What Is The Difference Between G651 G652 G653 G654 G655 ...

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What Is The Difference Between G651 G652 G653 G654 G655 G656 G657 Fiber - Dec 03, 2021-

1. G.651 fiber

G.651 is a multi-mode fiber, from G.652 to G.657 are single-mode fibers.

The optical fiber is composed of core, cladding and coating, as shown in Figure 1. The diameter of the cladding layer is usually 125us, and the diameter of the coating layer (after coloring) is generally 250us; but the diameter of the core is not a fixed value, because the difference of the core diameter directly leads to a huge change in the transmission performance of the optical fiber.

Fiber Structure

Figure 1 Fiber Structure

The core diameter of a multimode optical fiber is generally 50um to 100um. When the core diameter becomes smaller, the transmission performance of the optical fiber is significantly improved. It turns out that there are multiple modes of transmission of optical signals in optical fibers. As shown in Figure 2, when the core diameter becomes smaller, the transmission mode of the optical signal will also decrease, and the interference between the transmission modes will decrease.

Light source Figure 2 Transmission of optical signal in multimode fiber

When the core diameter of the fiber is smaller than a certain value, there is only one transmission mode of the optical signal, as shown in Figure 3, which becomes a single-mode fiber.

Transmission of optical signal in single-mode fiber

Figure 3 Transmission of optical signal in single-mode fiber

2. G.652 fiber

G.652 optical fiber is the most widely used optical fiber. At present, except for FTTH fiber optic cable, the optical fibers used in long-distance and metropolitan areas are almost all G.652 optical fibers.

From the perspective of light energy distribution, the optical signal in the single-mode fiber is not only transmitted in the core, but also in the cladding. In order to describe the concentration of light energy in a single-mode fiber, the maximum distance between the two points at which the light intensity in the fiber is reduced to 1/(e^2) of the maximum light intensity at the axis is defined as the mode field diameter, as shown in Figure 4. Shown.

Definition of transverse mode diameter

Figure 4 Definition of transverse mode diameter

Obviously, the mode field diameter can better reflect the transmission characteristics of the single-mode fiber, so the single-mode fiber simply does not mention the core diameter. The mode field diameter is an important parameter of single-mode fiber, and its size increases with increasing wavelength.

One of the most important factors affecting the transmission distance of an optical fiber is attenuation. The attenuation coefficient of an optical fiber is related to the wavelength. The attenuation coefficient of conventional single-mode fiber is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from the figure that the attenuation of the fiber at 1310nm and 1550nm is relatively small, and 1310nm and 1550nm have also become the two most commonly used wavelengths for single-mode fibers.

Figure 5 Attenuation coefficient of conventional single-mode fiber

3. G.653 fiber

After the speed of optical communication systems is further increased, signal transmission begins to be affected by fiber dispersion. Dispersion refers to the signal distortion (pulse broadening) that occurs when different frequency components or different mode components of a signal (pulse) propagate at different speeds and reach a certain distance, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Dispersion of optical fiber

Figure 6 Dispersion of optical fiber

The dispersion coefficient of the optical fiber is also related to the wavelength, as shown in Figure 7. Single-mode fiber has the smallest attenuation coefficient at 1550nm, but the dispersion coefficient at this wavelength is larger. So people have developed a single-mode fiber with a dispersion coefficient of 0 at 1550nm. This seemingly perfect fiber is G.653.

Figure 7 Dispersion coefficients of G.652 and G.653 fibers

Figure 7 Dispersion coefficients of G.652 and G.653 fibers

However, the dispersion of optical fiber is 0 but it is not suitable for the use of wavelength division (WDM) systems, so G.653 optical fiber was quickly eliminated.

4. G.654 fiber

G.654 optical fiber is mainly used in submarine cable communication systems. In order to meet the long-distance and large-capacity requirements of submarine cable communication, G.654 optical fiber has mainly made two improvements.

(1) Reduce the loss of optical fiber; from 0.22dB/km of G.652 to 0.19dB/km (standard value).

(2) Increase the mode field diameter of the optical fiber; the larger the mode field diameter of the optical fiber, the smaller the energy density passing through the fiber cross section, thereby improving the nonlinear effect of the optical fiber and enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of the optical fiber communication system.

The easiest way to increase the diameter of the optical fiber mode field is to increase the core diameter. After the core diameter increases, the cutoff wavelength of the optical fiber increases. It is not difficult to understand the name of G.654 fiber: cut-off wavelength shift fiber (the cut-off wavelength of G.654 fiber is about 1530nm, and other single-mode fibers are generally 1260nm). Of course, the core diameter cannot be increased too much, otherwise the 1550nm wavelength range cannot be used, and it becomes a multimode fiber.

5. G.655 fiber

G.653 fiber has zero dispersion at 1550nm wavelength and does not use the WDM system, so a fiber with small but not zero dispersion at 1550nm wavelength was developed. This is G.655 fiber. G.655 fiber has the smallest attenuation near the 1550nm wavelength, small dispersion and not zero, and can be used in WDM systems; therefore, G.655 fiber has been the first choice for long-distance trunk lines for more than 20 years around 2000. The attenuation coefficient and dispersion coefficient of G.655 fiber are shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Attenuation coefficient and dispersion coefficient of G.655 fiber

However, such a good optical fiber will face the day of being eliminated. With the maturity of dispersion compensation technology, G.655 fiber was replaced by G.652 fiber. Starting from about 2005, long-distance trunk lines began to use G.652 optical fiber on a large scale. At present, G.655 optical fiber is almost only used for the maintenance of the original long-distance line.

There is another important reason for the elimination of G.655 fiber:

The mode field diameter standard of G.655 fiber is 8～11μm (1550nm). The mode field diameter of the fiber produced by different fiber manufacturers may be quite different, but there is no difference in the type of fiber, and the fiber with large difference in mode field diameter is connected. Sometimes there is a large attenuation, which brings great inconvenience to maintenance; therefore, in the trunk system, even if the use of G.652 fiber requires greater dispersion compensation costs, users are unwilling to choose G.655 optical fiber.

6. G.656 fiber

Before introducing G.656 optical fiber, let's go back to the era when G.655 dominated long-distance trunk lines.

From the perspective of attenuation characteristics, the wavelength range of G.655 fiber from 1460nm to 1625nm (S+C+L band) can be used for communication, but because the dispersion coefficient of the fiber below 1530nm is too small, it is not suitable for wavelength division (WDM). ) System use, so the usable wavelength range of G.655 fiber is 1530nm～1525nm (C+L band).

In order to make the 1460nm-1530nm wavelength range (S-band) of the optical fiber can also be used for communication, try to reduce the dispersion slope of the G.655 optical fiber, which becomes the G.656 optical fiber. The attenuation coefficient and dispersion coefficient of G.656 fiber are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Attenuation coefficient and dispersion coefficient of G.656 fiber

Figure 9 Attenuation coefficient and dispersion coefficient of G.656 fiber

Due to the non-linear effect of optical fiber, the number of channels in long-distance WDM systems will not increase significantly, and the construction cost of metropolitan area optical fibers is relatively low. It is not meaningful to increase the number of channels in WDM systems. Therefore, the current dense wavelength division (DWDM) ) It is mainly 80/160 wave, and the C+L wave band of the fiber is sufficient to meet the demand. Unless high-speed systems have greater requirements for channel spacing, G.656 fiber will never have a large-scale use.

7. G.657 fiber

G.657 optical fiber is the most used optical fiber except G.652. The fiber optic cable used for FTTH home access is thinner than the telephone line, and G.657 optical fiber is used inside.

G657