New Features - Manual - PHP

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Search docs Getting Started Introduction A simple tutorial Language Reference Basic syntax Types Variables Constants Expressions Operators Control Structures Functions Classes and Objects Namespaces Enumerations Errors Exceptions Fibers Generators Attributes References Explained Predefined Variables Predefined Exceptions Predefined Interfaces and Classes Predefined Attributes Context options and parameters Supported Protocols and Wrappers Security Introduction General considerations Installed as CGI binary Installed as an Apache module Session Security Filesystem Security Database Security Error Reporting User Submitted Data Hiding PHP Keeping Current Features HTTP authentication with PHP Cookies Sessions Handling file uploads Using remote files Connection handling Persistent Database Connections Command line usage Garbage Collection DTrace Dynamic Tracing Function Reference Affecting PHP's Behaviour Audio Formats Manipulation Authentication Services Command Line Specific Extensions Compression and Archive Extensions Cryptography Extensions Database Extensions Date and Time Related Extensions File System Related Extensions Human Language and Character Encoding Support Image Processing and Generation Mail Related Extensions Mathematical Extensions Non-Text MIME Output Process Control Extensions Other Basic Extensions Other Services Search Engine Extensions Server Specific Extensions Session Extensions Text Processing Variable and Type Related Extensions Web Services Windows Only Extensions XML Manipulation GUI Extensions Keyboard Shortcuts? This help j Next menu item k Previous menu item g p Previous man page g n Next man page G Scroll to bottom g g Scroll to top g h Goto homepage g s Goto search(current page) / Focus search box Deprecated features in PHP 7.0.x » « Backward incompatible changes

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New features

Scalar type declarations

Scalar type declarations come in two flavours: coercive (default) and strict. The following types for parameters can now be enforced (either coercively or strictly): strings (string), integers (int), floating-point numbers (float), and booleans (bool). They augment the other types introduced in PHP 5: class names, interfaces, array and callable.

<?php// Coercive modefunction sumOfInts(int ...$ints){ return array_sum($ints);}var_dump(sumOfInts(2, '3', 4.1));

The above example will output:

int(9)

To enable strict mode, a single declare directive must be placed at the top of the file. This means that the strictness of typing for scalars is configured on a per-file basis. This directive not only affects the type declarations of parameters, but also a function's return type (see return type declarations, built-in PHP functions, and functions from loaded extensions.

Full documentation and examples of scalar type declarations can be found in the type declaration reference.

Return type declarations

PHP 7 adds support for return type declarations. Similarly to argument type declarations, return type declarations specify the type of the value that will be returned from a function. The same types are available for return type declarations as are available for argument type declarations.

<?phpfunction arraysSum(array ...$arrays): array{ return array_map(function(array $array): int { return array_sum($array); }, $arrays);}print_r(arraysSum([1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]));

The above example will output:

Array ( [0] => 6 [1] => 15 [2] => 24 )

Full documentation and examples of return type declarations can be found in the return type declarations. reference.

Null coalescing operator

The null coalescing operator (??) has been added as syntactic sugar for the common case of needing to use a ternary in conjunction with isset(). It returns its first operand if it exists and is not null; otherwise it returns its second operand.

<?php// Fetches the value of $_GET['user'] and returns 'nobody'// if it does not exist.$username = $_GET['user'] ?? 'nobody';// This is equivalent to:$username = isset($_GET['user']) ? $_GET['user'] : 'nobody';// Coalescing can be chained: this will return the first// defined value out of $_GET['user'], $_POST['user'], and// 'nobody'.$username = $_GET['user'] ?? $_POST['user'] ?? 'nobody';?>

Spaceship operator

The spaceship operator is used for comparing two expressions. It returns -1, 0 or 1 when $a is respectively less than, equal to, or greater than $b. Comparisons are performed according to PHP's usual type comparison rules.

