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keyboard_arrow_downTitleAbstractKey TakeawaysExperimental ProcedureFinite Difference Time Domain MethodEssential Background TheoryTheoretical AnalysisNumerical Results and DiscussionExperimentalExperimental Set-UpBackgroundResults and ConclusionsExperimental ResultsResultsConclusionsConclusionSummaryIntroductionReferencesFAQsdownload

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Download Free PDFModel of a passively Q-switched laser accounting nonlinear absorption anisotropy in a passive switchAlexander Kir'yanov

1998

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Abstract

Abstract Interest to the passive Q-switching mode in lasers does not fade on decades. Manufacturing in the last time of new passive Q-switches (PS) of crystalline type allows one to realize this regime for lasers of the broad spectral range. This, in turn, demands to perfect the model describing this mode of oscillation. In particular, general formulas for output energy and giant pulse duration are recently generalized for the case of excited state (ES) absorption in PS with phototropic centers (PC).

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Key takeaways

AI

1. The model for passive Q-switching in lasers is refined to include PC orientation and spot size ratios.
2. Experimental verification shows good agreement with theoretical predictions for Nd:YAG lasers using crystalline passive switches.
3. Soliton dynamics in nonlinear optical materials exhibit complex interactions influenced by spatial refractive index profiles.
4. Nonlinear optical properties can be enhanced by designing monolithic chromophores with optimized donor-acceptor strengths.
5. Induced nonlinearity in semiconductor lasers can lead to chaotic dynamics and novel optical behaviors.

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Short laser light pulses have a large number of applications in many civilian and military applications [1-10]. To a large percentage these short laser pulses are generated by solid state lasers using various active media types (crystals, glasses or ceramic) operated in Qswitching and/or mode-locking techniques [1-10]. Among the short light pulses laser generators, those operated in Q-switching regime and emitting pulses of nanosecond FWHM duration occupy a large part of civilian (material processing for example: nanomaterials formation by using ablation technique [3,7]) and military (projectile guidance over long distances and range finding) applications. Basically, Q-switching operation relies on a fast switching of laser resonator quality factor Q from a low value (corresponding to large optical losses) to a high one (representing low radiation losses). Depending on the proposed application, two main Q-switching techniques are used: active, based on electrical (in some cases operation with high voltages up to about 1 kV being necessary) or mechanical (spinning speeds up to about 1 kHz being used) actions on an optical component at least, coming from the outside of the laser resonator, and passive relying entirely on internal to the laser resonator induced variation of one optical component transmittance.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAntiphase Q-switch dynamics in a multimode solid-state laser with saturable absorberOscar Martinez

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Antiphase Q-switch dynamics in a multimode solid-state laser with saturable absorber is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The system under study is a large cavity, longitudinally pumped Nd:YAG laser with Cr 4q :YAG as saturable absorber. Asymmetric two-mode operation was found for a wide range of control parameters. To describe the sparse mode distribution, a multimode rate equation system was developed that accounts for spatial grating in the active medium and non-linear absorption. The model is shown to predict pulse sequences experimentally observed as the pump parameter is changed. For high pump ratios a quasi-pure periodic antiphase state is recovered which consists of two modes pulsing with the same period T and shifted by Tr2. It is then conjectured that an apparent symmetry of the system can be established for certain values of the control parameters.

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We have investigated the dynamical behavior of various passively mode-locked solid-state lasers by measuring how a modulation of the pump power affects the output power. We show theoretically and experimentally how the damping of the relaxation oscillations is reduced and finally becomes zero when the pump power is reduced so that the threshold for Q-switched mode locking is approached. For the first time to our knowledge, this method provides important information on the stability of mode locking above the Q-switched mode-locking threshold. It is applicable to lasers that are mode locked with slow-saturable absorbers. The results helped to explain the cause of unexpectedly low Q-switching thresholds in two cases. Also we obtain some useful spectroscopic information.

