Xi Jinping Thought - Wikipedia

Set of policies and ideals from Xi Jinping

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era
A billboard advertising Xi Jinping Thought in Shenzhen, Guangdong, with the emblem of the Chinese Communist Party
Simplified Chinese	习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想
Traditional Chinese	習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xí Jìnpíng xīn shídài Zhōngguó tèsè shèhuì zhǔyì sīxiǎng Bopomofo ㄒㄧˊ ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄕˊ ㄉㄞˋ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄙㄜˋ ㄕㄜˋ ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ ㄙ ㄒㄧㄤˊ Wade–Giles Hsi2 Chin4-p'ing2 hsin1 shih2-tai4 Chung1-kuo2 t'e4-se4 she4-hui4 chu3-i4 ssu1-hsiang3 IPA [ɕǐ tɕîn.pʰǐŋ ɕín ʂɻ̩̌.tâɪ ʈʂʊ́ŋ.kwǒ tʰɤ̂.sɤ̂ ʂ]

Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, commonly abbreviated outside China as Xi Jinping Thought or Xi-ism, is a political doctrine created during the general secretaryship of Xi Jinping of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that combines Chinese Marxism and national rejuvenation.

In January 2013, Xi's speech at the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012 were collectively termed "General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches", followed by a campaign within the CCP to study Xi's speeches. These developed into Xi Jinping Thought, which was first officially mentioned at the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2017, which incorporated it into the Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party. At the first session of the 13th National People's Congress on 11 March 2018, the preamble of the Constitution of China was amended to mention Xi Jinping Thought.

According to the CCP, the Thought "builds on and further enriches" previous party ideologies and has also been called as the "Marxism of contemporary China and of the 21st century" and "a new breakthrough in the Sinicization of Marxism". It is a component of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the development of Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development. The theory's main elements are summarized in the ten affirmations, the fourteen commitments, the thirteen areas of achievements, and the six musts.

Terminology

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In official CCP discourse, Xi Jinping Thought is referred to as "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era",[1] or Xi Jinping Thought on a specific field, such as Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy.[2]: 31  The "New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" refers to the historical period of China beginning from 2012 after the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The CCP says that the new era is "both consistent with and significantly different from the development of the past nearly 40 years of reform and opening up".[3]

As of at least early 2024, the CCP does not use "Xi Jinping Thought" in official discourses.[2]: 31  In English, "Xi Jinping Thought" is the most common usage, with others including Xi Thought[4][5] and Xiism.[6]

History and development

[edit]

"Xi Jinping Thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era" was formally launched at the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party having gradually been developed since 2012, when Xi became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.[2]: 21–26  News sources have stated that Xi helped create this ideology together with his close advisor, then director of the Central Policy Research Office Wang Huning.[7][8] The first indications of Xi's platform had come out in a speech titled "Some Questions on Maintaining and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" given to the newly elected Central Committee on 5 January 2013, and was later published by Central Documents Press and the journal Qiushi.[9][10]

Speech at the 18th Congress

[edit] Main article: Socialism with Chinese characteristics

Much of Xi Jinping Thought comes from Xi's 2013 speech delivered at the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, delivered a month after he became the CCP General Secretary.[10] Beginning his speech, Xi said:

First of all: Socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, not any other "ism." The guiding principles of scientific socialism thus cannot be abandoned. Our Party has always emphasized adherence to the basic principles of scientific socialism, but adapted to the particular conditions of China. This means that socialism with Chinese characteristics is socialism, not some other doctrine... It was Marxism–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought that guided the Chinese people out of the long night and established a New China, and it was socialism with Chinese characteristics that led to the rapid development of China.[11]

According to Xi, "the consolidation and development of the socialist system will require its own long period of history... it will require the tireless struggle of generations, up to ten generations."[10] On the relationship with capitalist nations, Xi said, "Marx and Engels' analysis of the basic contradictions in capitalist society is not outdated, nor is the historical materialist view that capitalism is bound to die out and socialism is bound to win."[10] Xi also stated: "The fundamental reason why some of our comrades have weak ideals and faltering beliefs is that their views lack a firm grounding in historical materialism."[12]

Xi showed great interest in why the Soviet Union dissolved, and how to avoid that failure in China:

Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate? Why did the Communist Party of the Soviet Union fall from power? An important reason was that the struggle in the field of ideology was extremely intense, completely negating the history of the Soviet Union, negating the history of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, negating Lenin, negating Stalin, creating historical nihilism and confused thinking. Party organs at all levels had lost their functions, the military was no longer under Party leadership. In the end, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a great party, was scattered, the Soviet Union, a great socialist country, disintegrated. This is a cautionary tale![9]

