Roman Numerals Converter - Online Numbers/Date/Year Translator

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Tool to convert from/in Roman numerals (I, V, X, L, C, D et M) allowing to write integer numbers and used in Antique Rome and make conversions.

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Roman Numerals -

Tag(s) : Numeral System, History

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Roman Numerals
  1. Communication System
  2. Numeral System
  3. Roman Numerals

Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic (English) Converter

Numbers in Roman numerals (II,IV,XIII,…)MCMXCVIII Show a detailed table of each number Convert See also: Century of a Year

Roman Numeral Writer

Numbers (1,23,456…) to write in roman numerals2025 12 21 Show a detailed table of each number Convert See also: Babylonian Numerals — Mayan Numerals — Egyptian Numerals

Answers to Questions (FAQ)

What are Roman Numerals? (Definition)

Roman numerals are a non-positional numbering system used in ancient Rome (especially during the time of Caesar). It is based on the combination of seven capital letters representing fixed values, added or subtracted according to their position.

What are the letters to write in Roman Numerals?

Roman numeration uses 7 letters corresponding to 7 numbers. Roman digits chart from 1 to 1000:

I1
V5
X10
L50
C100
D500
M1000

Beyond several thousands, there are no letters to represent these numbers.

However, some archaic scripts (more rare) used 4 other symbols

Ɔ500
ↀ1000
ↁ5000
ↂ10000

How to read/write with Roman numerals?

Roman numerals are based on two main rules:

— (1) If a letter of lesser or equal value than the preceding letter is to its right, their values are added.

Example: VI = 5 + 1 = 6; XX = 10 + 10 = 20

— (2) A unit (I), ten (X), or hundred (C) letter placed immediately to the left of a larger letter is subtracted from it, provided that the value of the larger letter does not exceed ten times that of the larger letter. Thus, I (1) can precede V (5) or X (10), X (10) can precede L (50) or C (100), and C (100) can precede D (500) or M (1000)

Example: IV = 5 - 1 = 4; IX = 10 - 1 = 9; XL = 50 - 10 = 40; XC = 100 - 10 = 90

Other spellings (such as IL for 49 or IC for 99) are incorrect, although occasionally encountered. This is why rule (2) is sometimes extended to: any letter placed immediately to the left of another of higher value is subtracted from it, but this extension does not correspond to the classical Roman system.

Example:

1970 in roman numeralsMCMLXX2001 in roman numeralsMMI
1971 in roman numeralsMCMLXXI2002 in roman numeralsMMII
1972 in roman numeralsMCMLXXII2003 in roman numeralsMMIII
1973 in roman numeralsMCMLXXIII2004 in roman numeralsMMIV
1974 in roman numeralsMCMLXXIV2005 in roman numeralsMMV
1975 in roman numeralsMCMLXXV2006 in roman numeralsMMVI
1976 in roman numeralsMCMLXXVI2007 in roman numeralsMMVII
1977 in roman numeralsMCMLXXVII2008 in roman numeralsMMVIII
1978 in roman numeralsMCMLXXVIII2009 in roman numeralsMMIX
1979 in roman numeralsMCMLXXIX2010 in roman numeralsMMX
1980 in roman numeralsMCMLXXX2011 in roman numeralsMMXI
1981 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXI2012 in roman numeralsMMXII
1982 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXII2013 in roman numeralsMMXIII
1983 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXIII2014 in roman numeralsMMXIV
1984 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXIV2015 in roman numeralsMMXV
1985 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXV2016 in roman numeralsMMXVI
1986 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXVI2017 in roman numeralsMMXVII
1987 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXVII2018 in roman numeralsMMXVIII
1988 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXVIII2019 in roman numeralsMMXIX
1989 in roman numeralsMCMLXXXIX2020 in roman numeralsMMXX
1990 in roman numeralsMCMXC2021 in roman numeralsMMXXI
1991 in roman numeralsMCMXCI2022 in roman numeralsMMXXII
1992 in roman numeralsMCMXCII2023 in roman numeralsMMXXIII
1993 in roman numeralsMCMXCIII2024 in roman numeralsMMXXIV
1994 in roman numeralsMCMXCIV2025 in roman numeralsMMXXV
1995 in roman numeralsMCMXCV2026 in roman numeralsMMXXVI
1996 in roman numeralsMCMXCVI2027 in roman numeralsMMXXVII
1997 in roman numeralsMCMXCVII2028 in roman numeralsMMXXVIII
1998 in roman numeralsMCMXCVIII2029 in roman numeralsMMXXIX
1999 in roman numeralsMCMXCIX2030 in roman numeralsMMXXX
2000 in roman numeralsMM

Use dCode converter for other numbers.