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The absorption cross section of saturable absorber influence on passive Q-switching laser pulse behavior has been studied by numerical solution of rate equations mathematical model. We report the passive Q-switching of the 4 2 4 : O BeAl Cr  (alexandrite) laser with the yttrium silicate 5 2 4 : SiO Y Cr  ) : ( YSO Cr solid state saturable absorber. The study shows that the behavior pulse energy, initial value of population inversion, and the laser photon number is scaling up when the ground state absorption cross section of saturable absorber increasing, while the behavior of pulse duration is scaling down.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAbsorption Activity Investigation of Saturable Absorber for Dual Wavelengths in Laser Passive Q-Switching SystemAbdul-Kareem salih

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The absorption activity of saturable absorber material (Cr +4 : YAG) for dual wavelengths (1.064 µm and 0.946 µm), simultaneously generated in same passive Q-switching system, has been investigated. Methods: This study utilized the mathematical model that was used in our previous study. Rung-Kutta-Fehelberge numerical method has been used to solve this mathematical model. Nd +3 : YAG used as an effective medium and Cr +4 : YAG used as a saturable absorber in the laser passive Q-switching optical system. Finding: When the population density of saturable absorber (n i ) increases, the steady state of photons losses occurs at advancement time and the absorption activity reaches to optical bleaching state at advancement time also (it is occurring approximately at time 35 ns from the beginning of the time of pulse construction when the n i = 4 × 10 18 cm -3 , while at n i = 3 × 10 18 cm -3 , approximately at time 47 ns). Novelty: The absorption activity of saturable absorber material for a single wavelength of photons oscillating inside the passive Q-switch laser system received attention by some studies. This study verifies or investigates from the behavior of absorption activity of saturable absorber material when encounters photons with two wavelengths oscillating simultaneously inside the laser cavity in order to obtain high power of the pulses.

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 2000

A neodymium laser passively Q switched with a saturable absorber and a stimulated-Brillouin-scattering mirror is numerically studied. An explanation is given for the laser beam spot-size widening. It is shown that this phenomenon is, most probably, due to nonperfect phase conjugation that occurs during the stimulated-Brillouin-scattering process through switching by intracavity radiation. The results of numerical simulation of the laser that account for this phenomenon are compared with experiment. It is demonstrated that the calculated output energy and pulse duration are in good agreement with those measured experimentally.

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Simultaneous Q-switching and modelocking in a diode-pumped Nd : YAG/Cr 4+ : YAG laser is experimentally demonstrated. A general recurrence is derived for the analysis of the temporal shape of a single Q-switched envelope with modelocked pulse trains. With the developed model, the modelocked pulse energy and the total Q-switched pulse energy can be calculated. Excellent agreement was found between the present results and detailed theoretical computations. Index Terms-Mode locking, passively -switched laser, saturable absorber, solid-state laser.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightIsolas of periodic passive Q-switching self-pulsations in the three-level:two-level model for a laser with a saturable absorbercarlos pando

Physical Review E, 2011

We show that a fundamental feature of the three-level:two-level model, used to describe molecular monomode lasers with a saturable absorber, is the existence of isolas of periodic passive Q-switching (PQS) self-pulsations. A common feature of these closed families of periodic solutions is that they contain regions of stability of the PQS self-pulsation bordered by period-doubling and fold bifurcations, when the control parameter is either the incoherent external pump or the cavity frequency detuning. These findings unveil the fundamental solution structure that is at the origin of the phenomenon known as "period-adding cascades" in our system. Using numerical continuation techniques we determine these isolas systematically, as well as the changes they undergo as secondary parameters are varied.

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731. Recently, teraherz (THz) pulses have proven useful for a wide variety of applications, including FIR/time-domain spectroscopy, study and control of Rydberg atoms [1], and T-ray imaging of opti- cal materials. In this talk, we investigate theoretically the simultaneous exposure of a quantum well (QW) to a broadband (T P = 50 fs) optical pulse -to excite both free and Coulombically bound electron- hole (e-h) pairs (excitons) from the crystal ground state -and a £ Q ~ 1 kVcm -1 , w 0 ~ 1 THz driving field to enable the generation of sub-ps ~ 1-20 THz (4-80 meV) electromagnetic (EM) transients. The double excitation scenario produces quantum beating, e-h relative motion wavepackets whose anisotropic structure can be coherently controlled to manifest in unique spectral and time-dependent features in both the optical and THz regimes of the EM spectrum. Our theoretical approach is based on a unified, nu- merical solution of the 2D-anisotropic semiconductor Bloch equations in the presense of both an optical pulse and a THz driving field. We study QW excitation by realistic driving frequencies with arbitrary polarisations. New and intriguing carrier dynamics emerge, and a series of relative motion wavepackets will be depicted and analysed. In the optical regime, we verify the existence of a dynamical Franz-Keldysh effect [2] whose experimen- tal signature appears via oscillations in the absorption above the semiconductor bandgap and a series of sideband frequencies resulting from non-linear wavemixing. In the THz regime (see Fig. 1), the emitted field exibits a strong peak at around the lS-excitonic binding energy of the semiconductor. In addition, a rich variety of harmonic spectra also appears -depending on the relative phase (at t=0: centre of the optical pulse) and frequency of the driving field: £ D (x,t) = £ 0 cos(27ri/t + <j>) X; note that <t > = 0 and <j > = TT/2 are shown here for a linear-polarised driving field with v = 1.5 THz. Fig. 1(a) shows the emitted THz field (absolute value) verses energy, and Fig. 1(b) displays the corresponding time-dependent field. Terahertz driving fields have recently been employed from the free-electron laser to generate somewhat similar harmonic-generation from confined magnetoexcitons [3].
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The study reveals that Q-switch lasers with crystalline passive switches exhibit varying output energy and pulse duration based on the orientation of polarization and refractive index ratios, enhancing efficiency.