In January 2013, Politburo Standing Committee member Liu Yunshan referred to Xi's speech as the "General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches". This was followed by Organization Department Director Zhao Leji and CCP General Office Director Li Zhanshu ordering provincial and ministerial officials to study Xi's speeches. In November 2013, Liu announced that the Central Party School would launch a training program on General Secretary Xi Jinping's whole series of important remarks; by 2014, seven cohorts of provincial cadres, numbering 2,300, had completed the program. Liu's announcement was followed by a meeting by Li Zhansu regarding the speech for heads of the party units directly under the Central Committee.[2]: 21–26 

In June 2014, the Publicity Department published Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches, which the Publicity and Organization Departments ordered to be mandatory, leading party schools and universities to incorporate the book into their curricula. The concepts were further elaborated in Xi's The Governance of China book series, published by the Foreign Languages Press for an international audience.[2]: 21–26  Volume one was published in September 2014, followed by volume two in November 2017,[13] followed by volume three in June 2020,[14] followed by volume four in July 2022.[15] Xi has praised Karl Marx as "the greatest thinker of modern times" whose teachings enlightened the working classes of the world and has called upon party cadres to adopt Marxist revolutionary principles as a "way of life".[16]

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is the dialectical unity of the theoretical logic of scientific socialism and the historical logic of China’s social development. It is a scientific socialism rooted in China’s soil, one that reflects the aspirations of the Chinese people, and one that is adapted to the conditions of progress in our times. It is the only way to comprehensively build a prosperous society, accelerate socialist modernization and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

— Xi Jinping, "Uphold and Develop Socialism with Chinese Characteristics", January 5th, 2013, [17]

At the fourth plenum of the 18th Central Committee in October 2014, CCP members were required to "implement deeply the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's series of important remarks". In October 2015, at the fifth plenum of the 18th Central Committee, Xi introduced "new visions, new thoughts, and new strategies for governing the country and administrating the regime".[2]: 21–26  In February 2016, the Central Committee announced the "Two Studies and One Action" campaign, which asked all CCP members "to study the Party Constitution and rules, and speeches of Xi Jinping, and to become qualified Party members". In February 2017, at a meeting of the CCP General Office, Li Zhanshu Xi's visions, thoughts and strategies "have already preliminarily become a complete theoretical system". In May 2017, Liu Yushan said that General Secretary Xi Jinping's whole series of important remarks were "the latest achievement of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "latest development of Marxism in modern China".[2]: 21–26  The first public usage of Xi Jinping sixiang ("Xi Jinping Thought") came in 2017 when Liu Mingfu and Wang Zhongyuan published a book by that name.[2]: 25 

Speech at the 19th Congress

[edit]

Xi first used the phrase "Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" in his speech delivered on the opening day of the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. The Politburo Standing Committee then prepended "Xi Jinping" to the phrase, in their review of his speech.[18] The Congress then affirmed Xi's speech as a guiding political and military ideology of the Chinese Communist Party[18] and approved its incorporation into the constitution of the party,[19] with unanimous support in a show of hands.[20] The incorporation made Xi the third Chinese leader (after Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping) to have their names incorporated into the list of fundamental doctrines of the CCP. This demonstrated that Xi was more influential than his two predecessors as General Secretary (Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin). Xi promised to make China strong, propelling the country into a "new era".[21] He stated that the primary contradiction of China's conditions in the new era as "the contradiction between the people's ever-growing need for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development."[22]: 267–268  In this context, "unbalanced" refers to rural-urban inequalities, regional inequalities, inequalities between the rich and poor, and structural imbalances in the economy.[22]: 268  "Inadequate" refers to household income share.[22]: 268 

At the first session of the 13th National People's Congress on 11 March 2018, the preamble of the Constitution of China was amended to mention Xi Jinping Thought. In September 2018, the Two Upholds, referring to "resolutely uphold the status of General Party Secretary Xi Jinping as the core of the Party Central and the whole party, as well as the Party Central's authority and centralized and unified leadership", was first put forward.[2]: 29  In 2021, the sixth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party approved of the Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century, which declared Xi Jinping Thought "a new breakthrough in the Sinicization of Marxism".[23] The document says the Thought is the "Marxism of contemporary China and of the 21st century and embodies the best Chinese culture and ethos of this era".[24] It also for the first time credited Xi as being the "main innovator" of Xi Jinping Thought.[25] The document put forward the Two Establishments, referring to "establish the status of comrade Xi Jinping as the core of the Party Central and the whole party" and "establish the guiding status of Xi Jinping Thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era".[2]: 30 

