Midian - Wikipedia

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• 1 Land or tribal league?
• 2 Metallurgy
• 3 Religion
• 4 In scriptures Toggle In scriptures subsection
  • 4.1 In the Bible
  • 4.2 In the Quran
• 5 Pottery
• 6 Midian Mountains
• 7 See also
• 8 Notes
• 9 References Toggle References subsection
  • 9.1 Bibliography
• 10 External links

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Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Geographical place mentioned in the Torah This article is about a region or people referred to in the Bible and Quran. For other uses, see Midian (disambiguation). "Jabal Hubaysh, Saudi Arabia" redirects here. For the Yemeni mountain, see Jabal Hubaysh, Yemen.

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Midian
מִדְיָן
Detail from The migration of Abraham and his relatives to Canaan (1850) by József Molnár
Personal life
Children	Ephah, Epher, Enoch, Abida, and Eldaah
Parents	Abraham (father) Keturah (mother)
Relatives	Isaac (half brother) Ishmael (half brother)
Religious life
Religion	Abrahamic religions

Midian (/ˈmɪdiən/; Hebrew: מִדְיָן, romanized: Mīḏyān; Arabic: مَدْيَن‎, romanized: Madyan; Ancient Greek: Μαδιάμ, romanized: Madiám;[a] Taymanitic: 𐪃𐪕𐪚𐪌‎, romanized: MDYN) was a son of Abraham and his wife Keturah, as well as the epynomous ancestor of the Midianites.[1] The name also refers to a geographical region in West Asia mentioned in the Tanakh and the Quran. William G. Dever states that biblical Midian was in the "northwest Arabian Peninsula, on the east shore of the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea",[2] an area which contained at least 14 inhabited sites during the Late Bronze and early Iron Ages.[3][4]

Traditionally, knowledge about Midian and the Midianites' existence was based solely upon Biblical and classical sources,[5] but in 2010 a reference to Midian was identified in a Taymanitic inscription dated to before the 9th century BC.[6]

Land or tribal league?

[edit]

Some scholars have suggested that the name "Midian" does not refer to geographic places or to a specific tribe,[7][8] but to a confederation or "league" of tribes brought together as a collective for worship purposes. Paul Haupt first made this suggestion in 1909,[9] describing Midian as a "cultic collective" (German: Kultgenossenschaft) or an amphictyony, meaning "an association (German: Bund) of different tribes in the vicinity of a sanctuary". Elath, on the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba was suggested[by whom?] as the location of the first shrine, with a second sanctuary located at Kadesh.[citation needed]

Later writers have questioned the identified sanctuary locations but supported the thesis of a Midianite league. George Mendenhall suggests that the Midianites were a non-Semitic confederate group,[10] and William Dumbrell maintains the same:

We believe that Haupt's proposal is to be adopted, and that Midian, rather than depicting a land, is a general term for an amorphous league of the Late Bronze Age, of wide geographical range, who, after a series of reverses, the most prominent of which are recorded in Judges 6–7, largely disappeared from the historical scene...[11]

Otherwise, the land of Midian roughly corresponds to what is now the region of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia.[12]

Metallurgy

[edit]

The area of Timna valley contains large deposits of copper that had been mined from the prehistoric times onward. Copper was mined here by the Egyptians during the reign of Pharaoh Seti I at the end of the 14th century BCE.[13]

Religion

[edit] See also: Kenite hypothesis

It is uncertain which deities the Midianites worshipped. Given their apparent religio-political connection with the Moabites[14] they are thought to have worshipped a multitude, including Baal-peor and Ashteroth. According to Karel van der Toorn, "[b]y the 14th century BC, groups of Edomites and Midianites worshipped Yahweh as their God"; this conclusion relies on identifying the Midianites with the Shasu.[15]

Scholars have noted the Midianite connections to metallurgy at Timna. Large amounts of Midianite ceramic ware has been discovered at these mining sites.[16]

An Egyptian temple of Hathor at Timna (Site 200) was first discovered during Beno Rothenberg's excavations.[17]

"Rothenberg’s excavation of Site 200 revealed a number of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions including those of: Seti I, Ramesses II, Merneptah, Seti II, and Queen Twosret of the Nineteenth Dynasty, as well as Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, and Ramesses V of the Twentieth Dynasty (pp. 163–166)."[18]

The site also continued in use during the Midianite occupation in the area, which is usually dated to terminal Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age.