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The paper identifies distinct approaches for measuring nonlinear susceptibility; for bacteriorhodopsin, hyper-Rayleigh scattering was employed, while for organic compounds, Z-scan techniques provided comparative analyses.

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Coherence collapse occurs due to chaotic dynamics resulting from optical feedback, with back reflections causing dramatic spectral broadening even at low reflection levels of 10^{-4}.

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The effects of random phasors were modeled to address noise in two-wave mixing, indicating that fluctuations during recording significantly impact the signal-to-noise ratio.

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The study demonstrates that two-photon absorption enhances nonlinear optical dynamics and signal clarity, contributing to improved detection and manipulation of quantum states.

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downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightOptimization of passively Q-switched lasersJohn Degnan

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1995

Abstrmt-In optimizing passively Q-switched lasers, there is a unique choice of output coupler and unsaturated absorber transmission which maximizes the laser output energy and efficiency for each three-way combination of laser gain medium, absorber medium, and pump intensity (i.e., inversion density). In the present paper, we generalize and solve the three coupled differential equations which describe the passively Q-switched laser to obtain closed form solutions for key laser parameters such as the output energy and pulsewidth. We then apply the Lagrange multiplier technique to determine the optimum mirror reflectivities and unsaturated absorber transmissions as a function of two dimensionless variables. The first variable, 2, corresponds to the ratio of the logarithmic round-trip small signal gain to the roundtrip dissipative (nonuseful) optical loss and is identical to that which was used in previous treatments to optimize the rapidly Qswitched laser. The second variable, cy, is unique to the passively &-switched laser and is equal to the saturation energy density of the amplifying medium divided by the saturation energy density of the absorber. It is largely determined by the ration of the absorber to stimulated emission cross sections, but also depends on the speed of relaxation mechanisms in the amplifying and absorbing media relative to the resonator photon decay time. Several design curves, valid for all four level amplifgng and absorbing media, are then generated. These permit the design of an optimum passively Q-switched laser and an estimate of its key performance parameters to be obtained quickly with the aid of a simple hand calculator. In the limit of large N (>lo), the design curves are virtually indistinguishable from the rapidly Q-switched m e . The curves can also be used to perform rapid tradeoff studies of Merent absorbing materials. The theory can also be applied to CW-pumped, repetitively Qswitched systems through a simple multiplicative factor for the laser gain. The theory is applied to the analysis of a passively Qswitched Nd : YAG laser previously reported in the literature and shown to give excellent agreement with the experimental results.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAnalytical equation for optimizing the passively Q-switched lasersRabah MOKDAD

Journal of Optics, 2015

The present paper evidences the existence of an analytical equation expressing the different physical parameters of a passively Q-switched laser. This equation is obtained by studying the laser linear stability and allows computing the saturable absorbents concentration. This concentration optimizes the laser peak power. The analytical equation is validated by comparing the obtained results with that of the numerical simulation as well as that obtained by other authors. A good agreement has been observed in these comparisons.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightA comprehensive model for Q switching in semiconductor lasersben thomas

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1975

By combining a carrier concentration-dependent loss term the loss and gain necessary to explain Q switching and conwith our earlier time-dependent saturable absorption loss term we have cluded that a superlinear dependence of loss with current was produced a comprehensive theory for Q switching which successfully accounts for the results so far reported. The concentxation-dependent required and that such a dependence was provided by a conloss term shows a superlinear dependence with current due to the

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightLaser diode structures with a saturable absorber for high-energy picosecond optical pulse generation by combined gain-and Q-switchingE. Avrutin

