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keyboard_arrow_downTitleAbstractKey TakeawaysFiguresIntroductionConclusionReferencesFAQsAll TopicsPolitical ScienceSecurity StudiesFirst page of “„The ‘Sword and Shield of the Party’: How the Vietnamese People’s Public Security Forces Portray Themselves””PDF Icondownload

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Download Free PDF„The ‘Sword and Shield of the Party’: How the Vietnamese People’s Public Security Forces Portray Themselves”Profile image of Martin GrossheimMartin Grossheimhttps://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2017.1412922visibility

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Abstract

This paper shows that since the beginning of the reform period in 1986 the regime in Hanoi has taken great pains to create the image of the state having legitimate and, indeed, heroic security organs that acted as the ‘saviors of the Vietnamese revolution’ and still serve as the ‘shield and sword’ of the Vietnamese Communist Party. I argue that while previously the socialist state used to regard the history of its security organs as top secret, over the last few years, a huge amount of resources have been mobilized to actively propagate a sacred and romanticized image of the security apparatus.

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Key takeawayssparkles

AI

  1. The Vietnamese regime actively cultivates a heroic image of its security forces since the 1986 reform period.
  2. Commemorative activities have significantly increased, highlighting the security apparatus's historical role since the 1980s.
  3. The People's Public Security Forces numbered approximately 6.7 million members as of 2008, reinforcing their importance.
  4. The state promotes 'red tourism' to foster nostalgia for communism and justify the VCP's legitimacy.
  5. The paper aims to analyze the self-representation of Vietnam's security forces within the politics of history and memory.
Figures (2)arrow_back_ios
These ‘six things Uncle H6 has taught the People’s Public Security’ (6 diéu Bac Hé day Céng an nhan dan) have become an integral part of the revolutionary tradition of the Vietnamese security apparatus and are constantly repeated at meetings, not just on monuments.?! The virtues propagated by Hé Chi Minh are more comprehensive than the Chekist virtues, since they not only include the moral aspect of the personality of the security cadre, namely his incorruptibility, but also his absolute allegiance to the socialist government and resoluteness in the face of the enemy. The two halves of the relief depict the contributions of the security forces to the fight for the liberation and reunification of the country, for socialism, and against ‘the enemies of the revolution’ Inscriptions and pictures in the right and left half illustrate various stages and turning-points in the struggle of the People’s Public Security Forces in the North and the South, respectively — both master narratives merge in the centre of the relief and culminate in the victorious end of the Second Vietnam War in 1975 and the reunification of the country in 1976.
These ‘six things Uncle H6 has taught the People’s Public Security’ (6 diéu Bac Hé day Céng an nhan dan) have become an integral part of the revolutionary tradition of the Vietnamese security apparatus and are constantly repeated at meetings, not just on monuments.?! The virtues propagated by Hé Chi Minh are more comprehensive than the Chekist virtues, since they not only include the moral aspect of the personality of the security cadre, namely his incorruptibility, but also his absolute allegiance to the socialist government and resoluteness in the face of the enemy. The two halves of the relief depict the contributions of the security forces to the fight for the liberation and reunification of the country, for socialism, and against ‘the enemies of the revolution’ Inscriptions and pictures in the right and left half illustrate various stages and turning-points in the struggle of the People’s Public Security Forces in the North and the South, respectively — both master narratives merge in the centre of the relief and culminate in the victorious end of the Second Vietnam War in 1975 and the reunification of the country in 1976.