Content

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Xi Jinping Thought is a component of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the thought has been said to be a continuation of previous party ideologues, and it "builds on and further enriches" Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions".[18]

Xi Jinping Thought is summarized into the ten affirmations (十个明确), the fourteen commitments (十四个坚持), and the thirteen areas of achievements (十三个方面成就).[26] Additionally, the six musts (六个必须坚持) are the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought, while the Two Establishments embody the most important political achievements since the 18th CCP National Congress.[27]

Ten affirmations

[edit]

During his speech to the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi Jinping introduced the "eight affirmations" (八个明确), which later developed to the "ten affirmations" with the addition of the 7th and 10th points during the sixth plenum of the 19th Central Committee in 2021.[28] The ten affirmations are:[27]

1. Affirm that the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the greatest advantage of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese Communist Party is the highest political leadership force, and the entire Party must strengthen its "Four Consciousnesses", firm up its "Four Confidences", and achieve "Two Upholds".
2. Affirm that we must clearly uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics. Our overall task is to realize socialist modernization and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. On the basis of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, we will take two steps to build a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful by the middle of this century, and promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-style modernization.
3. Affirm that the principal contradiction facing Chinese society in the new era is the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. We must adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, develop people's democracy throughout the entire process, and promote more significant and substantial progress in the all-round development of people and the common prosperity of all the people.
4. Affirm that the overall layout of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a five-pronged approach encompassing economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, while the strategic layout consists of four comprehensive initiatives: building a modern socialist country in all respects, deepening reform in all respects, governing the country according to law in all respects, and strengthening Party discipline in all respects.
5. Affirm that the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform is to improve and develop the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and to modernize the national governance system and governance capacity.
6. Affirm that the overall goal of comprehensively advancing the rule of law is to build a socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics and a socialist rule of law state.
7. Affirm that we must uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system, allow the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation, better leverage the role of the government, grasp the new stage of development, implement the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing, accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with the domestic cycle as the mainstay and the domestic and international cycles mutually reinforcing each other, promote high-quality development, and coordinate development and security.
8. Affirm that the Party's goal for building a strong military in the new era is to build a people's army that obeys the Party's command, is capable of winning battles, and has an excellent style of work, and to build the people's army into a world-class military.
9. Affirm that China's major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics should serve national rejuvenation, promote human progress, advance the building of a new type of international relations, and promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind.
10. Affirm that the strategic policy of comprehensively and strictly governing the Party, puts forward the general requirements for Party building in the new era, comprehensively promotes the Party's political, ideological, organizational, style, and disciplinary building, integrates institutional building throughout, deepens the anti-corruption struggle, implements the political responsibility of governing the Party, and leads the great social revolution with the great self-revolution.

Fourteen commitments

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During his speech to the 19th CCP National Congress, Xi Jinping introduced the fourteen commitments. They are:[29][30]

1. Ensuring Party leadership over all forms of work in China.
2. Committing to a people-centered approach.
3. Continuing the comprehensive deepening of reforms.
4. Adopting new science-based ideas for "innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development".
5. Following socialism with Chinese characteristics with people as the masters of the country.
6. Governing China with the Rule of Law.
7. Practising socialist core values, including Marxism–Leninism and socialism with Chinese characteristics.
8. "Improving people's livelihood and well-being is the primary goal of development".
9. Coexisting well with nature with "energy conservation and environmental protection" policies and "contribute to global ecological safety".
10. Strengthening the national security of China.
11. Upholding absolute Party leadership over the People's Liberation Army.
12. Promoting the one country, two systems system for Hong Kong and Macau with a future of "complete national reunification" and to follow the One-China principle and 1992 Consensus for Taiwan.
13. Establishing a common destiny between the Chinese people and other peoples around the world with a "peaceful international environment".
14. Exercising "full and rigorous governance" over the CCP.

Thirteen achievements

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The thirteen achievements was first put forward at the Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century approved by the sixth plenary session of the 19th CCP Central Committee in 2021. The thirteen achievements are:[31]

1. In upholding the Party's overall leadership
2. In comprehensively and strictly governing the party
3. In economic construction
4. In comprehensively deepening reform and opening up
5. In political construction
6. In comprehensively governing the country according to the law
7. In cultural constructions
8. In social construction
9. In the construction of ecological civilization
10. In national defense and army building
11. In safeguarding national security
12. In adhering to one country, two systems and promoting reunification of the motherland
13. In diplomatic work

Six musts

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The "six musts" were first put forward at the 20th CCP National Congress in October 2022.[27] It conveys the methods and worldview of the CCP. It outlines that the CCP:[32]

