Vostok Station - Wikipedia

Russian research station in Antarctica Antarctic base

Vostok Station станция Восток
Antarctic base
Vostok Station as of 2024
Vostok StationLocation of Vostok Station in Antarctica
Coordinates: 78°27′52″S 106°50′14″E / 78.4644222°S 106.8373278°E / -78.4644222; 106.8373278
Country	Russia
Location	Princess Elizabeth LandAntarctica
Administered by	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
Established	16 December 1957 (1957-12-16)
Named after	Vostok
Elevation[1]	3,488 m (11,444 ft)
Population (2017)[1]
• Summer	30
• Winter	15
Time zone	UTC+5
UN/LOCODE	AQ VOS
Type	All-year round
Period	Annual
Status	Operational
Activities	List Ice core drill Magnetometry Climatology
Website	aari.aq/default_en.html

Vostok Skiway
IATA: none ICAO: AT28
Summary
Airport type	Private
Location	Princess Elizabeth Land
Elevation AMSL	11,447 ft / 3,489 m
Coordinates	78°27′58″S 106°50′54″E / 78.466139°S 106.84825°E / -78.466139; 106.84825
Map
Vostok SkiwayLocation of airfield in Antarctica
Runways
Direction Length Surface ft m 03/21 11,933 3,637 Ice
[2]

Vostok Station (Russian: станция Восток, romanized: stantsiya Vostok, IPA: [ˈstant͡sɨjəvɐˈstok], lit. 'station east') is a Russian research station in inland Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. Founded by the Soviet Union in 1957, the station lies at the southern Pole of Cold, with the lowest reliably measured natural temperature on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K).[3] Research includes ice core drilling and magnetometry. Vostok was named after Vostok, the lead ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition captained by Fabian von Bellingshausen. The Bellingshausen Station was named after this captain (the second ship, Mirny, captained by Mikhail Lazarev, became the namesake for Mirny Station).

Description

[edit]

Vostok Research Station is around 1,301 kilometres (808 mi) from the Geographic South Pole, at the middle of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.

Vostok is located near the southern pole of inaccessibility and the south geomagnetic pole, making it one of the optimal places to observe changes in the Earth's magnetosphere. Other studies include actinometry, geophysics, medicine and climatology.

The station is at 3,488 metres (11,444 ft) above sea level and is one of the most isolated established research stations on the Antarctic continent.[4] The station was supplied from Mirny Station on the Antarctic coast.[5] The station normally hosts 30 scientists and engineers in the summer. In winter, their number drops to 15.[1]

The only permanent research station located farther south is the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, operated by the United States at the geographic South Pole. The Chinese Kunlun Station is farther south than Vostok but is occupied only during summers.

Some of the challenges faced by those living on the station were described in Vladimir Sanin's books such as Newbie in the Antarctic (1973), 72 Degrees Below Zero (1975), and others.

History

[edit]

Vostok Station was established on 16 December 1957 (during the International Geophysical Year) by the 2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition and was operated year-round for more than 72 years.[6] The station was temporarily closed from January 1962 to January 1963,[7] from February to November 1994,[6] and during the winter of 2003.[8]

In 1974, when British scientists in Antarctica performed an airborne ice-penetrating radar survey and detected strange radar readings at the site, the presence of a liquid, freshwater lake below the ice did not instantly spring to mind.[9] In 1991, Jeff Ridley, a remote-sensing specialist with the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at University College London, directed a European satellite called ERS-1 to turn its high-frequency array toward the center of the Antarctic ice cap. It confirmed the 1974 discovery,[10] but it was not until 1993 that the discovery was published in the Journal of Glaciology. Space-based radar revealed that the subglacial body of fresh water was one of the largest lakes in the world—and one of some 140 subglacial lakes in Antarctica. Russian and British scientists delineated the lake in 1996 by integrating a variety of data, including airborne ice-penetrating radar imaging observations and spaceborne radar altimetry. Lake Vostok lies some 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) below the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet and covers an area of 14,000 square kilometres (5,400 sq mi).[11]