The Midianites transformed the Hathor mining temple into a desert tent-shrine.[19] In addition to the discovery of post-holes, large quantities of red and yellow decayed cloth with beads woven into it, along with numerous copper rings/wire used to suspend the curtains, were found all along two walls of the shrine.

Beno Rothenberg,[20] the excavator of the site, suggested that the Midianites were making offerings to Hathor, especially since a large number of Midianite votive vessels (25%) were discovered in the shrine. However, whether Hathor or some other deity was the object of devotion during this period is difficult to ascertain.

A small bronze snake with a gilded head was also discovered in the naos of the Timna mining shrine, along with a hoard of metal objects that included a small bronze figurine of a bearded male god, which according to Rothenberg was Midianite in origin. Michael Homan observes that the Midianite tent-shrine at Timna provides one of the closest parallels to the biblical Tabernacle.[21]

In scriptures

[edit]

In the Bible

[edit]

Midian was the son of Abraham.[22] Abraham's great-grandson Joseph, after being thrown into a pit by his brothers, was sold to either Midianites or Ishmaelites.[23]

Moses spent 40 years in self-imposed exile in Midian after killing an Egyptian.[24] There, he married Zipporah, the daughter of Midianite priest Jethro[25] (also known as Reuel). Jethro advised Moses on establishing a system of delegated legal decision-making.[26] Moses asked Hobab, the son of Reuel, to accompany the Israelites travelling towards the Promised Land because of his local knowledge, but Hobab preferred to return to his homeland.[27] A number of scholars have proposed that the biblical description of devouring fire on Mount Sinai refers to an erupting volcano in the land of biblical Midian identified as Hala-'l Badr in northwestern Saudi Arabia.[28]

During the Baal-Peor episode, when Moabite women seduced Israelite men, Zimri, the son of a Simeonite chief, got involved with a Midianite woman called Cozbi. The couple were speared by Phinehas.[29] War against Midian followed. Numbers 31 reports that all but the virgin females were slain and their cities burned to the ground.[30] Some commentators, for example the Pulpit Commentary and Gill's Exposition of the Bible, note that God's command focused on attacking the Midianites and not the Moabites,[31] and similarly Moses in Deuteronomy directed that the Israelites should not harass the Moabites.[32] A modern-day movement, the Phineas Priesthood, has interpreted this story as a prohibition against miscegenation, despite the Midianites being closely related to the Israelites as descendants of Abraham, and Moses being married to a Midianite.[33]

During the time of the Judges, Israel was oppressed by Midian for seven years[34] until Gideon defeated Midian's armies.[35] Isaiah speaks of camels from Midian and Ephah coming to "cover your land", along with the gold and frankincense from Sheba.[36] This passage, taken by the Gospel of Matthew as a foreshadowing of the Magi's gifts to the infant Jesus, has been incorporated into the Christmas liturgy.[citation needed]

In the Quran

[edit] See also: Moses in Islam and Shuaib

The people of Midian are mentioned extensively in the Quran. The word 'Madyan' appears 10 times in it. The people are also called ʾaṣḥabu l-ʾaykah (Arabic: أَصْحَابُ ٱلْأَيْكَة, lit. 'Companions of the Wood').[37][38][39][40] The lands of Midian are mentioned in sura Al-Qasas (The Stories), verses 20–28, of the Quran as the place where Musa (Moses) escaped upon learning of the chiefs conspiring to kill him.[41]