<?php// Integersecho 1 <=> 1; // 0echo 1 <=> 2; // -1echo 2 <=> 1; // 1// Floatsecho 1.5 <=> 1.5; // 0echo 1.5 <=> 2.5; // -1echo 2.5 <=> 1.5; // 1 // Stringsecho "a" <=> "a"; // 0echo "a" <=> "b"; // -1echo "b" <=> "a"; // 1?>

Constant arrays using define()

Array constants can now be defined with define(). In PHP 5.6, they could only be defined with const.

<?phpdefine('ANIMALS', [ 'dog', 'cat', 'bird']);echo ANIMALS[1]; // outputs "cat"?>

Anonymous classes

Support for anonymous classes has been added via new class. These can be used in place of full class definitions for throwaway objects:

<?phpinterface Logger { public function log(string $msg);}class Application { private $logger; public function getLogger(): Logger { return $this->logger; } public function setLogger(Logger $logger) { $this->logger = $logger; }}$app = new Application;$app->setLogger(new class implements Logger { public function log(string $msg) { echo $msg; }});var_dump($app->getLogger());?>

The above example will output:

object(class@anonymous)#2 (0) { }

Full documentation can be found in the anonymous class reference.

Unicode codepoint escape syntax

This takes a Unicode codepoint in hexadecimal form, and outputs that codepoint in UTF-8 to a double-quoted string or a heredoc. Any valid codepoint is accepted, with leading 0's being optional.

<?phpecho "\u{aa}", PHP_EOL;echo "\u{0000aa}", PHP_EOL;echo "\u{9999}", PHP_EOL;echo <<<EOT\u{01f418}EOT;?>

The above example will output:

ª ª (same as before but with optional leading 0's) 香

Closure::call()

Closure::call() is a more performant, shorthand way of temporarily binding an object scope to a closure and invoking it.

<?phpclass A {private $x = 1;}// Pre PHP 7 code$getX = function() {return $this->x;};$getXCB = $getX->bindTo(new A, 'A'); // intermediate closureecho $getXCB();// PHP 7+ code$getX = function() {return $this->x;};echo $getX->call(new A);

The above example will output:

1 1

Filtered unserialize()

This feature seeks to provide better security when unserializing objects on untrusted data. It prevents possible code injections by enabling the developer to whitelist classes that can be unserialized.

<?php// converts all objects into __PHP_Incomplete_Class object$data = unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => false]);// converts all objects into __PHP_Incomplete_Class object except those of MyClass and MyClass2$data = unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => ["MyClass", "MyClass2"]]);// default behaviour (same as omitting the second argument) that accepts all classes$data = unserialize($foo, ["allowed_classes" => true]);

IntlChar

The new IntlChar class seeks to expose additional ICU functionality. The class itself defines a number of static methods and constants that can be used to manipulate unicode characters.

<?phpprintf('%x', IntlChar::CODEPOINT_MAX);echo IntlChar::charName('@');var_dump(IntlChar::ispunct('!'));

The above example will output:

10ffff COMMERCIAL AT bool(true)

In order to use this class, the Intl extension must be installed.

Expectations

Expectations are a backwards compatible enhancement to the older assert() function. They allow for zero-cost assertions in production code, and provide the ability to throw custom exceptions when the assertion fails.

While the old API continues to be maintained for compatibility, assert() is now a language construct, allowing the first parameter to be an expression rather than just a string to be evaluated or a bool value to be tested.

<?phpini_set('assert.exception', 1);class CustomError extends AssertionError {}assert(false, new CustomError('Some error message'));?>

The above example will output:

Fatal error: Uncaught CustomError: Some error message

Full details on this feature, including how to configure it in both development and production environments, can be found on the manual page of the assert() language construct.

Group use declarations

Classes, functions and constants being imported from the same namespace can now be grouped together in a single use statement.