In 2019, the Russian government began construction on a new, modern station building to replace the aging facilities. Construction of the new facility was completed in Saint Petersburg to be transported to Vostok Station by ship, but continuing delays have pushed back completion of the new station to no earlier than 2023.[12]

On January 28, 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin took part in the ceremony of commissioning the station's wintering complex via video link. The ceremony was also attended by President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko.[13]

Historic monuments

[edit]

Vostok Station Tractor: Heavy tractor AT-T 11, which participated in the first traverse to the south geomagnetic pole, along with a plaque to commemorate the opening of the station in 1957, has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 11) following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[14]

Professor Kudryashov's Drilling Complex Building: The drilling complex building stands close to Vostok Station at an elevation of 3,488 metres (11,444 ft). It was built in the summer season of 1983–1984. Under the leadership of Professor Boris Kudryashov, ancient ice core samples were obtained. The building has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 88), following a proposal by Russia to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[15]

Climate

[edit]

Vostok Station has an ice cap climate (EF), with subzero temperatures year round, typical as with much of Antarctica. Annual precipitation is only 22 millimetres (0.87 in) (all occurring as snow),[16] making it one of the driest places on Earth. On average, Vostok station receives 26 days of snow per year.[16] It is also one of the sunniest places on Earth, despite having no sunshine at all between May and August; there are more hours of sunshine per year than even the sunniest places in South Africa, Australia and the Arabian Peninsula, where they approach those of the Sahara in Northern Africa.[17] Vostok has the highest sunshine total for any calendar month on Earth, at an average of 708.8 hours of sunshine in December, or 22.9 hours daily. It also has the lowest sunshine for any calendar month, with an absolute maximum of 0 hours of sunshine per month during polar night.[18]

Of official weather stations that are currently in operation, Vostok is the coldest on Earth in terms of mean annual temperature. However, it has been disputed that Vostok Station is the coldest-known location on Earth. The now inactive Plateau Station, located on the central Antarctic plateau, is believed to have recorded an average yearly temperature that was consistently lower than that of Vostok Station during the 37-month period that it was active in the late 1960s,[19] and satellite readings have routinely detected colder temperatures in areas between Dome A and Dome F.[citation needed] The most recent record set was the October record low, set on 1 October 2021.[20]