Surah 9 (Al-Tawbah), verse 70 says "Has not the story reached them of those before them? – The people of Nūḥ (Noah), ʿĀd and Thamud, the people of Ibrahim (Abraham), the dwellers [literally, comrades] of Madyan (Midian) and the cities overthrown [i.e. the people to whom Lūṭ (Lot) preached], to them came their Messengers with clear proofs. So it was not Allah who wronged them, but they used to wrong themselves."[42]

In Surah 7 (Al-ʾAʿrāf), Madyan is mentioned as one of several peoples who were warned by prophets to repent lest judgment fall on them. The story of Madyan is the last, coming after that of Lot preaching to his people (referring to the destruction of the Cities of the Plain). Madyan was warned by the prophet Shuʿaib to repent of practicing polytheism, using false weights and measures and lying in wait along the road. But they rejected Shuʿaib, and consequently were destroyed by a tremor (rajfa, v. 91). Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his commentary (1934) writes, "The fate of the Madyan people is described in the same terms as that of the Thamūd in verse 78 above. An earthquake seized them by night, and they were buried in their own homes, no longer to vex Allah's earth. But a supplementary detail is mentioned in [Quran] 26:189, 'the punishment of a day of overshadowing gloom,' which may be understood to mean a shower of ashes and cinders accompanying a volcanic eruption. Thus a day of terror drove them into their homes, and the earthquake finished them."[43] Excavations at the oasis of Al-Bad', identified as the city of Midian mentioned in classical and Islamic sources, have uncovered evidence of an occupation spanning from the 4th millennium BC.[44][45]

Pottery

[edit]

Midianite pottery, also called Qurayyah Painted Ware (QPW), is found at numerous sites stretching from the southern Levant to NW Saudi Arabia, the Hejaz; Qurayyah in NW Saudi Arabia is thought to be its original location of manufacture.[46] The pottery is bichrome / polychrome style and it dates as early as the 13th century BC; its many geometric, human, and animal motifs are painted in browns and dark reds on a pinkish-tan slip. "Midianite" pottery is found in its largest quantities at metallurgical sites in the southern Levant, especially Timna.[47] Because of the Mycenaean motifs on Midianite pottery, some scholars including George Mendenhall,[48] Peter Parr,[49] and Beno Rothenberg[50] have suggested that the Midianites were originally Sea Peoples who migrated from the Aegean region and imposed themselves on a pre-existing Semitic stratum. The question of the origin of the Midianites still remains open.[citation needed]

Midian Mountains

[edit] See also: Geography of Saudi Arabia, Geology of Saudi Arabia, List of mountains in Saudi Arabia, Geography of Jordan, and Geology of Jordan

Midian Mountains
Jabal Ḥubaysh (Arabic: جَبَل حُبَيْش)
Naming
Native name	جِبَال مَدْيَن (Arabic)
Geography
Midian MountainsShow map of Saudi ArabiaMidian MountainsShow map of Middle EastMidian MountainsShow map of Asia
Countries	Saudi Arabia  Jordan
Region(s)	Tabuk (KSA) 'Aqabah (Jordan) Middle East
Range coordinates	28°18′N 35°36′E / 28.3°N 35.6°E / 28.3; 35.6

The Midian Mountains (Arabic: جِبَال مَدْيَن, romanized: Jibāl Madyan) are a mountain range in northwestern Saudi Arabia. They are considered to be either contiguous with the Hijaz Mountains to the south,[51] or a part of them.[52] The Hijaz are treated as part of the Sarawat range, sensu lato.[53][54]

• Haql on the coast of the Gulf of Aqaba between the Syrian region and Arabian and Sinai Peninsulas, with the mountains in the background
• 1908 image of a mountain associated with Muhammad and Lawrence of Arabia, 40 miles (64 km) from Tabuk
• 

See also

[edit]

• ʿĀd
• Balak
• Al-Bad'
• Ishmaelites
• History of ancient Israel and Judah
• The Bible and history
• Midian war
• Abarim, Jordanian mountains to the north
• Biblical Mount Sinai

Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also Μαδιανίτης for "Midianite".