<?php// Pre PHP 7 codeuse some\namespace\ClassA;use some\namespace\ClassB;use some\namespace\ClassC as C;use function some\namespace\fn_a;use function some\namespace\fn_b;use function some\namespace\fn_c;use const some\namespace\ConstA;use const some\namespace\ConstB;use const some\namespace\ConstC;// PHP 7+ codeuse some\namespace\{ClassA, ClassB, ClassC as C};use function some\namespace\{fn_a, fn_b, fn_c};use const some\namespace\{ConstA, ConstB, ConstC};?>

Generator Return Expressions

This feature builds upon the generator functionality introduced into PHP 5.5. It enables for a return statement to be used within a generator to enable for a final expression to be returned (return by reference is not allowed). This value can be fetched using the new Generator::getReturn() method, which may only be used once the generator has finished yielding values.

<?php$gen = (function() { yield 1; yield 2; return 3;})();foreach ($gen as $val) { echo $val, PHP_EOL;}echo $gen->getReturn(), PHP_EOL;

The above example will output:

1 2 3

Being able to explicitly return a final value from a generator is a handy ability to have. This is because it enables for a final value to be returned by a generator (from perhaps some form of coroutine computation) that can be specifically handled by the client code executing the generator. This is far simpler than forcing the client code to firstly check whether the final value has been yielded, and then if so, to handle that value specifically.

Generator delegation

Generators can now delegate to another generator, Traversable object or array automatically, without needing to write boilerplate in the outermost generator by using the yield from construct.

<?phpfunction gen(){ yield 1; yield 2; yield from gen2();}function gen2(){ yield 3; yield 4;}foreach (gen() as $val){ echo $val, PHP_EOL;}?>

The above example will output:

1 2 3 4

Integer division with intdiv()

The new intdiv() function performs an integer division of its operands and returns it.

<?phpvar_dump(intdiv(10, 3));?>

The above example will output:

int(3)

Session options

session_start() now accepts an array of options that override the session configuration directives normally set in php.ini.

These options have also been expanded to support session.lazy_write, which is on by default and causes PHP to only overwrite any session file if the session data has changed, and read_and_close, which is an option that can only be passed to session_start() to indicate that the session data should be read and then the session should immediately be closed unchanged.

For example, to set session.cache_limiter to private and immediately close the session after reading it:

<?phpsession_start([ 'cache_limiter' => 'private', 'read_and_close' => true,]);?>

preg_replace_callback_array()

The new preg_replace_callback_array() function enables code to be written more cleanly when using the preg_replace_callback() function. Prior to PHP 7, callbacks that needed to be executed per regular expression required the callback function to be polluted with lots of branching.

Now, callbacks can be registered to each regular expression using an associative array, where the key is a regular expression and the value is a callback.

CSPRNG Functions

Two new functions have been added to generate cryptographically secure integers and strings in a cross platform way: random_bytes() and random_int().

list() can always unpack objects implementing ArrayAccess

Previously, list() was not guaranteed to operate correctly with objects implementing ArrayAccess. This has been fixed.

Other Features

• Class member access on cloning has been added, e.g. (clone $foo)->bar().

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User Contributed Notes 2 notes

up down 60 Adrian Wiik ¶4 years ago A good rule of thumb for remembering what the spaceship operator expression returns is to replace the spaceship operator with a minus sign (-). If the result is negative, 0 or positive, the expression will return -1, 0 or 1 respectively.Example:<?phpecho 5 <=> 8; // 5 - 8 = -3, prints -1echo 2 <=> 2; // 2 - 2 = 0, prints 0echo 4 <=> 2; // 4 - 2 = 2, prints 1 up down 16 Julian Sawicki ¶4 years ago In php 7.0 it's possible to curry functions in a way that's similar to JavaScript.<?php// A curried functionfunction add($a) { return function($b) use ($a) { return $a + $b; };}// Invoking curried function in PHP 7 $result = add(10)(15);var_dump($result); // int 25?>Currying in this way is not possible in php 5.6. ＋add a note

• Migrating from PHP 5.6.x to PHP 7.0.x
  • Backward incompatible changes
  • New features
  • Deprecated features in PHP 7.0.x
  • Changed functions
  • New functions
  • New Classes and Interfaces
  • New Global Constants
  • Changes in SAPI Modules
  • Removed Extensions and SAPIs
  • Other Changes

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