)

1. Official long-form name of the country per the constitution, effective January 31, 2011.
2. The military seized power on February 1, 2021. Pres. Win Myint, State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi, and other members of their National League for Democracy ruling party were detained by the military, and Vice Pres. Myint Swe (a former general) became acting president. He immediately invoked articles 417 and 418 of the constitution, which allowed him to declare a one-year state of emergency and hand control of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government to the commander in chief of the armed forces, Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing. On February 2 the State Administrative Council was formed, with Senior Gen. Min as chairman, to govern the country during the state of emergency. On August 1 the State Administrative Council was replaced by a military-led caretaker government with Senior Gen. Min named as prime minister, and the state of emergency was extended until August 2023.
3. The government promotes Theravada Buddhism over other religions.

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Land

Stretching from latitude 10° N to about 28° 30′ N, Myanmar is the northernmost country of Southeast Asia; it is shaped like a kite with a long tail that runs south along the Malay Peninsula. The country is bordered by China to the north and northeast, Laos to the east, Thailand to the southeast, the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal to the south and southwest, Bangladesh to the west, and India to the northwest. Its total length from north to south is about 1,275 miles (2,050 km), and its width at the widest part, across the center of the country at about the latitude of the city of Mandalay, is approximately 580 miles (930 km) from east to west.

Relief

Myanmar slopes from north to south, from an elevation of 19,296 feet (5,881 meters) at Mount Hkakabo (the country’s highest peak) in the extreme north to sea level at the Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) and Sittang (Sittoung) river deltas. The mountain ranges generally run from north to south. The country as a whole can be divided into five physiographic regions: the northern mountains, the western ranges, the eastern plateau, the central basin and lowlands, and the coastal plains.

The northern mountains consist of a series of ranges that form a complex knot at Mount Hkakabo. In terms of plate tectonics, this knot marks the northeastern limit of the encroaching Indian-Australian Plate, which has been colliding with the southern edge of the Eurasian Plate for roughly the past 50 million years and thrusting up the mountain ranges of Myanmar and beyond. This region contains the sources of several of Asia’s great rivers, including the Irrawaddy, which rises and flows wholly within Myanmar, and the Salween (Thanlwin), which rises to the north in China. The upper courses of these rivers all flow through deep gorges within a short distance of each other, separated by steep, sheer peaks.

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The western ranges traverse the entire western side of Myanmar, from the northern mountains to the southern tip of the Rakhine (Arakan) Peninsula, where they run under the sea and reappear as the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Their average elevation is about 6,000 feet (1,800 metrts), although some peaks rise to 10,000 feet (3,000 meters) or higher. The mountains consist of old crystalline rocks surrounded by hard, tightly folded sedimentary rocks on either side. From north to south, the Patkai Range, Naga Hills, and Chin Hills form the border between India and Myanmar. To the south of these are the Rakhine Mountains (Arakan Mountains), which lie entirely within Myanmar and separate the coastal strip from the central basin.

The Shan Plateau to the east rises abruptly from the central basin, often in a single step of some 2,000 feet (600 meters). Occupying the eastern half of the country, it is deeply dissected, with an average elevation of about 3,000 feet (900 meters). The plateau was formed during the Mesozoic Era (about 252 to 66 million years ago) and thus is a much older feature than the western mountains, but the plateau also shows more-recent and intensive folding, with north-south longitudinal ranges rising steeply to elevations of 6,000 to 8,600 feet (1,800 to 2,600 meters) above the plateau surface. Northward, the plateau merges into the northern mountains, and southward it continues into the Dawna Range and the peninsular Tenasserim Mountains (Tanintharyi Mountains), each a series of parallel ranges with narrow valleys.

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The central basin and lowlands, lying between the Rakhine Mountains and the Shan Plateau, are structurally connected with the folding of the western ranges. The basin was deeply excavated by the predecessors of the Irrawaddy, Chindwin, and Sittang rivers; the valleys are now occupied by these rivers, which cover the ancient soft sandstones, shales, and clays with alluvial deposits. In the deltaic regions formed by the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers, the landscape is absolutely flat, and the monotony is relieved only by a few blocks of erosion-resistant rocks that are never more than 60 feet (18 meters) high. The basin is divided into two unequal parts, the larger Irrawaddy valley and the smaller Sittang valley, by the Bago Mountains. In the center of the basin and structurally connected with the Bago Mountains and their northern extension is a line of extinct volcanoes with small crater lakes and eroded cones, the largest being Popa Hill, at 4,981 feet (1,518 meters).

The coastal areas consist of the narrow Rakhine and Tenasserim plains, which are backed by the high ranges of the Rakhine and Tenasserim mountains and are fringed with numerous islands of varying sizes.

Drainage and soils

Like the mountains, Myanmar’s main rivers run from north to south. About three-fifths of Myanmar’s surface is drained by the Irrawaddy and its tributaries. Flowing entirely through Myanmar, it is navigable for nearly 1,000 miles (1,600 km). At the apex of its delta, the Irrawaddy breaks up into a vast network of streams and empties into the Andaman Sea through multiple mouths. Its great tributary, the Chindwin, drains the western region. The Bassein River (Pathein River) drains the southern Rakhine Mountains, and the Yangon River (Rangoon River) drains the Bago Mountains; both enter the Irrawaddy at the delta. The Sittang flows into the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea, and, for a comparatively short river, it has a large valley and delta. The Shan Plateau is drained by the Salween River, which enters Myanmar from southern China and empties into the Gulf of Martaban southeast of the Sittang. It is deeply entrenched and crosses the plateau in a series of deep gorges. Many of its tributaries are more than 300 miles (480 km) long and join the Salween in cascades. The Rakhine coastal plains are drained by short, rapid streams, which, after forming broad deltas, flow into the Bay of Bengal. The Tenasserim plains also are drained by short and rapid rivers, which enter the Gulf of Martaban.

Myanmar has two major lakes. Indawgyi Lake, in the northern hills, runs some 15 miles (24 km) from north to south and 8 miles (13 km) from east to west; it is one of the largest natural inland lakes of Southeast Asia. Somewhat smaller is Inle Lake, stretching about 14 miles (22 km) from north to south and 7 miles (11 km) from east to west, on the Shan Plateau. Inle Lake is fed by dozens of streams.

The highland regions of Myanmar are covered with highly leached, iron-rich, dark red and reddish brown soils. When protected by forest cover, these soils absorb the region’s heavy rain, but they erode quickly once the forest has been cleared. The lowland regions are covered with alluvial soils—mainly silt and clay. Low in nutrients and organic matter, they are improved by fertilizers. In the dry belt of the central region are found red-brown soils rich in calcium and magnesium. In the same region, however, when the soil has a low clay content, it becomes saline under high evaporation and is recognizable by its yellow or brown color.