Vomiting And Diarrhea When Pregnant: Causes And Treatments

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Vomiting and diarrhea when pregnant: Causes and treatments

Medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay, M.D. — Written by Jenna Fletcher on July 28, 2020

Causes by trimester
Other causes
Treatments
Prevention
Seeing a doctor
Outlook

Vomiting and diarrhea are common during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. They can vary in duration and severity. If symptoms persist, it may be advisable to contact a doctor.

Below, we investigate what leads to both vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy and which treatments work.

Causes by stage of pregnancy

A woman, who has previously experienced diarrhea, experiences vomiting while pregnant. — Many women experience vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy.

Pregnant women frequently experience vomiting and diarrhea, and these issues sometimes overlap. This does not always indicate an underlying health problem.It is also worth keeping in mind that the two symptoms may have different causes, and one, both, or neither may stem from pregnancy.

So what causes digestive issues such as vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy? The answers can vary, based on the stage of the pregnancy:

First trimester

During the first trimester, one of the most common symptoms of pregnancy is morning sickness. This involves nausea and vomiting and typically occurs before week 17.

For most women, morning sickness lasts for a few weeks to months, but it can last for the entire pregnancy. Some women vomit once or twice a day, while others feel nauseous all day.

One medical review reports that anxiety, depression, and negative relationships with family can each make nausea and vomiting worse or occur more frequently.

Learn more about morning sickness here.

Meanwhile, stress can also cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea.

Other common causes of diarrhea during pregnancy include viral and bacterial infections and certain medications. It is important to note that diarrhea can be dangerous, leading to potentially serious issues such as dehydration. Learn more about dehydration during pregnancy here.

Second trimester

If vomiting starts or continues into the second trimester, it may indicate hyperemesis gravidarum. This rare disorder causes vomiting and nausea that can be severe enough to require hospitalization. It can also lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies, dehydration, and a 5% loss in original body weight.

About 22% of women with hyperemesis gravidarum experience the symptoms — nausea and vomiting — throughout their pregnancies.

On the other hand, nausea and vomiting that appear after the end of week 16 may not be related to pregnancy. In this case, the cause can range from a stomach virus to a more serious issue, such as an ulcer or hepatitis.

Third trimester

Heartburn is common during pregnancy, especially later on, as the growing fetus places pressure on the stomach. Also, the sphincter between the stomach and the esophagus relaxes during pregnancy. As a result of either or both factors, stomach acid can rise up into the esophagus, causing heartburn.

Learn more about heartburn during pregnancy here.

It is important to note that a sudden onset of nausea and vomiting during the second half of pregnancy can stem from preeclampsia, a serious complication that can lead to preterm delivery. Some other signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include high blood pressure, heartburn, and swelling of the face and hands.

Learn more about preeclampsia here.

Also, diarrhea can be a sign of preterm labor. In some cases, a woman experiences no other signs, or there may be mucus-like vaginal discharge and lower back pain.

Causes not related to pregnancy

Various common health issues can cause both diarrhea and vomiting, including:

food poisoning
the stomach flu
pancreatitis
a food allergy

However, having diarrhea and vomiting at the same time does not necessarily mean that they are symptoms of one health issue. Factors such as stress and preexisting conditions can also lead to either or both of these symptoms.

Treatments

Mild vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy typically require no specialized treatment. The symptoms may resolve on their own. Some home care strategies include:

eating bland foods, such as toast, bananas, crackers, and rice
taking a prenatal vitamin
eating more frequently
eating toast or crackers in bed first thing in the morning, before moving
taking frequent, single bites of foods such as nuts or crackers

If symptoms are more severe or are otherwise negatively affecting daily life, the following treatment options are safe during pregnancy:

vitamin B6, which is available over the counter
doxylamine, an ingredient in sleep aids
prescription medication that contains both B6 and doxylamine
prescription antiemetic drugs

It is especially important to consult a doctor about diarrhea and safe treatments, which can include loperamide (Imodium).

Learn how to manage and treat vomiting.

Prevention

It may not be possible to prevent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, but taking the following steps may help:

eating smaller meals
eating foods that are easy to digest
drinking plenty of fluids
avoiding taste or smell triggers for nausea

When to see a doctor

A pregnant woman should see a doctor about vomiting or diarrhea that is severe or lasts for more than a few days.

In general, it is a good idea to contact a doctor about any diarrhea, lower back pain, and an increase in vaginal discharge.

Also, see a doctor about any symptoms of dehydration, including:

dizziness or fainting when standing
low amounts of urine, which is dark
an inability to urinate
a pounding heartbeat
being unable to keep down liquids

It may be best to contact a doctor about any health concerns or unusual physical changes during pregnancy.

Outlook

Diarrhea and vomiting are common during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester.

Either issue can lead to complications, and a woman should receive prompt medical care for severe diarrhea or vomiting. A doctor may recommend dietary changes, vitamins, medications, or a combination.

GastroIntestinal / Gastroenterology
Pregnancy / Obstetrics
Women's Health / Gynecology

How we reviewed this article:

SourcesMedical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.

Acid reflux. (n.d.).https://gi.org/topics/acid-reflux/
Cruz, L. (2017). OTC medicines that are okay during pregnancy.https://intermountainhealthcare.org/blogs/topics/live-well/2017/03/otc-medicines-that-are-okay-during-pregnancy/
Dehydration. (2019).https://medlineplus.gov/dehydration.html
Gastrointestinal issues during pregnancy. (n.d.).https://www.lifespan.org/centers-services/multidisciplinary-obstetric-medicine-service-moms/common-conditions-during/gastro
Gomes, C. F., et al. (2018). Gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy: What does the gastroenterologist need to know?https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6033757/
Horsager-Boehrer, R. (2018). 4 common pregnancy-related GI issues, and when to call the doctor.https://utswmed.org/medblog/4-common-pregnancy-related-gi-issues-and-when-call-doctor/
Hyperemesis gravidarum. (2020).https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hyperemesis-gravidarum/
Mertz, H., (n.d.). Stress and the gut.https://www.med.unc.edu/ibs/files/2017/10/Stress-and-the-Gut.pdf
Morning sickness: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. (n.d.).https://www.acog.org/patient-resources/faqs/pregnancy/morning-sickness-nausea-and-vomiting-of-pregnancy
Pregnancy complications. (2018).https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-complications.html
Preterm labor — know the signs and symptoms. (n.d.).https://www.marshfieldclinic.org/specialties/obgyn/pregnancy/awareness/pregnancy-risk-preterm-labor
Signs & symptoms. (2020).https://www.preeclampsia.org/signs-and-symptoms

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Medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay, M.D. — Written by Jenna Fletcher on July 28, 2020

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Causes by stage of pregnancy

First trimester

Second trimester

Third trimester

Causes not related to pregnancy

Treatments

Prevention

When to see a doctor

Outlook

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