ce ee OO ee eee nee on ne ee ne ee en nee nn enn ene ne ie een oN NO EE ES d upgrading, it was inaugurated again in 2015, on the forces’ 70th anniversary. The Hanoi Police Museum originally put into service in 2008 was completely renovated and ther 4ugurated again in 2015 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Vietnamese security apparatus, just e the Museum of the People’s Public Security Forces and other sites all over Vietnam.*4 The Museum the People’s Public Security Forces exhibits about 2000 items over an area of approximately 1000 m2 To boost the commemoration of the Vietnamese security forces even further, the Vietnamese public general and former security cadres in particular were asked to hand over items linked to their forme! ork in the People’s Public Security Forces.*° The Museum of the People’s Public Security Forces present: e history of the Vietnamese security apparatus with the same teleological logic as the museum at e historical site in Tuyén Quang. The enemies of the Vietnamese revolution and the socialist state 2 even more prominent at the exhibition — they are clearly constitutive of the Vietnamese People’: blic Security Forces. Thus, the ‘affair on On Nhu Hau Street’ is expounded in detail, with a replica o' e neighborhood showing the headquarters of the Vietnam Nationalist Party and alleged evidence plans to topple the H6é Chi Minh government. The exhibition also celebrates heroines such as Nguyén Thi Lai, who was responsible for the explosior a a Mie net aL The focus of the exhibition at the Hanoi Police Museum, which was developed with the assistance of French museum experts, is the contribution made by Hanoi People’s Public Security Forces to defending the Vietnamese revolution against domestic and foreign enemies from the foundation of the DRV up to the modern Vietnam of the reform era.
ce ee OO ee eee nee on ne ee ne ee en nee nn enn ene ne ie een oN NO EE ES d upgrading, it was inaugurated again in 2015, on the forces’ 70th anniversary. The Hanoi Police Museum originally put into service in 2008 was completely renovated and ther 4ugurated again in 2015 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Vietnamese security apparatus, just e the Museum of the People’s Public Security Forces and other sites all over Vietnam.*4 The Museum the People’s Public Security Forces exhibits about 2000 items over an area of approximately 1000 m2 To boost the commemoration of the Vietnamese security forces even further, the Vietnamese public general and former security cadres in particular were asked to hand over items linked to their forme! ork in the People’s Public Security Forces.*° The Museum of the People’s Public Security Forces present: e history of the Vietnamese security apparatus with the same teleological logic as the museum at e historical site in Tuyén Quang. The enemies of the Vietnamese revolution and the socialist state 2 even more prominent at the exhibition — they are clearly constitutive of the Vietnamese People’: blic Security Forces. Thus, the ‘affair on On Nhu Hau Street’ is expounded in detail, with a replica o' e neighborhood showing the headquarters of the Vietnam Nationalist Party and alleged evidence plans to topple the H6é Chi Minh government. The exhibition also celebrates heroines such as Nguyén Thi Lai, who was responsible for the explosior a a Mie net aL The focus of the exhibition at the Hanoi Police Museum, which was developed with the assistance of French museum experts, is the contribution made by Hanoi People’s Public Security Forces to defending the Vietnamese revolution against domestic and foreign enemies from the foundation of the DRV up to the modern Vietnam of the reform era.
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References (193)