Vostok Station
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     1     −27 −38     0.7     −39 −50     2     −53 −62     2.4     −61 −68     2.8     −62 −69     2.5     −61 −69     2.2     −62 −70     2.3     −64 −72     2.4     −62 −70     1.9     −52 −63     1.1     −37 −50     0.7     −27 −38 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: [21]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     0     −17 −36     0     −38 −58     0.1     −63 −79     0.1     −78 −90     0.1     −80 −92     0.1     −77 −92     0.1     −80 −95     0.1     −83 −97     0.1     −79 −94     0.1     −61 −82     0     −35 −58     0     −17 −36 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Climate data for Vostok Station
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	−14.0(6.8)	−21.0(−5.8)	−17.7(0.1)	−33.0(−27.4)	−38.0(−36.4)	−33.0(−27.4)	−34.1(−29.4)	−34.9(−30.8)	−34.3(−29.7)	−30.8(−23.4)	−24.3(−11.7)	−14.1(6.6)	−14.0(6.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−27.0(−16.6)	−38.7(−37.7)	−52.9(−63.2)	−61.1(−78.0)	−62.0(−79.6)	−60.6(−77.1)	−62.4(−80.3)	−63.9(−83.0)	−61.6(−78.9)	−51.5(−60.7)	−37.2(−35.0)	−27.1(−16.8)	−50.5(−58.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−32.0(−25.6)	−44.3(−47.7)	−57.9(−72.2)	−64.8(−84.6)	−65.8(−86.4)	−65.3(−85.5)	−66.7(−88.1)	−67.9(−90.2)	−66.0(−86.8)	−57.1(−70.8)	−42.6(−44.7)	−31.8(−25.2)	−55.2(−67.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−37.5(−35.5)	−50.0(−58.0)	−61.8(−79.2)	−67.8(−90.0)	−69.1(−92.4)	−68.9(−92.0)	−70.4(−94.7)	−71.5(−96.7)	−70.2(−94.4)	−63.1(−81.6)	−49.8(−57.6)	−38.0(−36.4)	−59.8(−75.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−56.4(−69.5)	−64.0(−83.2)	−75.3(−103.5)	−86.0(−122.8)	−81.2(−114.2)	−83.8(−118.8)	−89.2(−128.6)	−88.3(−126.9)	−85.9(−122.6)	−79.4(−110.9)	−63.9(−83.0)	−50.1(−58.2)	−89.2(−128.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	1.0(0.04)	0.7(0.03)	2.0(0.08)	2.4(0.09)	2.8(0.11)	2.5(0.10)	2.2(0.09)	2.3(0.09)	2.4(0.09)	1.9(0.07)	1.1(0.04)	0.7(0.03)	22(0.9)
Average relative humidity (%)	70.1	68.6	66.2	64.7	64.7	65.5	65.7	65.8	66.2	67.4	68.7	69.8	67
Mean monthly sunshine hours	696.4	566.8	347.3	76.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	203.4	480.2	682.3	708.8	3,761.5
Source 1: [21]
Source 2: Pogoda.ru.net (data for record highs/lows, except for March and August lows, and March high)[22]; (March record low)[23], (August record low)[24], and (March record high)[25]

Vostok is one of the coldest places on Earth. The average temperature of the cold season (from April to September) is about −66 °C (−87 °F), while the average temperature of the warm season (from October to March) is about −44 °C (−47 °F).[4]

The lowest reliably measured temperature on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) was in Vostok on 21 July 1983 at 05:45 Moscow Time,[26][27] which was 07:45 for Vostok's time zone, and 01:45 UTC (See List of weather records). This beat the station's former record of −88.3 °C (−126.9 °F) on 24 August 1960.[24] Lower temperatures occurred higher up towards the summit of the ice sheet as temperature decreases with height along the surface.

Though unconfirmed, it has been reported that Vostok reached a temperature of −91 °C (−132 °F) on 28 July 1997.[28]

The warmest recorded temperature at Vostok is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F), which occurred on 5 January 1974.[22]

The coldest month was August 1987 with a mean temperature of −75.4 °C (−103.7 °F) and the warmest month was December 1989 with a mean temperature of −28 °C (−18 °F).[21]

In addition to the extremely cold temperatures, other factors make Vostok one of the most difficult places on Earth for human habitation:

• An almost complete lack of moisture in the air
• An average windspeed of 5 metres per second (11 mph; 18 km/h), sometimes rising to as high as 27 metres per second (60 mph; 97 km/h)
• The lack of oxygen in the air because of its high elevation at 3,488 metres (11,444 feet)
• A higher ionization of the air
• A polar night that lasts approximately 120 days, from late April to mid-August, including 85 continuous days of civil polar night (i.e. too dark to read, during which the sun is more than 6 degrees below the horizon)[29]

Acclimatization to such conditions can take from a week to two months and is accompanied by headaches, eye twitches, ear pains, nose bleeds, perceived suffocation, sudden rises in blood pressure, loss of sleep, reduced appetite, vomiting, joint and muscle pain, arthritis, and weight loss of 3–5 kg (7–11 lb) (sometimes as high as 12 kg (26 lb)).[citation needed]

Ice core drilling

[edit]

