Photon Energy - PVEducation

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E=hcλ

h is Planck's constant

c is the speed of light

λ is the wavelength of the photon

Calculators Solve

Photon Energy

Wavelength - Photon Energy Calculator

Wavelength (µm) Photon Energy (eV) Photon Energy (joules)

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Calculators Used

Power Density

Related Equations

Photon Energy : Electron-Volt

EeV=1.24λμm

• Read more about Photon Energy : Electron-Volt

Christiana Honsberg and Stuart Bowden

• Instructions
• Welcome
• 1. Introduction
  • Introduction
  • Solar Energy
  • The Greenhouse Effect
• 2. Properties of Sunlight
  • 2.1. Basics of Light
  • Properties of Light
  • Energy of Photon
  • Photon Flux
  • Spectral Irradiance
  • Radiant Power Density
  • 2.2. Blackbody Radiation
  • 2.3. Solar Radiation
  • The Sun
  • Solar Radiation in Space
  • 2.4. Terrestrial Solar Radiation
  • Solar Radiation Outside the Earth's Atmosphere
  • Atmospheric Effects
  • Air Mass
  • Motion of the Sun
  • Solar Time
  • Declination Angle
  • Elevation Angle
  • Azimuth Angle
  • The Sun's Position
  • Sun Position Calculator
  • Sun's Position to High Accuracy
  • Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
  • Arbitrary Orientation and Tilt
  • 2.5. Solar Radiation Data
  • Calculation of Solar Insolation
  • Measurement of Solar Radiation
  • Analysis of Solar Irradiance Data Sets
  • Typical Meteorological Year Data (TMY)
  • Making Use of TMY Data
  • Average Solar Radiation
  • Isoflux Contour Plots
  • Sunshine Hour Data
  • Cloud Cover Data
  • Satellite Irradiance
• 3. Semiconductors & Junctions
  • Introduction
  • 3.1. Basics
  • Semiconductor Materials
  • Semiconductor Structure
  • Conduction in Semiconductors
  • Band Gap
  • Intrinsic Carrier Concentration
  • Doping
  • Equilibrium Carrier Concentration
  • 3.2. Generation
  • Absorption of Light
  • Absorption Coefficient
  • Absorption Depth
  • Generation Rate
  • 3.3. Recombination
  • Types of Recombination
  • Minority-Carrier Lifetime
  • Diffusion Length
  • Surface Recombination
  • 3.4. Carrier Transport
  • Movement of Carriers in Semiconductors
  • Diffusion
  • Drift
  • 3.5. P-n Junctions
  • Formation of a PN-Junction
  • P-N Junction Diodes
  • Bias of PN Junctions
  • Diode Equation
  • 3.6. Diode Equations for PV
  • Ideal Diode Equation Derivation
  • Basic Equations
  • Applying the Basic Equations to a PN Junction
  • Solving for Depletion Region
  • Solving for Quasi Neutral Regions
  • Finding Total Current
  • Eg1: Wide Base Diode
  • Summary
• 4. Solar Cell Operation
  • 4.1. Ideal Solar Cells
  • Solar Cell Structure
  • Light Generated Current
  • Collection Probability
  • Quantum Efficiency
  • Spectral Response
  • The Photovoltaic Effect
  • 4.2. Solar Cell Parameters
  • IV Curve
  • Short-Circuit Current
  • Open-Circuit Voltage
  • Fill Factor
  • Efficiency
  • Detailed Balance
  • Tandem Cells
  • 4.3. Resistive Effects
  • Characteristic Resistance
  • Effect of Parasitic Resistances
  • Series Resistance
  • Shunt Resistance
  • Impact of Both Series and Shunt Resistance
  • 4.4. Other Effects
  • Effect of Temperature
  • Effect of Light Intensity
  • Ideality Factor
• 5. Design of Silicon Cells
  • Solar Cell Design Principles
  • 5.1. Optical Properties
  • Optical Losses
  • Anti-Reflection Coatings
  • AR Coating Color
  • DLARC
  • Surface Texturing
  • Material Thickness
  • Light Trapping
  • Lambertian Rear Reflectors
  • 5.2. Reducing Recombination
  • Recombination Losses
  • Current Losses Due to Recombination
  • Voltage Losses due to Recombination
  • Surface Recombination
  • 5.3. Top Contact Design
  • Series Resistance
  • Base Resistance
  • Sheet Resistivity
  • Emitter Resistance
  • Contact Resistance
  • Finger Resistance
  • Optimization of Finger Spacing
  • Metal Grid Pattern