  1. intelligence in war-time Hanoi, see Colvin, Twice Around the World, 3-112; Kear, "The British Consulate-General"; Hyes, Queen of Spies; and Wolf, "This Secret Town, " 213-238.
  2. See e.g., Giebel, Imagined Ancestries; Tai, The Country of Memory; and Schwenkel, The American War.
  3. See Nguyễn Anh, "Thanh kiếm và lá chắn. "
  4. This expression was used by the late VCP chairman Lê Duẩn (1907-1986), quoted by Minister of Public Security Trần Đại Quang, "Xây dựng lực lượng CAND. "
  5. On the role of the security apparatus, see "Luật Công An Nhân Dân. "
  6. See Marr, Vietnam: State, War (chapter 7);
  7. Tuong Vu, "The Revolutionary Path, " 283-288; and Grossheim, Fraternal Support, 3-6.
  8. For more on the celebrations, see the pictures in Anh Hiếu et al., "Kỷ niệm trọng thể, " and the following broadcast: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0N63fa86k8.
  9. Nguyễn Phú Trọng, "Công an. " Similarly, see Anh Hiếu et al., "Kỷ niệm"; "Chặng đường 70 năm xây dựng"; "Đề cương tuyên truyền 70 năm"; "Lực lượng công an"; Minh Hiền and Trần Ngọc, "Học viện An ninh nhân dân"; and Trần Đại Quang, "Xây dựng lực lượng CAND. " Also see the documentary film 70 years of the Vietnamese People's Public Security Forces: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=At1dceea3dg.
  10. Thayer, "The Apparatus of Authoritarian Rule, " "Vietnam, " and "Vietnam: How Large Is the Security Establishment?" 18. On the theory of peaceful evolution in Vietnam, see Elliott, Changing Worlds.
  11. Nguyễn Phú Trọng, "Công an"; and Nguyễn Anh, "Thanh kiếm và lá chắn. " In general, see Elliott, Changing Worlds, 265.
  12. See ibid., Nguyễn Phú Trọng, "CBCS Công an phải giữ gìn"; and Trần Đại Quang, "Xây dựng lực lượng. " For more on the concept of 'self-evolutionizing, ' see Elliott, Changing Worlds, 294.
  13. See "Toàn văn Nghị quyết. "
  14. See ibid., "Toàn văn Nghị quyết"; and Trung Dũng, "Cảnh giác với mưu đồ"; and Thanh, "Diễn biến hoà bình. "
  15. Ban Tuyên giáo Trung ương, "Hướng dẫn tuyên truyền kỷ niệm các ngày lễ lớn năm 2015, " "Hướng dẫn tuyên truyền kỷ niệm các ngày lễ lớn năm 2016, " and "Hướng dẫn tuyên truyền kỷ niệm các ngày lễ lớn năm 2017. "
  16. Yiping Li and Zhiyu Hu, "Red Tourism in China, " 159. On the phenomenon of "red tourism" in China, see ibid., and Horng-luen Wang, "War and Revolution", as well as Yiping Li et al., "Red Tourism. "
  17. See e.g., "Khu di tích Nha Công an Trung ương" and "Những 'địa chỉ đỏ. '" For reports on visits to the historical site in Tuyên Quang, see "Nha công an trung ương"; Xuân Huy, "Tháng 8 ở Nha Công an Trung ương"; and Thuận Nguyễn, "Tham quan, học tập. "
  18. Regarding the term "memory machine, " see McHale, "Marxism, " 26.
  19. See Đoàn Hải Châu, "Khu Di tích lịch sử"; and "Khu di tích Nha Công an Trung ương. "
  20. On the number of martyrs belonging to the People's Public Security Forces, see 'Nha công an trung ương -Một thời hào hùng' .
  21. See Đoàn Hải Châu, "Khu Di tích lịch sử, " regarding this interpretation.
  22. See Hồ Chi Minh, Toàn Tập 5, 404, 405.
  23. See T. Đ. Q., "Đẩy mạnh phong trào CAND, " for example.
  24. For more on this affair, see the detailed analysis in Guillemot, "Au Coeur, " 193-199, Dai Viet, 334-344; and Marr, Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution, 425.