1. Must put the people first: meaning that theories that depart from the people are "pale and feeble", and those that do not bring prosperity to the people "have no vitality".
2. Must be self-confident and independent: meaning that China must have a "firm faith" in the tenets of socialism, and a "firm belief" in Xi Jinping Thought. This includes the Four Confidences.
3. Must uphold the principle of integrity and innovation: meaning the importance of science and having a scientific attitude toward problems, as well as emphasizing the pursuit of "truth".
4. Must be problem-oriented: meaning the need to "raise new concepts, new thoughts, and new methods that can truly resolve issues".
5. Must adhere to a systematic approach: meaning the CCP must think and act systematically, adhering to seven types of "thinking" in its work, including: "strategic thinking"; "historical thinking"; "dialectical thinking"; "systematic thinking"; "innovative thinking"; "rule of law thinking"; and "bottom-line thinking".
6. Must have a global vision: meaning that China and the CCP must expand their "global view", and must "answer the concerns of the people of various nations" (各国人民普遍关切) as that China's core interests are interconnected with those of the world and that China can contribute to solving the most pressing issues facing the world.

Components

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Xi Jinping Thought is divided into several main components, including:[33]

• Xi Jinping Thought on Culture
• Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
• Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization
• Xi Jinping Thought on Economy
• Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law
• Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military

It also includes several "important thoughts":[33]

• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Party Building
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's important Thoughts on the Party's Self-revolution
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Upholding and Improving the System of People's Congresses
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Strengthening and Improving the Work of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Doing a Good Job in the Party's United Front Work in the New Era
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Strengthening and Improving Ethnic Affairs
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Building a Cyber Power
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Strengthening and Improving the Work of Handling Public Petitions
• General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Thoughts on Youth Work

Other

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Xi Jinping Thought seeks to reinvigorate the mass line.[2]: 10  The Thought includes the theoretical system of Chinese modernization, promoting CCP's economic and political development model and contrasts with what the CCP terms "Western-style development."[34] The concept of holistic national security is also a part of Xi Jinping Thought.[35] In economic matters, Xi Jinping Thought highlights the historical importance of state-owned enterprises:[36]: 217 

[W]ithout the important material foundation that state-owned enterprises have laid for China's development over a long period of time, without the major innovations and key core technologies achieved by state-owned enterprises, and without state-owned enterprises' long-term commitment to a large number of social responsibilities, there would be no economic independence and national security for China, no continuous improvement in people's lives, and no socialist China standing tall in the East of the world.

Influence and reception

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Finding cultural expressions for Xi Jinping Thought has been a priority. On 27 November 2017, more than 100 of China's top filmmakers, actors and pop stars were gathered for a day in Hangzhou to study the report of the 19th Party Congress featuring Xi Jinping Thought.[37]

Content from Xi's 2017 speech is used in public messages, described as being 'pervasive' by a Beijing correspondent for The New York Times.[38] A poster featuring the slogan Chinese Dream comes from the speech, where the phrase is used 31 times.[39][40] In July 2018, the carriages of a train in Changchun Rail Transit were decked out in red and dozens of Xi's quotes to celebrate the 97th anniversary of Chinese Communist Party. The train was described as a "highly condensed spiritual manual" of Xi Jinping Thought by the local government.[41] In January 2019, Alibaba Group released an app called Xuexi Qiangguo for studying Xi Jinping Thought.[42] In May 2024, the China Cyberspace Research Institute, which is under the Cyberspace Administration of China, announced a large language model whose training data includes Xi Jinping Thought.[43][44]

In education

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On 25 October 2017, Renmin University established a Xi Jinping Thought research center, the first of its kind.[2]: 29  By December 2017, 10 such research centers or institutes were approved and, by March 2018, all were in operation.[2]: 29  Several dozen were opened by the end of 2018, and degree programs and online modules on Xi Jinping Thought were developed.[2]: 29  On 20 July 2020, the China Institute of International Studies opened the Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy Studies Center.[45]

Academics such as Jiang Shigong went on to write expositions of Xi Jinping Thought.[46] In December 2019, Fudan University added content concerning the inculcation of teachers and students in Xi Jinping Thought into its charter, leading to protests about academic freedom among the students.[47][48] In mid-2021, the Ministry of Education announced that Xi Jinping Thought would be taught to Chinese students beginning at the primary school level as part of ideological and political education, and announced the Outline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era textbook.[49] In August 2023, the Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was added as a textbook for ideological and political education in colleges and universities.[50]