In the 1970s, the Soviet Union drilled a set of cores 500–952 metres (1,640–3,123 ft) deep. These have been used to study the oxygen isotope composition of the ice, which showed that ice of the last glacial period was present below about 400 metres' depth. Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2,202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2,546 m; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2,755 m; after a brief closure, drilling continued during the winter of 1995. In 1996 it was stopped at a depth of 3,623 m, by the request of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research which expressed worries about possible contamination of Lake Vostok. This ice core, drilled collaboratively with the French, produced a record of past environmental conditions stretching back 420,000 years and covering four previous glacial periods. For a long time, it was the only core to cover several glacial cycles; but in 2004 it was exceeded by the EPICA core, which, while shallower, covers a longer time span. In 2003, drilling was permitted to continue but was halted at the estimated distance to the lake of only 130 metres (430 ft).

The ancient lake was finally breached on 5 February 2012 when scientists stopped drilling at the depth of 3,770 metres (12,370 ft) and reached the surface of the subglacial lake.

The brittle zone is approximately between 250 and 750 m and corresponds to the Last Glacial Maximum,[30] with the end of the Holocene climatic optimum at or near the 250-metre depth.

Although the Vostok core reached a depth of 3,623 metres (11,886 ft) the usable climatic information does not extend down this far. The very bottom of the core is ice refrozen from the waters of Lake Vostok and contains no climate information. The usual data sources give proxy information down to a depth of 3,310 metres (10,860 ft) or 414,000 years.[31] Below this there is evidence of ice deformation. It has been suggested that the Vostok record may be extended down to 3,345 m or 436,000 years, to include more of the interesting MIS11 period, by inverting a section of the record.[32] This then produces a record in agreement with the newer, longer EPICA record, although it provides no new information.

See also

[edit]

• List of Antarctic research stations
• List of Antarctic field camps
• List of airports in Antarctica
• Vostok traverse
• Concordia Station

References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs. August 2017. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
2. ^ "Vostok Skiway". Airport Nav Finder. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
3. ^ Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
4. ^ a b Winchester, Simon (2003). Extreme Earth. Collins. pp. 168–169. ISBN 0-00-716392-4.
5. ^ "Mirny Observatory". 14 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015.
6. ^ a b "Deep drilling at Vostok station, Antarctica: history and recent events" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
7. ^ Dubrovin and Petrov, L. I. and V. N. (1967). Scientific Stations in Antarctica, 1882-1963 (PDF). Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, New Delhi. (English translation 1971). Retrieved 2 February 2021.
8. ^ "Russia abandons Ice Station Vostok". 4 March 2003 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
9. ^ Oswald, G. K. A.; Robin, G. de Q. (1973). "Lakes beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 245 (5423): 251–254. Bibcode:1973Natur.245..251O. doi:10.1038/245251a0. S2CID 4271414.
10. ^ Morton, Oliver (April 2000). "Ice Station Vostok". Wired. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
11. ^ Dieter Fütterer; Georg Kleinschmidt (2006). Antarctica: contributions to global earth sciences : proceedings of the IX International Symposium of Antarctic Earth Sciences Potsdam, 2003. Birkhäuser. p. 138. ISBN 978-3-540-30673-3. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
12. ^ "A New Vostok!". Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. 27 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
13. ^ "Путин дал старт вводу в эксплуатацию зимовочного комплекса станции "Восток"". РИА Новости (in Russian). 28 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
14. ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
15. ^ "List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2013)" (PDF). Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
16. ^ a b "Vostok Station". Antarctic Research and Investigation. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
17. ^ "Where are the World's Sunniest Destinations?". International Business Times. 24 June 2011.
18. ^ "Vostok station (89606)". Russian Antarctic Expedition - Project Antarctica. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008.
19. ^ Mary Albert. "Discovering historic Plateau Station". Norwegian-U.S. Scientific Traverse of East Antarctica. Retrieved 30 December 2007.[permanent dead link]
20. ^ "Vostok (Antarctica)". Ogimet. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
21. ^ a b c "Monthly values of meteorological parameters, Vostok station (89606)". Antarctic Research and Investigation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
22. ^ a b Weather at Vostok. pogoda.ru.net. For the original Archived 28 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2010-08-08
23. ^ "Vostok (Antarctica)". Ogimet. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
24. ^ a b "World: Lowest Temperature". Arizona State University. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
25. ^ Samenow, Jason; Patel, Kasha (18 March 2022). "It's 70 degrees warmer than normal in eastern Antarctica. Scientists are flabbergasted". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
26. ^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian) (105). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
27. ^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature (English Version)". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (105). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
28. ^ Liang, Yong Li (2000). "Coldest Temperature on Earth". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
29. ^ "Sunrise and sunset times in Vostok Station, May 2015". www.timeanddate.com.
30. ^ Lipenkov VY, Salamatin AN, Duval P (1997). "Bubbly-ice densification in ice sheets: 11. Applications" (PDF). J. Glaciol. 43 (145): 397–407. Bibcode:1997JGlac..43..397L. doi:10.1017/S0022143000034973.
31. ^ Vostok Ice Core Data www.ncdc.noaa.gov, 2005-12-22. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
32. ^ Raynaud, Dominique; Barnola, Jean-Marc; Souchez, Roland; Lorrain, Reginald; Petit, Jean-Robert; Duval, Paul; Lipenkov, Vladimir Y. (2005). "Palaeoclimatology: The record for marine isotopic stage 11". Nature. 436 (7047): 39–40. Bibcode:2005Natur.436...39R. doi:10.1038/43639b. PMID 16001055. S2CID 4363692.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vostok Station.