  • 5.4. Solar Cell Structure
  • Silicon Solar Cell Parameters
  • Efficiency and Solar Cell Cost
• 6. Manufacturing Si Cells
  • First Photovoltaic devices
  • Early Silicon Cells
  • 6.1. Silicon Wаfers & Substrates
  • Refining Silicon
  • Types Of Silicon
  • Single Crystalline Silicon
  • Czochralski Silicon
  • Float Zone Silicon
  • Multi Crystalline Silicon
  • Wafer Slicing
  • Other Wafering Techniques
  • 6.2. Processing Technologies
  • Solid State Diffusion
  • 6.3. Cell Fabrication Technologies
  • Screen Printed Solar Cells
  • Buried Contact Solar Cells
  • High Efficiency Solar Cells
  • Rear Contact Solar Cells
  • 6.4. Solar Cell Production Line
  • Source Material
  • Growing Ingots
  • Sawing the Ingot into Bricks
  • Wafer Slicing
  • Texturing
  • Emitter Diffusion
  • Edge Isolation
  • Anti Reflection Coatings
  • Screen Print Front
  • Screen Print Rear Aluminium
  • Screen Print Rear Silver
  • Firing
  • Testing
  • Module
• 7. Modules and Arrays
  • Introduction
  • 7.1. Module Design
  • Module Structure
  • Module Materials
  • Packing Density
  • 7.2. Interconnection Effects
  • Module Circuit Design
  • Mismatch Effects
  • Mismatch for Cells Connected in Series
  • Shading
  • Hot Spot Heating
  • Bypass Diodes
  • Mismatch for Cells Connected in Parallel
  • Mismatch Effects in Arrays
  • 7.3. Temperature Effects
  • PV Module Temperature
  • Heat Generation in PV Modules
  • Heat Loss in PV Modules
  • Nominal Operating Cell Temperature
  • Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stresses
  • 7.4. Other Considerations
  • Electrical and Mechanical Insulation
  • 7.5. Lifetime of PV Modules
  • Degradation and Failure Modes
  • 7.6. Module Measurement
  • Module Measurement without Load
  • Module Measurement with Load
• 8. Characterization
  • Introduction
  • 8.1 Measurement of Solar Cell Efficiency
  • Illumination Sources
  • Temperature Control
  • Electronics
  • Probing
  • 8.2. Other IV Measurements
  • Dark IV Measurements
  • Jsc-Voc
  • 8.3. IV Characterization
  • SunsVoc
  • Measurement of Series Resistance
  • Double Diode Model
  • Measuring Ideality Factor
  • 8.4. Optical Characterization
  • Reflectance
  • Spectral Response
  • Laser Beam Induced Current
  • 8.5. Lifetime
  • Bulk Lifetime
  • Surface Recombination
  • Transient Measurements
  • Quasi-Steady-State Lifetime Measurements
  • General Lifetime Measurements
  • Effect of Trapping on Lifetime Measurements
  • 8.6. Luminescence
  • Electroluminescence
  • 8.7. Simulation
  • Introduction to Simulation
  • PC1D
  • Tandem Calculations
  • 2D Modeling
  • SEM and EBIC
  • Four Point Probe Resistivity Measurements
• 9. Material Properties
  • General Properties of Silicon
  • Optical Properties of Silicon
  • Bi2S3
  • CZTSSe Theory and Fabrication
  • CdS
  • CdSe
  • CuInSe2
  • CuO
  • CuS
  • FeS2
  • Mg2Si
  • MnS
  • SnS
  • TiS2
  • ZnSe
• 10. Batteries
  • Storage in PV Systems
  • 10.2 Battery Basics
  • Oxidation/Reduction Reaction
  • Electrochemical Potential
  • Nernst Equation
  • Basic Battery Operation
  • Ideal battery capacity
  • 10.3 Battery Non-equilibrium
  • 10.4. Battery Characteristics
  • Battery Efficiency
  • Battery Capacity
  • Battery Charging and Discharging Parameters
  • Battery Lifetime and Maintenance
  • Battery Voltage
  • Other Electrical Battery Parameters
  • Summary and Comparison of Battery Characteristics
  • 10.5. Lead Acid Batteries
  • Characteristics of Lead Acid Batteries
  • Operation of Lead Acid Batteries
  • 10.6. Other Battery Types
  • 10.7 Function and Use of Storage
• 11. Appendices
  • Solar Cell Efficiency Records
  • Standard Solar Spectra
  • Periodic Table
  • Units and Conversions
  • Physical Constants
  • Equations for Photovoltaics
  • Equations in TEX
  • Graphs with Sliders
• Korean Version PDF
• Equations
• Interactive Graphs
• References