How does the converter from/to Roman numerals work?

The program automatically detects whether the number is in Arabic or Roman numerals and makes the conversion/translation.

Roman numeration does not permit writing large numbers, beyond 9999 the program will display the number of thousands separately. This writing is not standardized but remains comprehensible.

The program is very permissive and allows badly formed Roman numbers not complying with the rule (2). This is a software freedom, not a rule of the Roman system.

Example: IVX is translated as 6

How to write zero (0) in Roman numerals?

Romans did not use the zero, for them it was not a digit but a state of emptiness, so they did not write it (the absence of a number indicates zero).

dCode writes either ??, or 0.

How to write four (4) in Roman numerals?

Four is written IV, however, this software indicates that IIII = 4, unusual, IIII is a variant of IV which is tolerated. It can be found today (typically in watches, or clocks).

How to write a date with roman numerals?

There is no specific way to write a date (or a birthdate), except to write the number of the day, the month and the year separately.

Example: 12 / 06 / 2008 = XII / VI / MMVIII

dCode has a tool to write a date in latin.

In some European countries, the centuries are sometimes written in Roman numerals.

What is the biggest number in roman numerals?

Numbers above 10000 were not thinkable, without any calculation tool, they were useless. If you wish to write a value of hundreds of thousands, one can imagine writing hundreds of M at the beginning of the number.

Example: 9999 = MMMMMMMMMCMXCIX (a bit ridiculous)

How to write negative numbers in roman numerals?

The Romains do not conceive neither the negative names nor the decimals. The sign − is a modern convention that allows you to understand it.

Example: -XXV = -25

How to write a decimal number in roman numerals?

Using decimal numbers is very few documented in history books, however, it is probable that they used fractions, including a duodecimal currency system (base 12) which allowed sharing by 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 without decimal places.

When were Roman Numerals invented?

Roman numerals were born with Antique Rome, so starting at the 7th century BC. For example, they were used with Latin.

How to write Roman Numerals with Unicode?

Roman numerals have been added to the Unicode standard, they encode by a single character each number from 1 to 12 (used in clocks and watches) and 8 other numbers meaning:

Unicode characterValueUnicode characterValueUnicode characterValue
Ⅰ1Ⅱ2Ⅲ3
Ⅳ4Ⅴ5Ⅵ6
Ⅶ7Ⅷ8Ⅸ9
Ⅹ10Ⅺ11Ⅻ12
Ⅼ50Ⅽ100Ɔ500
Ⅾ500ↀ1000Ⅿ1000
ↁ5000ↂ10000

Can there be more than 4 identical consecutive letters?

In theory, in Roman numerals, any symbol (letter) is repeated a maximum of three times consecutively.

Roman numerals can, however, be written with four identical letters in a row, but this remains rare or incorrect in standard historical notation.

Example: 4000 can be written MMMM or the watchmaker's four is written IIII

When to use Roman Numerals?

Roman numerals are learned at school in primary school but are rarely used except in mathematics or history. Today's uses are limited to symbolic (clocks), historical (writing centuries) but also aesthetic (many tattoos use Roman numerals).

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Source code

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Questions / Comments

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French (Français) Spanish (Español) Summary
  • Roman Numerals to Hindu-Arabic (English) Converter
  • Roman Numeral Writer
  • What are Roman Numerals? (Definition)
  • What are the letters to write in Roman Numerals?
  • How to read/write with Roman numerals?
  • How does the converter from/to Roman numerals work?
  • How to write zero (0) in Roman numerals?
  • How to write four (4) in Roman numerals?
  • How to write a date with roman numerals?
  • What is the biggest number in roman numerals?
  • How to write negative numbers in roman numerals?
  • How to write a decimal number in roman numerals?
  • When were Roman Numerals invented?
  • How to write Roman Numerals with Unicode?
  • Can there be more than 4 identical consecutive letters?
  • When to use Roman Numerals?
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