• Official website Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute Archived 11 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
• Vostok Station page
• Vostok average temperature data
• Vostok current met data
• Antarctic Connection article on Vostok Station
• COMNAP Antarctic Facilities
• COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map

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Category Commons Index

v t e Polar exploration
Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest NorthNorth Pole Barentsz Heemskerck Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North magnetic pole J. Ross J. C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris expedition Polaris C. F. Hall Bessels British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard Nansen's Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo Andrée's balloon expedition S. A. Andrée F. Cook SS Roosevelt Peary Henson Sedov Byrd Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser-Larsen Ellsworth Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT-25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov Drifting ice stations NP-1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP-36 NP-37 Georgiy Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov IcelandGreenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Garðar Ingólfr Norse colonization of North America Gunnbjörn Snæbjörn galti Erik the Red Christian IV's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest PassageNorthern Canada Cabot G. Corte-Real M. Corte-Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J. C. Ross Coppermine expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae–Richardson expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East PassageRussian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Heemskerck Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh. Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenshtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro-Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Dahl Vega Expedition A. E. Nordenskiöld Palander Jeannette expedition USS Jeannette De Long Melville Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov expedition Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov expedition Sv. Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev A. Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear-powered icebreakers Lenin Arktika-class icebreaker
Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Antarctic/Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross Abernethy) HMS Terror (Crozier) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C. A. Larsen "Heroic Age" Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C. A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi-Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E. R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Endurance Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton–Rowett Expedition Quest IPY · IGYModern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest SouthSouth Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J. C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South magnetic pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Cherry-Garrard Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility research station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner

v t e Geography of East Antarctica
Areas	Adélie Land Coats Land Enderby Land George V Land George V Coast Zélée Subglacial Trench Kemp Land Mac. Robertson Land Oates Land Princess Elizabeth Land Queen Mary Land Queen Maud Land Princess Martha Coast Princess Astrid Coast Princess Ragnhild Coast Prince Harald Coast Prince Olav Coast Victoria Land Wilhelm II Land Wilkes Land
Major ice shelves	Amery Ice Shelf Ekstrom Ice Shelf Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Shackleton Ice Shelf Voyeykov Ice Shelf West Ice Shelf
Seas and major islands	Davis Sea Mill Island D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Mawson Sea Masson Island Ross Sea Carney Island Scotia Sea Southern Ocean Sturge Island Weddell Sea

Authority control databases	VIAF GND