References

[edit]

1. ^ "Genesis 25:1–2". Bible Gateway. King James Version.
2. ^ Dever, W. G. (2006), Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., p. 34, ISBN 978-0-8028-4416-3
3. ^ Graf 2016, p. 428.
4. ^ Luciani, Marta (November–December 2023). "Archaeology in the Land of Midian: Excavating the Qurayyah Oasis". Biblical Archaeology Review. 49 (4).
5. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 472. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
6. ^ Robin, Christian; Al-Ghabban, Ali (2017). "Une première mention de Madyan dans un texte épigraphique d'Arabie". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 161 (1): 363–396. doi:10.3406/crai.2017.96407. S2CID 246891828.
7. ^ William J. Dumbrell, Midian: A Land or a League?, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 25, Fasc. 2, No. 2a. Jubilee Number (May, 1975), pp. 323–37
8. ^ Bromiley Geoffrey W. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1996. ISBN 978-0-8028-3783-7. p. 350.
9. ^ Haupt, Paul (1909). "Midian und Sinai" [Midian and Sinai]. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German). 63: 56. Archived from the original on 2015-12-17. Retrieved 1 August 2015; quoted in Dumbrell
10. ^ "The Incident at Beth Baal Peor", The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition, 1973
11. ^ William J. Dumbrell, Midian: A Land or a League?, Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 25, Fasc. 2, No. 2a. Jubilee Number (May, 1975), p. 32.
12. ^ Edwards, Grace (2023-12-19). "6: Tabuk and Medina Provinces". Saudi Arabia. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 188–246. ISBN 978-1-7847-7933-7.
13. ^ Jacob Edward Dunn 2015, ‘A Land Whose Stones Are Iron And From Whose Hills You May Mine Copper’: Metallurgy, Pottery, And The Midianite-Qenite Hypothesis. Thesis, University of Georgia. 129 pages
14. ^ Numbers 22:4, 7
15. ^ Toorn, Karel van der. Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit, and Israel: Continuity and Change in the Forms of Religious Life. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 283.
16. ^ Rothenberg, Beno. The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies London: Thames and Hudson, 1988
17. ^ Rothenberg, Beno (1972). Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. London: Thames and Hudson.
18. ^ Jacob Edward Dunn 2015, 'A Land Whose Stones Are Iron And From Whose Hills You May Mine Copper': Metallurgy, Pottery, And The Midianite-Qenite Hypothesis. Thesis, University of Georgia. 129 pages. Note 200, page 54
19. ^ Avner, Uzi (2014). "Egyptian Timna – Reconsidered". In Tebes, Juan Manuel (ed.). Unearthing the Wilderness: Studies on the History and Archaeology of the Negev and Edom in the Iron Age. Peeters. pp. 103–162. ISBN 978-90-429-2973-9.
20. ^ Rothenberg, Beno (1972). Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. London: Thames and Hudson.
21. ^ Homan, Michael M. (2002). "To Your Tents, O Israel!: The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of the Tents in the Bible and the Ancient Near East". Culture and History of the Ancient Near East. 12. Brill Publishers: 118.
22. ^ Genesis 25:1–2
23. ^ Genesis 37:28
24. ^ Exodus 2:11–15
25. ^ Exodus 2:21
26. ^ Exodus 18
27. ^ Numbers 10:29–31
28. ^ Dunn, Jacob E. (2014). "A God of Volcanoes: Did Yahwism Take Root in Volcanic Ashes?". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 38 (4): 387–424. doi:10.1177/0309089214536484. ISSN 0309-0892.
29. ^ Numbers 25:6–8, 14–15
30. ^ Numbers 25:17 and Numbers 31
31. ^ "Pulpit Commentary and Gill's Exposition of the Bible". BibleHub. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
32. ^ Deuteronomy 2:9
33. ^ "Phineas Priesthood". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2025-05-22. Retrieved 2025-09-15.
34. ^ Judges 6:1–6
35. ^ Judges 6:7–9
36. ^ Isaiah 60:6
37. ^ Quran 15:78-79
38. ^ Quran 26:176-189
39. ^ Quran 38:13-15