In June 2023, the Institute of China and Contemporary Asia (ICCA) at the Russian Academy of Sciences opened the Modern Ideology of China Research Laboratory, the first research center dedicated to Xi Jinping Thought outside China.[51] The ICCA director Kirill Babaev said that the institute aimed to conduct an "in-depth analysis of the ideas and concepts that make up the foundation of the modern Chinese state" and said that the institute would focus on "five areas of modern Chinese ideology – economic policy, internal policy and lawmaking, foreign policy and international relations, defence and security, and ecology and society".[51]

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44. ^ "China's latest AI chatbot is trained on President Xi Jinping's political ideology". Associated Press. 24 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
45. ^ Bandurski, David (21 July 2020). "New Xi Jinping Foreign Affairs Center Opens". China Media Project. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
46. ^ Backer, Larry Catá (June 2018). "Reflections on Jiang Shigong on 'Philosophy and History: Interpreting the "Xi Jinping Era" through Xi's Report to the Nineteenth National Congress of the CCP'" (PDF). Working Papers. Coalition for Peace and Ethics. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
47. ^ "Students protest at Shanghai's Fudan University". Asia Times. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019. A video circulating this week showed students at Shanghai's Fudan University singing the school song – which extols 'academic independence and freedom of thought' – in an apparent protest. [...] Besides removing 'freedom of thought,' the ministry adds to the charter 'arming the minds of teachers and students with Xi Jinping's new era of socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics.' It also obliges faculty and students to adhere to "core socialist values" and build a 'harmonious' campus environment – a code phrase for the elimination of anti-government sentiment.
48. ^ 復旦大學章程刪除思想自由 學生唱校歌抗議要求學術獨立[影] [Freedom of thought was deleted from Fudan University’s constitution, students sang the school song and protested for academic independence]. Central News Agency (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
49. ^ "China to add 'Xi Jinping Thought' to national curriculum". Reuters. 25 August 2021.
50. ^ 中央人民政府. "习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想概论教材出版发行". Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
51. ^ a b Liu, Zhen (2 July 2023). "Russia opens research centre on Xi Jinping's ideology, the first outside China". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

Further reading

[edit] Library resources about Xi Jinping Thought

• Resources in your library
• Resources in other libraries

• Mitter, Rana (20 February 2024). "The Real Roots of Xi Jinping Thought". Foreign Affairs. Vol. 103, no. 2. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
• Mittelstaedt, Jean Christopher; Thornton, Patricia M. (7 March 2024), "How to Think Xi Jinping Thought", Chinese Politics (2 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 142–160, doi:10.4324/9781003257943-8, ISBN 978-1-003-25794-3{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)