  25. See Goscha, Vietnam: Un État né de la guerre 1945-1954, 252-255; and Guillemot, "Au Coeur, " 197, 198.
  26. See Bộ Công An, 65 năm Công an nhân dân Việt Nam, 46; Bộ Nội Vụ, Lực lượng chống phản động: Lịch sử biên niên (1945-1954), 49-55; Bộ Nội Vụ, Cong an Nhân dân Việt Nam, 81-85; Công An Thủ đô, Những chặng đường, 73-74; and the memoirs of the first director of the Central Public Security Office Lê Giản, Những ngày sóng gió, 264-271. Furthermore, see the Lê Tri Ký, Thủ phạm; and Quang, "Vụ án Ôn Như Hầu. "
  27. For a good overview of the context of this event, see Goscha, "Intelligence in a Time of Decolonization, " 123-125.
  28. For more on the commemoration of this incident and the presentation of Nguyễn Thị Lợi as a revolutionary hero in Vietnamese newspapers and official histories of the security services, see "Chiến công đánh đắm chiến hạm"; "Đoàn thanh niên Công an Thanh Hóa"; "Nữ Anh hùng Nguyễn Thị Lợi"; Thái Thanh, "Cha tôi -Tổ trưởng Điệp báo"; Bộ Công An, 65 năm Công an nhân dân Việt Nam, 70-81; Phạm Văn Quyền, Nguyễn Trọng Khuê, and Tăng Văn Sỹ Bộ Công An. 60 năm Công An Nhân Dân Việt Nam, 129-133; and Bộ Nội Vụ, Cong an Nhân dân Việt Nam, 235-240.
  29. Goscha, "Intelligence in a Time of Decolonization, " 124, 125.
  30. On these two cases, see Công Gôn, "Chuyên án PY 27"; Lưu Vinh and Quốc Đạt, "Chuyên án BK63"; Nguyễn Thiêm, "Chuyên án, " "Chuyện chưa kể, " "Điệp viên Ares, " "Tiết lộ hồ sơ chuyên án"; Nguyễn Thiêm and Anh Hiếu, "Hồ sơ chuyên án đầu tiên"; Bộ Công An, 65 năm Công an nhân dân Việt Nam, 153-154; and Phạm Văn Quyền, Nguyễn Trọng Khuê, and Tăng Văn Sỹ Bộ Công An. 60 năm Công An Nhân Dân Việt Nam, 204-208. Regarding the coverage of these two cases in CIA reports and Western literature, see Ahern, The Way, 17, 24; Dimitrakis, "Secrets and Lies, " 130-140;
  31. Tourison, Secret Army, 27-28, 31, 33, 34; and Shultz, The Secret War, 83-87.
  32. On the role of the T4 Security Department during the Second Indochina War and especially during the "liberation" of Saigon, see An Nguyễn, "Lực lượng An ninh T4"; Phú Lữ, "An ninh T4"; and Nguyến Chí Thành, "Lực lượng An ninh T4. "
  33. CM refers to the province of Cà Mau. See Bộ Công An, Lịch sử Công An Nhân Dân Việt Nam (1975-1996), 186-192; Bộ Công An, 65 năm Công an nhân dân Việt Nam, 425-435; "CM12 ngoài"; Nguyễn Khắc Đức, "Bí mật, " "Thượng tướng Cao Đăng Chiếm"; and Nguyễn Phước Tân, Hồi ký chuyên nghiệp.
  34. See "Chuyên án CM12 lên phim. "
  35. For a list of these historical sites, see "Di tích CAND" [Sites of the People's Public Security], February 2, 2017. http:// baotangcand.vn/di-tich-cand.htm.
  36. "Giáo dục truyền thống. "
  37. "Tham quan khu di tích lịch sử" and Văn Đức, "Khánh thành Khu di tích lịch sử. "
  38. "Khánh thành công trình tượng đài" and Nguyễn Thanh Hải, "Khánh thành. "
  39. See Bùi Thuận, "Điệp vụ"; Di tích lịch sử văn hóa Quốc gia; and Thành Chung, "Chuyên án CM12. "
  40. See Quỳnh Vinh, "Khánh thành công trình tôn tạo"; and Văn Tình, "Dâng hương tưởng niệm 100 năm. "
  41. Regarding the instructions, see Tổng cục Chính trị CAND, "Đề cưong Tuyên truyền. " See Châu Nam Long, "Những kỷ niệm"; Lê Đức Thân, "Bộ trưởng Trần Quốc Hoàn"; Nguyễn Thanh, Lưu Vinh, and Trần Cao Kiều Những kỷ niệm Sâu Sắc; Trịnh Thúc Huỳnh, Đồng chí Trần Quốc Hoàn, and T. K. T., "Nhớ mãi những kỷ niệm. "