Semiconductor Science and Technology

The performance of gain-switched Fabry-Perot asymmetric-waveguide semiconductor lasers with a large equivalent spot size and an intracavity saturable absorber was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The laser with a short (~ 20 m) absorber emitted highenergy afterpulse-free optical pulses in a broad range of injection current pulse amplitudes; optical pulses with a peak power of about 35 W and a duration of about 80 ps at half maximum were achieved with a current pulse with an amplitude of just 8 A and a duration of 1.5 ns. Good quality pulsations were observed in a broad range of elevated temperatures. The introduction of a substantially longer absorber section lead to strong spectral broadening of the output without a significant improvement to pulse energy and peak power. Introduction: Picosecond-range (~100 ps) high energy optical pulse generation with semiconductor lasers has attracted significant attention recently, with a view for obtaining compact optical sources for applications such as high-precision laser radars (the most immediate intended application in our studies) three-dimensional (3-D) time imaging, spectroscopy and lifetime studies. Pulses of such duration, or shorter, have been reported by a large number of authors since the early days of laser diode technology (see e.g. [1,2] for an overview). The main techniques used are gain switching (pumping the laser with a current pulse of a nanosecond duration or somewhat shorter, but still significantly longer than the desired optical pulse), active or passive Q-switching (using a laser incorporating an active voltage-controlled modulator or a saturable absorber respectively), or a combination of these techniques. The general principles of all these regimes have been relatively well understood

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightModeling of generation dynamics of passively and actively Q‐switched solid‐state lasersRobertas Navakas

Mathematical Modelling and Analysis - MATH MODEL ANAL, 2000

A theoretical model for simulation of generation dynamics of microchip lasers is presented. A number of physical effects influencing generation of microchip lasers that are usually omitted are accounted. Results of theoretical calculations are in good agreement with experimental data.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightEffects of thermalization on Q-switched laser propertiesJohn Degnan

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1998

The conventional rate equations for a Q-switched laser are augmented to explicitly include the effects of time-and level-dependent pumping, thermalization among the sublevels in the upper and lower multiplets, and multiplet relaxation in a homogeneously broadened four-level laser medium. To make the numerical computations more generally valid, we introduce a number of dimensionless variables. We show that the initial set of five coupled differential equations can be reduced to a simple set of two coupled equations for the inversion density and photon flux. Via numerical modeling, we have investigated the manner in which both thermalization and lower multiplet relaxation affect Nd:YAG laser characteristics such as output energy and temporal waveform. Our numerical results confirm earlier predictions that the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser output energy increases monotonically by a factor of 3.33 as one progresses from the assumption of slow to rapid thermalization and by an additional factor of 1.46 if one further assumes a terminal multiplet relaxation which is fast relative to the resonator photon decay time. We also find that the laser pulsewidth is substantially broadened when the resonator photon decay time is comparable to the thermalization, and to a lesser extent, the terminal multiplet relaxation times. Furthermore, when the Q-switched laser is operated near threshold and the photon decay time is significantly less than the thermalization time constant, the laser will produce a damped pulse train resulting from periodic replenishment of the population inversion through thermalization among the Stark sublevels. Our energy and pulsewidth calculations reproduce the measured values of two well-characterized diode-pumped Nd:YAG slab lasers quite well provided one assumes a thermalization time among nondegenerate Stark sublevels of 3-5 ns. This result contrasts with other experimental work which suggests subnanosecond terminal multiplet lifetimes. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are explored.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_rightAnalisis of a large mode neodymium laser passiveely Q-switched with a saturable absorber and a SBS mirroVicente ABOITES, FInstP

Journal of the Optical Society of America B

A neodymium laser passively Q switched with a saturable absorber and a stimulated-Brillouin-scattering mirror is numerically studied. An explanation is given for the laser beam spot-size widening. It is shown that this phenomenon is, most probably, due to nonperfect phase conjugation that occurs during the stimulated-Brillouin-scattering process through switching by intracavity radiation. The results of numerical simulation of the laser that account for this phenomenon are compared with experiment. It is demonstrated that the calculated output energy and pulse duration are in good agreement with those measured experimentally.

downloadDownload free PDFView PDFchevron_right$\mathcal {Q}$-switching in a neodymium laserLuis Roso

European Journal of Physics, 2012

We present a laboratory experiment for advanced undergraduate or graduate laser-related classes to study the performance of a neodymium laser. In the experiment, the student has to build the neodymium laser using an open cavity. After that, the cavity losses are modulated with an optical chopper located inside, so the Q-switching regime is achieved. Also a nonlinear crystal can be inserted in the cavity in order to have second harmonic generation. Finally, the relation between the transverse modes and the temporal emission in the Q-switching regime can be observed.

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