v t e Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party President of China Chairman of the Central Military Commission
Policiesand theories	General secretaryship paramount leader (2012–present) Leadership core Li Qiang Government (2023–present) Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration 1st term (2013–2018) 2nd term (2018–2023) Li Keqiang Presidential orders First term Second term Third term Xi Jinping Thought Culture Diplomacy Ecological Civilization Economy Rule of Law Strengthening the Military Both sides of the Taiwan Strait are one family Clear waters and green mountains Chinese Dream Chinese modernization Common prosperity Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform Document Number Nine Double Eight Strategy Dual circulation Eight Musts Eight-point Regulation Fengqiao experience Five-in-one Four Comprehensives Four Confidences Four Consciousnesses Four Malfeasances Four Noes Great changes unseen in a century High-quality development Houses are for living, not for speculation New concept for development New normal New productive forces Party media takes the party's last name Positive energy Public opinion struggle Roll up our sleeves and work hard Holistic national security The East is rising and the West is declining Historical resolution Sense of community for the Chinese nation Supply-side structural reform Xi's Five Points Telling China's stories well Two Cannot be Denied Two Centenaries Two Establishments Two Integrations Two Upholds Whole-process people's democracy
Events	First term 2012 election as Party general secretary Southern tour Anti-corruption campaign Implicated officials (2012–2017) Clean Plate campaign Party's Mass Line Education and Practice Activities Special Campaign to Combat and Rectify Cybercrime Zhou Yongkang case August 19 speech National New-Type Urbanization Plan Cleaning the Web 2014 Coordinated Development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Three Stricts and Three Honests World Internet Conference 2014 Macau visit Thirteenth five-year plan Deepening National Defense and Military Reform 2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence 709 crackdown Toilet Revolution in China 2015 China Victory Day Parade Ma–Xi meeting Xi–Chu meeting Battle against poverty Targeted Poverty Alleviation Two No Worries and Three Guarantees Symposium on News Reporting and Public Opinion Operation Qinglang Two Studies and One Action Copying the Party Constitution THAAD deployment by South Korea Xi–Hung meeting 2017 Hong Kong visit People's Liberation Army 90th Anniversary Parade Second term 2017 reelection as Party general secretary Anti-corruption campaign (2017–2022) Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil Persecution of Uyghurs in China Xinjiang internment camps 2018 constitutional amendment Deepening the reform of the Party and state institutions 2018 South China Sea Parade China–United States trade war Strategy for Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta 2019–20 Hong Kong protests People's Liberation Army Navy 70th Anniversary Parade Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind 2019 China 70th National Day grand parade 2019 Macau visit COVID-19 pandemic Response Education and Rectification of the Political and Legal Teams 2020 Inner Mongolia protests 40th Anniversary of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone 70th Anniversary of Chinese People's Volunteers 30th Anniversary of Development and Opening Up of Pudong Fourteenth five-year plan 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party 2020–2021 reform spree 2022 Winter Olympics 2022 Hong Kong visit Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis 2022 military exercises around Taiwan Third term 2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary Trips Anti-corruption campaign (2022–) 2022 COVID-19 protests in China 2023 Iran–Saudi Arabia summit Plan on reforming Party and state institutions 2023 Rocket Force corruption case Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis 2023 military exercises around Taiwan Joint Sword-2024A Joint Sword-2024B Strait Thunder-2025A Justice Mission 2025 2025 Central Conference on Work Related to Neighboring Countries 60th anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region 2025 China Victory Day Parade 70th anniversary of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Global Leaders' Meeting on Women 2025–2026 China–Japan diplomatic crisis Fifteenth five-year plan
Diplomacy	Policies Belt and Road Initiative Forum Community of Common Destiny Global Security Initiative Global Development Initiative Global Civilization Initiative Global Governance Initiative Major-country diplomacy New type of international relations Wolf warrior diplomacy China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine Meetings and trips 2013 Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, Congo visit 2015 Pakistan visit 2015 United States visit 2015 United Kingdom visit 2017 Vietnam and Laos visit CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting Kim–Xi meetings 2019 North Korea visit 2019 Italy and France visit Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations CPC and World Political Parties Summit 2022 Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan visit 2022 China-Arab States Summit 2023 Russia visit China-Central Asia Summit 2023 Vietnam visit 2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit 2024 Kazakhstan and Tajikistan visit 2024 Peru and Brazil visit 2025 Vietnam, Malaysia and Cambodia visit 2025 Russia visit
Works	Reader of General Secretary Xi Jinping's Series of Important Speeches The Governance of China The Hopes of President Xi I Am the Son of the Yellow Earth Zhijiang Xinyu
Family	Xi Zhongxun (father) Qi Xin (mother) Ke Lingling (1st wife) Peng Liyuan (2nd wife) Qi Qiaoqiao (sister) Xi Yuanping (brother) Xi Zhengning (brother) Xi Mingze (daughter)
Related	Early life Amazing China Accelerator-in-Chief Awards Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh Cult of personality Neoauthoritarianism General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget Introduction to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Liangjiahe New World Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign Outline for the Study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Panama Papers (Deng Jiagui) Rhyzodiastes xii Xi Jinping Boulevard Xi Jinping faction Xi Jinping in Fuzhou Xuexi Qiangguo
Category:Xi Jinping

