Physical Properties Of Alcohols - Encyclopedia Britannica

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Most of the common alcohols are colourless liquids at room temperature. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol are free-flowing liquids with fruity odours. The higher alcohols—those containing 4 to 10 carbon atoms—are somewhat viscous, or oily, and they have heavier fruity odours. Some of the highly branched alcohols and many alcohols containing more than 12 carbon atoms are solids at room temperature.

Physical properties of selected alcohols
IUPAC name common name formula mp (°C)
*Ph represents the phenyl group, C6H5—.
methanol methyl alcohol CH3OH −97
ethanol ethyl alcohol CH3CH2OH −114
1-propanol n-propyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2OH −126
2-propanol isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2CHOH −89
1-butanol n-butyl alcohol CH3(CH2)3OH −90
2-butanol sec-butyl alcohol (CH3)CH(OH)CH2CH3 −114
2-methyl-1-propanol isobutyl alcohol (CH3)2CHCH2OH −108
2-methyl-2-propanol t-butyl alcohol (CH3)3COH 25
1-pentanol n-pentyl alcohol CH3(CH2)4OH −79
3-methyl-1-butanol isopentyl alcohol (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH −117
2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol neopentyl alcohol (CH3)3CCH2OH 52
cyclopentanol cyclopentyl alcohol cyclo-C5H9OH −19
1-hexanol n-hexanol CH3(CH2)5OH −52
cyclohexanol cyclohexyl alcohol cyclo-C6H11OH 25
1-heptanol n-heptyl alcohol CH3(CH2)6OH −34
1-octanol n-octyl alcohol CH3(CH2)7OH −16
1-nonanol n-nonyl alcohol CH3(CH2)8OH −6
1-decanol n-decyl alcohol CH3(CH2)9OH 6
2-propen-1-ol allyl alcohol H2C=CH−CH2OH −129
phenylmethanol benzyl alcohol Ph−CH2OH* −15
diphenylmethanol diphenylcarbinol Ph2CHOH* 69
triphenylmethanol triphenylcarbinol Ph3COH* 162
IUPAC name bp (°C) density (grams per millilitre) solubility in water
methanol 65 0.79 miscible
ethanol 78 0.79 miscible
1-propanol 97 0.80 miscible
2-propanol 82 0.79 miscible
1-butanol 118 0.81 9.1%
2-butanol 100 0.81 7.7%
2-methyl-1-propanol 108 0.80 10.0%
2-methyl-2-propanol 83 0.79 miscible
1-pentanol 138 0.82 2.7%
3-methyl-1-butanol 132 0.81 2.0%
2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol 113 0.81 3.5%
cyclopentanol 141 0.95
1-hexanol 156 0.82 0.6%
cyclohexanol 162 0.96 3.6%
1-heptanol 176 0.82 0.1%
1-octanol 194 0.83
1-nonanol 214 0.83
1-decanol 233 0.83
2-propen-1-ol 97 0.86
phenylmethanol 205 1.05
diphenylmethanol 298
triphenylmethanol 380 1.20

The boiling points of alcohols are much higher than those of alkanes with similar molecular weights. For example, ethanol, with a molecular weight (MW) of 46, has a boiling point of 78 °C (173 °F), whereas propane (MW 44) has a boiling point of −42 °C (−44 °F). Such a large difference in boiling points indicates that molecules of ethanol are attracted to one another much more strongly than are propane molecules. Most of this difference results from the ability of ethanol and other alcohols to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. (See chemical bonding: Intermolecular forces for a discussion of hydrogen bonding.)

Alcohol. Chemical Compounds. Ability of ethanol (and other alcohols) to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, effecting the alcohol's boiling point.

The oxygen atom of the strongly polarized O―H bond of an alcohol pulls electron density away from the hydrogen atom. This polarized hydrogen, which bears a partial positive charge, can form a hydrogen bond with a pair of nonbonding electrons on another oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonds, with a strength of about 5 kilocalories (21 kilojoules) per mole, are much weaker than normal covalent bonds, with bond energies of about 70 to 110 kilocalories per mole. (The amount of energy per mole that is required to break a given bond is called its bond energy.)

Water and alcohols have similar properties because water molecules contain hydroxyl groups that can form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with alcohol molecules, and likewise alcohol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with other alcohol molecules as well as with water. Because alcohols form hydrogen bonds with water, they tend to be relatively soluble in water. The hydroxyl group is referred to as a hydrophilic (“water-loving”) group, because it forms hydrogen bonds with water and enhances the solubility of an alcohol in water. Methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and t-butyl alcohol are all miscible with water. Alcohols with higher molecular weights tend to be less water-soluble, because the hydrocarbon part of the molecule, which is hydrophobic (“water-hating”), is larger with increased molecular weight. Because they are strongly polar, alcohols are better solvents than hydrocarbons for ionic compounds and other polar substances.

Alcohol. Chemical Compounds. Structural formula of an alcohol showing hydrophilic region and hydrophobic region of the molecule.

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