(PPT) Chapter-3, HRM Strategy | Keya Afsana

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Human Resource Management Practices Develop Product Differentiation and Cost Leadership Strategy, Enabling Organizations to Attain Competitive Advantage: A Narrative ReviewMubarak zaib Khan

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Human resource management practice (HRMP) has been broadly acknowledged and widely recognized by almost every organization. Many studies have been conducted to review the application of human resource management (HRM) and other aspects that have manifested and been determined to be true in a variety of scenarios. HRM practices are essential and effective in the delivery of services and socioeconomic growth. In well-established organizations, up-to-the-level performance and competition are impossible without the required skilled, well-motivated people working in a good human resource management programme development. In both small and big educational institutions, a framework that relies on human resources management strategies for programme implementation is required in an educational setting the most essential practices of human resource management are selection and recruitment, appraisal of performance, training and development and reward remuneration systems. It is very pertinent...

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Abstract:Every business is a people business. At the heart of every successful business are the people who make things happen. Human capital is its most valuable resource, which provides the solid foundation needed to build long-term profitability and ongoing success of an organization. Therefore, businesses must constantly seek new and innovative ways to attract and retain a top-notch workforce, and motivate them to perform to their fullest potential. The evidence from the literature review, the key success factor of business innovative and motivated human resource. Top management responsible for creating a positive organizational environment by intervening cooperative relationship within functional departments for innovation and creativity in organizational interfaces. Everything can be imitated but competent and innovative workforce cannot be imitated and it becomes a distinctive resource regarded as a competitive advantage. Human capital consists of the “people assets” that drive an organization’s continuous development and sustained growth, and includes the collective attitudes, skills, abilities, and knowledge base of an entire workforce. Human capital management, also commonly referred to as human resource management or workforce management, is a vital discipline that combines technology systems with advanced methodologies to help businesses effectively build, manage, and maintain their “people” assets, and best leverage them to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage (B.S., 2013) . The belief that individual employee performance has implications for firm-level outcomes has been prevalent among academics and practitioners for many years. Interest in this area has recently intensified; however, as scholars have begun to argue that collectively, a firm’s human capital can also provide a unique source of competitive advantage that is difficult for its competitors to replicate. The success of any organization falls back upon its competent and motivated human resources (Mohiuddin, 2008) . The results of global research on human resource management confirm that employees (for their abilities and motivation to work) represent a critical resource of any organization and demonstrate the positive impact of various practices in human resource management on organizational performance and competitiveness (Armstrong, 2007) . Management should recognize that employees and their behavior represent strong forces that can diminish or enhance effectiveness of every organization (Hasebur, 2013) . The world of business becoming more and more global and demanding, nowadays organizations are forced to seek for new means to withstand fierce competition and succeed in their operations. Among the challenges they have to face, the following ones are viewed as the most critical ones: the need to increase productivity, enhance organizational capabilities, expand into global markets, develop and implement new technologies, respond to more demanding customer needs and changes in the highly volatile marketplace, increase revenue and decrease costs, attract and retain high-performing and flexible workforce, introduce and manage relevant organizational change, etc. (Burke, 2005) . In response to the above changes, there is a dramatic change in management efforts to build and retain human resource for improving productivity of human capital. On the other side management scholars have been consistently investigated such possible sources of competitive advantage (CA) at both conceptual and empirical levels. It is now generally believed that human resources and their management serve as a strategic asset to the organization. However, there is an ongoing debate in scholarly publications, as to what in particular leads to the development and sustainability of competitive advantage in the organization (Rūta K., Ilona B., 2008) . This study is an attempt to discuss Human Resource Management focus on human capital and building and retaining human capital on fostering competitive advantages in the enhancement of organizational effectiveness 4. HRM Focus on Human Capital: Effective management of human resources is directly linked to business success (Hasebur, June 2013) . Soft or high commitment human resource management practices are those that generate trust in employees and these practices include giving employees empowerment and involvement in decision making; extensive communication about functioning and performance of the employees service; designing training for skills and personal development of employees; selective hiring; team-working where idea are pooled and creative solutions are encouraged; rewards system that commensurate with effort; reduction of status between the management and staff and all workers are valued regardless of their role (Pfeffer, 1998) . Society has entered a new era in the relationship between organizations and their employees. In this new era, people are the primary source for a company’s competitive advantage and organizational prosperity and survival depends on how employees are treated (Lawler, 2005) . Organizational performance and competitiveness are determined by employee performance. The essence of the positive relationship between best practices in human resources management and organizational performance and competitiveness is the optimal system of human resource management that enables to employ and develop capable and motivated employees and achieve expected organizational performance and competitiveness by achieving desired employee performance (Šikýř, M., March 2013) . HRM involves attracting, developing, and maintaining a talented and energetic workforce (Schermerhorn, 2008) . Its major responsibilities include: (1) attracting a qualified workforce, which involves human resource planning, recruitment and selection; (2) developing a qualified workforce, which involves employee orientation, training and development (T&D), and performance appraisal; and (3) maintaining a qualified workforce, which involves career development, work-life balance, compensation and benefits, retention and turnover, and labor-management relations (Southiseng, N., Walsh, J. March 2013) . HRM functions which have relationships with effective HRD included human resource planning; job analysis; staffing (recruitment and selection); compensation and benefits; equal employment opportunity; T&D; employee and labor relations; health, safety, and security; companies and job design, performance management/ performance appraisal systems; research and information systems ( Puvitayaphan, 2007) . Human resource management practices influence employee’s skills through the acquisition and development of a firm’s human capital. Recruiting procedures that provide a large pool of qualified applicants, paired with a reliable and valid selection regimen, will have a substantial influence over the quality and type skills new employees possess. Providing formal and informal training experiences, such as basic skills training, on-the-job experience, coaching, mentoring, and management development, can further influence employees’ development (Bassey E., Tiesieh T. 2012) . Human resource development (HRD) is another HRM function but it is possible for the HRD function to stand alone. However, to optimize HRD goals, it is necessary to interact with other HRM functions. HRM functions have direct association with dimensions of employee relations, rewards management, performance management, recruiting and selection (Thornhill et al., 2000) . 5. The Efforts HRM to Build and Maintain Human Capital: The most valuable corporate asset, in the 21st century, is seen by distinguished professors to be “the knowledge worker” (Drucker, 1959) . Human capital is the stock of competencies, knowledge, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value (Wikipedia, 2013) . Management accounting is often concerned with questions of how to model human beings as a capital asset. However it is broken down or defined, human capital is vitally important for an organization's success (Crook et al., 2011); human capital increases through education and experience. IBM is a leading professional services provider focused on excellence and innovation in Human Capital Management. With over 400,000 employees globally and over 5,000 focused on Human Capital Transformation and Outsourcing, our HR Transformation practice addresses organization and people issues associated with the evolution of the HR business function. (IBM, 2013) .

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