v t e Chinese Communist Party
Central Committee	Leader Chen Duxiu (1921–1927) Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931) Bo Gu (1931–1935) Zhang Wentian (1935–1943) Mao Zedong (1943–1976) Hua Guofeng (1976–1981) Hu Yaobang (1981–1987) Zhao Ziyang (1987–1989) Jiang Zemin (1989–2002) Hu Jintao (2002–2012) Xi Jinping (2012–present) Decision-making bodies General Secretary Politburo (Standing Committee) Secretariat Central Military Commission Departments Organization Department Publicity Department United Front Work Department International Department Society Work Department Political and Legal Affairs Commission Directly administered General Office Office of the General Secretary Central Guard Bureau Central Guard Unit Secrecy Office Cryptography Office Central Archives Policy Research Office Commissionsfor co-ordination Auditing Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Office Comprehensive Law-based Governance Financial Office Financial and Economic Affairs Office Foreign Affairs Office Cyberspace Affairs Office Integrated Military and Civilian Development Office National Security Office Science and Technology Spiritual Civilization Institutional Organization Office Secrecy Office Health Party and State Merit and Honor Commendation Air Traffic Management Dispatched institutionsfor co-ordination Working Committee of Central and State Organs Central Financial Work Commission Hong Kong Work Committee Macau Work Committee Office for Safeguarding National Security in Hong Kong Leading groups Cryptography Work Office Education Rural Work Inspection Work Military Reform Publicity, Ideological and Cultural Work Party Building United Front Work Xinjiang Tibet Taiwan Office Hong Kong and Macau Office Others Central Party School Chinese Academy of Governance Institute of Party History and Literature People's Daily Qiushi Guangming Daily Executive Leadership Academies Pudong Yan'an Jinggangshan
National Congress	1st (1921) 2nd (1922) 3rd (1923) 4th (1925) 5th (1927) 6th (1928) 7th (1945) 8th (1956) 9th (1969) 10th (1973) 11th (1977) 12th (1982) 13th (1987) 14th (1992) 15th (1997) 16th (2002) 17th (2007) 18th (2012) 19th (2017) 20th (2022)
Leadership sittings	Elected by theCentral Committee Politburo Standing Committee 4th: 1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Politburo 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 7th: 1945–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Military Commission 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956 8th: 1956–1969 9th: 1969–1973 10th: 1973–1977 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Approved by theCentral Committee Secretariat 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1980–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Standing Committee 7th 1949–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 CCDI Secretary Zhu De (1949–55) Dong Biwu (1955–68) Chen Yun (1978–87) Qiao Shi (1987–92) Wei Jianxing (1992–2002) Wu Guanzheng (2002–07) He Guoqiang (2007–12) Wang Qishan (2012–17) Zhao Leji (2017–22) Li Xi (2022–) Others Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Elected byNational Congress Central Committee 1st: 1921–1922 2nd: 1922–1923 3rd: 1923–1925 4th: 1925–1927 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1945 (Members Alternates) 7th: 1945–1956 (Members Alternates) 8th: 1956–1969 (Members Alternates) 9th: 1969–1973 (Members Alternates) 10th: 1973–1977 (Members Alternates) 11th: 1977–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2002 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027 Discipline Inspection 5th: 1927–1928 6th: 1928–1933 & 1933–1945 7th: 1949–1955 & 1955–1956 8th: 1956–1969 11th: 1978–1982 12th: 1982–1987 13th: 1987–1992 14th: 1992–1997 15th: 1997–2022 16th: 2002–2007 17th: 2007–2012 18th: 2012–2017 19th: 2017–2022 20th: 2022–2027
Wider organisation	Constitution People's Liberation Army People's Armed Police Militia (China) Communist Youth League of China Central Committee Young Pioneers of China United front (China) People's organization Newspapers and journals
Ideologies	Marxism–Leninism Mao Zedong Thought Socialism with Chinese characteristics Path Theoretical system System Culture Deng Xiaoping Theory Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Xi Jinping Thought
Groupings	Shanghai clique Tuanpai Tsinghua clique Eight Elders Princelings Xi Jinping faction Xishan Society Gang of Four 28 Bolsheviks
Related articles	Anniversary 100th Liuzhi Neoauthoritarianism List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee Emblem and flag
Category