  42. See Đồng chí Trần Quốc Hoàn -Người đảng viên trung kiên; "Kỷ niệm 100 năm Ngày sinh đồng chí Trần Quốc Hoàn"; "Kỷ niệm 100 năm Ngày sinh đồng chí Trần Quốc Hoàn"; "Lễ kỉ niệm 100 năm ngày sinh"; Một số hình ảnh về cuộc đời; Trịnh Thúc Huỳnh Đồng chí Trần Quốc Hoàn; "Bộ trưởng Trần Quốc Hoàn"; and Võ Nguyên Giáp Trần Quốc Hoàn.
  43. See Quỳnh Vinh, "Hội thảo khoa học đồng chí Trần Quốc Hoàn. "
  44. See Vũ Thư Hien, Đêm giữa, 591-609.
  45. See the website of the museum: http://baotangcand.vn/ve-chung-toi.htm, Trần Văn Nghị, "Bảo tàng CAND"; Việt Hà, "Diện mạo mới"; and Xuân Tùng, "Mở rộng không gian. "
  46. On the history of the museum, see the official website at http://baotangcongan.hanoi.gov.vn/gioi-thieu. Also see "Bảo tàng Công an Hà Nội"; and Mai Anh, "Khánh thành Bảo tàng Công an Hà Nội. "
  47. See Dạ Miên, "Tôn vinh ký ức lịch sử"; HN, "5.159 kỷ vật"; Phan Tại, "Kỷ vật đánh thức"; "Sống lại 'Ký ức lịch sử"; Thanh Hằng, "Những kỷ vật"; X. T., "Ký ức lịch sử. " For an overview of the collections, see Những kỷ vật lịch sử Công an nhân dân (1945-1954); Những kỷ vật lịch sử Công an nhân dân (1954-1975); and Những kỷ vật lịch sử Công an nhân dân (1975-2015).
  48. Also see Quỳnh Lưu, "Chiến sĩ, liệt sỹ. " For more on the Bat Sat Youth Group and its representation as legendary heroes of the Vietnamese revolution, see Đỗ Hưng, "Đội Thiếu niên Bát Sắt"; and Nguyệt Hà, "Đội viên tình báo Bát Sắt. "
  49. See Vũ Quang Hùng, "Tôi ám sát"; and the interview with Nguyễn Van Bông's widow in Mặc Lâm, "Giết một giáo sư đại học. " For more information on the case of Nguyễn Văn Bông, see Tuong Vu, "The Revolutionary Path, " 286 and footnote 71.
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  51. For more coverage on 'commemorative fever' in Vietnam, see the classic study on the subject by Hue Tam Ho Tai , The Country of Memory, and see Nguyễn Phú Trọng, "CBCS Công an phải giữ gìn. "
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What impact does the glorification of Chekism have on Vietnamese security forces?add

The paper demonstrates that linking to Chekism reinforces the identity of Vietnam's People's Public Security Forces, maintaining their legitimacy within the socialist regime since the mid-1980s reforms.

How has the commemorative fever influenced the portrayal of the security apparatus in Vietnam?add

The study reveals a significant increase in memorial activities, with around ten historical sites upgraded or built to celebrate Vietnamese security forces over the past fifteen years.

What is the significance of the Historical Site of the Central Public Security Office?add

Opened in 2000, this site serves as a model for commemorative practices, symbolizing the broader narrative of the Vietnamese security forces' contributions to revolution.

How has the Vietnamese Communist Party shaped the narrative of the security forces?add

The VCP's 'memory machine' has actively propagated a heroic image of security forces, particularly during the 70th anniversary in 2015, to reinforce its political legitimacy.

What role does red tourism play in commemorating Vietnam’s security services?add

The research notes that 'red tourism' serves as a political strategy to evoke collective nostalgia for the communist past and justify one-party rule in Vietnam.

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