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Abstract

This review paper concerns the development of the chemical compositions and controlled processes of rolling and cooling steels to increase their mechanical properties and reduce weight and production costs. The paper analyzes the basic differences among high-strength steel (HSS), advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) and ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) depending on differences in their final microstructural components, chemical composition, alloying elements and strengthening contributions to determine strength and mechanical properties. HSS is characterized by a final single-phase structure with reduced perlite content, while AHSS has a final structure of two-phase to multiphase. UHSS is characterized by a single-phase or multiphase structure. The yield strength of the steels have the following value intervals: HSS, 180-550 MPa; AHSS, 260-900 MPa; UHSS, 600-960 MPa. In addition to strength properties, the ductility of these steel grades is also an important parameter. AHSS steel has the best ductility, followed by HSS and UHSS. Within the HSS steel group, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel represents a special subgroup characterized by the use of microalloying elements for special strength and plastic properties. An important parameter determining the strength properties of these steels is the grain-size diameter of the final structure, which depends on the processing conditions of the previous austenitic structure. The influence of reheating temperatures (TReh) and the holding time at the reheating temperature (tReh) of C-Mn-Nb-V HSLA steel was investigated in detail. Mathematical equations describing changes in the diameter of austenite grain size (dγ), depending on reheating temperature and holding time, were derived by the authors. The coordinates of the point where normal grain growth turned abnormal was determined. These coordinates for testing steel are the reheating conditions TReh = 1060 °C, tReh = 1800 s at the diameter of austenite grain size dγ = 100 μm.

Keywords: abnormal grain growth; austenite grain size; high-strength steels (HSS); normal grain growth; reheating conditions.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 2

Figure 2

The scheme of structural formation…

Figure 2

The scheme of structural formation by plastic deformations and phase transformations.

Figure 2 The scheme of structural formation by plastic deformations and phase transformations.
Figure 1

Figure 1

The scheme of temperature depending…

Figure 1

The scheme of temperature depending on plastic deformations processes.

Figure 1 The scheme of temperature depending on plastic deformations processes.
Figure 3

Figure 3

Scheme describing elongation depends on…

Figure 3

Scheme describing elongation depends on the strength properties for hot-rolled (HR) steel grades…

Figure 3 Scheme describing elongation depends on the strength properties for hot-rolled (HR) steel grades (HSLA, DP, TRIP, CP, M) (future development is indicated by chain lines).
Figure 4

Figure 4

Classification of steel grades. Notes:…

Figure 4

Classification of steel grades. Notes: BH—bake hardening, IS—isotropic, P—rephosphorized, MA—microalloyed, IF—interstitial, DP—dual phase,…

Figure 4 Classification of steel grades. Notes: BH—bake hardening, IS—isotropic, P—rephosphorized, MA—microalloyed, IF—interstitial, DP—dual phase, CP—complex phase, TRIP—transformation induction plasticity, M—martensitic, HR—hot rolled, CR—cold rolled, QT—quenched and tempered, F—ferrite, B—bainite, RA—residual austenite.
Figure 5

Figure 5

Graphical dependencies of austenite grain…

Figure 5

Graphical dependencies of austenite grain size diameter on temperature and time for several…

Figure 5 Graphical dependencies of austenite grain size diameter on temperature and time for several steel grades (a) C–Mn–Nb–V HSLA steel; (b) QStE 380 TM HSLA steel and (c) IF steel.
Figure 5

Figure 5

Graphical dependencies of austenite grain…

Figure 5

Graphical dependencies of austenite grain size diameter on temperature and time for several…

Figure 5 Graphical dependencies of austenite grain size diameter on temperature and time for several steel grades (a) C–Mn–Nb–V HSLA steel; (b) QStE 380 TM HSLA steel and (c) IF steel.
Figure 6

Figure 6

Austenite grain growth in depending…

Figure 6

Austenite grain growth in depending on reheating conditions and solubility of precipitates.

Figure 6 Austenite grain growth in depending on reheating conditions and solubility of precipitates.
Figure 7

Figure 7

Isothermal austenite grain growth depends…

Figure 7

Isothermal austenite grain growth depends on reheating conditions.

Figure 7 Isothermal austenite grain growth depends on reheating conditions.
Figure 8

Figure 8

Isothermal austenite grain growth depends…

Figure 8

Isothermal austenite grain growth depends on the solubility of precipitates.

Figure 8 Isothermal austenite grain growth depends on the solubility of precipitates.
Figure 9

Figure 9

The stages of abnormal grain…

Figure 9

The stages of abnormal grain growth (steel grade: C–2.3Si) ( a ) T …

Figure 9 The stages of abnormal grain growth (steel grade: C–2.3Si) (a) TReh = 1050 °C, tReh = 1200 s, (b) TReh = 1100 °C; tReh = 1200 s, (c) TReh = 1100 °C; tReh = 2400 s.
Figure 10

Figure 10

Geometrical interpretation of Equations (6)–(8).

Figure 10

Geometrical interpretation of Equations (6)–(8).

Figure 10 Geometrical interpretation of Equations (6)–(8).
Figure 11

Figure 11

Graphical interpretation of Equations (9)…

Figure 11

Graphical interpretation of Equations (9) and (10).

Figure 11 Graphical interpretation of Equations (9) and (10).
All figures (12) See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Morgan E.R., Dancy T.E., Korchynsky M. Improved Steels through Hot–Strip Mill Controlled Cooling. JOM. 1965;17:829–832. doi: 10.1007/BF03398938. - DOI
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