v t e Socialism
History - Outline
Schools ofthought	21st century Agrarian Communist Conservative Democratic Ethical Feminist Green Guild Labourism Syndicalism Liberal Market Marxian Nationalist Reformist Revolutionary Scientific Social democracy Utopian Fourierism Icarianism Owenism Saint-Simonianism Technocracy Libertarian(from below) Anarchism Collectivist Communist Free-market Left-wing laissez-faire Green Individualist Insurrectionary Magonism Mutualism Neozapatismo Platformism Communalism Social Syndicalist Left-libertarianism Libertarian Marxism Left communism Council communism Luxemburgism Mao-Spontex Trotskyism Pabloism Posadism Orthodox Third camp Authoritarian(from above) Barracks Nechayevism Blanquism Bolshevism Leninism Marxism–Leninism Brezhnevism Castroism Ceaușism Guevarism Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Juche Kadarism Khrushchevism Maoism Dengism Maoism–Third Worldism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path Xi Jinping Thought Stalinism Neo-Stalinism National Tkachevism State Lassallism Religious Buddhist Christian anarchism communism Catholic Islamic Jewish Regional variants African African-Caribbean Arab Bolivarian Chinese Communist Nationalist Chiangist Eurocommunism Indian Israeli Indonesian Melanesian Mexican Popular (Central Europe) Popular (Nordic) Soviet In one country Real Sri Lankan Third World Western European Yugoslav
Key topicsand issues	Anti-revisionism Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism Critique of political economy Critique of work Class struggle Democracy Dictatorship of the proletariat Egalitarianism Equal liberty Equality of opportunity Equality of outcome History of anarchism History of communism History of socialism History of social democracy Impossibilism "The Internationale" Internationalism Socialist Internationals First International Second International Third International Fourth International Fifth International Socialist International Land reform Left-wing politics Mixed economy Mode of production Nanosocialism Nationalization Planned economy Post-capitalism Proletarian revolution Reformism Revisionism Socialisation of production Socialist economics Socialist market economy Socialist state State capitalism State-owned enterprise Trade union Welfare state Workers' council
Concepts	Adhocracy Basic income Calculation in kind Common ownership Cooperative ownership Decentralized planning Direct democracy Economic democracy Economic planning Equal opportunity Free association of producers Industrial democracy Labor-time calculation Labour voucher Organizational self-management Production for use Public ownership Social dividend Socialist mode of production Technocracy Workplace democracy
People	16th c. Tommaso Campanella Thomas More 18th c. Gracchus Babeuf Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Victor d'Hupay Gabriel Bonnot de Mably Sylvain Maréchal Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 19th c. Stephen Pearl Andrews Mikhail Bakunin John Goodwyn Barmby Enrico Barone August Bebel Edward Bellamy Eduard Bernstein Louis Blanc Louis Auguste Blanqui Philippe Buchez Georg Büchner Philippe Buonarroti Francisco Largo Caballero Étienne Cabet Edward Carpenter Nikolay Chernyshevsky James Connolly Victor Prosper Considerant Claire Démar Théodore Dézamy W. E. B. Du Bois Prosper Enfantin Friedrich Engels Charles Fourier Emma Goldman William Batchelder Greene Charles Hall Alexander Herzen Thomas Hodgskin Jean Jaurès Mother Jones Karl Kautsky Peter Kropotkin Paul Lafargue Ferdinand Lassalle Pyotr Lavrov Alexandre Ledru-Rollin Pierre Leroux Helen Macfarlane Errico Malatesta Karl Marx Louise Michel Nikolay Mikhaylovsky William Morris Robert Owen Antonie Pannekoek Giovanni Pascoli Constantin Pecqueur Georgi Plekhanov Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Luis Emilio Recabarren Henri de Saint-Simon Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin George Sand Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz Eugène Sue Lysander Spooner Fred M. Taylor William Thompson Pyotr Tkachev Benjamin Tucker Suzanne Voilquin Alfred Russel Wallace Josiah Warren Wilhelm Weitling Oscar Wilde 20th c. Tariq Ali Salvador Allende Inejirō Asanuma Hafez al-Assad Clement Attlee Aung San Deng Xiaoping Jiang Zemin Henri Barbusse Jyoti Basu Simone de Beauvoir Walter Benjamin Tony Benn Léon Blum Grace Lee Boggs Murray Bookchin Bertolt Brecht Aristide Briand Nikolai Bukharin Cornelius Castoriadis Noam Chomsky M. N. Roy G. D. H. Cole Jeremy Corbyn Marcel Déat Guy Debord Eugene V. Debs John Dewey Alexander Dubček Albert Einstein Faiz Ahmad Faiz Muammar Gaddafi Einar Gerhardsen Mikhail Gorbachev Maxim Gorky Antonio Gramsci Safdar Hashmi Eric Hobsbawm Saddam Hussein Dolores Ibárruri Pablo Iglesias Posse Jayaprakash Narayan Russell Jacoby Kim Jong-il Kim Il Sung Martin Luther King Jr. Alexandra Kollontai James Larkin E. M. S. Namboodiripad Jack Layton Henri Lefebvre Claude Lefort Vladimir Lenin György Lukács Rosa Luxemburg Lu Xun Alasdair MacIntyre Nestor Makhno Nelson Mandela José Carlos Mariátegui Adrien Marquet Mao Dun Salama Moussa François Mitterrand Imre Nagy Gamal Abdel Nasser Jawaharlal Nehru Ernst Niekisch Ne Win George Orwell Sylvia Pankhurst Fred Paterson Karl Polanyi Pierre Renaudel B. T. Ranadive Bertrand Russell Gaetano Salvemini Bernie Sanders Jean-Paul Sartre Arthur Scargill Léopold Sédar Senghor George Bernard Shaw Sukarno Sun Yat-sen R. H. Tawney E. P. Thompson Ernst Toller Leon Trotsky Ram Manohar Lohia H. G. Wells Cornel West Clara Zetkin Howard Zinn J. Posadas 21st c. Pedro Castillo Hugo Chávez Bob Crow Hu Jintao Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu Kim Jong Un Hasan Piker Lula da Silva Evo Morales Yanis Varoufakis Xi Jinping
Organizations	International socialist organizations Socialist parties
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