40. ^ Quran 50:12-14
41. ^ "Surah Al-Qasas - 20-28". The Noble Quran. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
42. ^ "Muhammad Taqi-Ud-Din al-Halali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan's Translation". July 2009. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023.
43. ^ Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Quran – English Translation of the Meaning and Commentary. King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
44. ^ Charloux, Guillaume; Ahmed Sahlah, Samer; Badaiwi, Waleed Ali (January 2021). "Madian revealed? Assessing the history and archaeology of the oasis of al-Badʿ in northwestern Arabia". Semitica et Classica. 14: 97–141. doi:10.1484/j.sec.5.129522. ISSN 2031-5937.
45. ^ "Al-Badʿ - Archéologie - culture.fr". archeologie.culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
46. ^ B. Rothenberg and J.Glass, "The Midianite Pottery," in Midian, Moab, and Edom: The History and Archaeology of the Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia, JSOT Supplement Series 24, ed. John F.A. Sawyer and David J.A. Clines (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1983), pp. 65–124.
47. ^ Tebes, "Pottery Makers and Premodern Exchange in the Fringes of Egypt: An Approximation to the Distribution of Iron Age Midianite Pottery," Buried History 43 (2007), pp. 11–26.
48. ^ George Mendenhall, "Qurayya and the Midianites," in Studies in the History of Arabia, Vol. 3, ed. A. R. Al-Ansary (Riyadh: King Saud University), pp. 137–45
49. ^ Peter J. Parr, "Further Reflections on Late Second Millennium Settlement in North West Arabia," in Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology, ed. J. D. Seger (Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1996), pp. 213–18.
50. ^ Rothenberg, "Egyptian Chariots, Midianites from Hijaz/ Midian (Northwest Arabia) and Amalekites from the Negev in the Timna Mines: Rock drawings in the Ancient Copper Mines of the Arabah – new aspects of the region's history II," Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, newsletter no. 23 (2003), p. 12.
51. ^ Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Fisher, Martin (2013-04-17). "4". Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 71–94. ISBN 978-9-4017-3637-4.
52. ^ Scoville, Sheila A. (2006). "3". Gazetteer of Arabia: a geographical and tribal history of the Arabian Peninsula. Vol. 2. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 288. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0.
53. ^ Mandal, Ram Bahadur (1990). "VI: A Regional Geography". Patterns of Regional Geography: World regions. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company. p. 354. ISBN 8-1702-2292-3.
54. ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). "1: The Holiest Cities of Islam". Mecca the Blessed, Medina the Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-1365-7.

Bibliography

[edit]

• Clines, David and John Sawyer, eds. "Midian, Moab and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series, No. 24. Sheffield Academic Press, 1983.
• Graf, David F. (2016). "Arabia and the Arabians". In Arnold, Bill T.; Strawn, Brent A. (eds.). The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East. Baker Academic. pp. 417–466. ISBN 978-1-4934-0574-9.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Midian and Midianites". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midian.

• Archaeology of Timna
• Another Timna archaeology site
• Richard Burton's account of his travels in "The Land of Midian"
• Spring of Harod – Ma'ayan Harod
• Midianite Pottery: The designer import of the ancient world
• جبال مدين (Arabic Wiki)

v t e Hills and mountains on the Arabian Peninsula
Oman Hajar range[a] Central Hajar Jebel Akhdar[b] Jebel Shams (H)[c] Eastern Hajar Jabal Aswad Jabal Bani Jabar Western Hajar[d] Jebel Akhdar Jebel Ghawil Jebel Shams (H, HP) Ru'us al-Jibal[e] Jabal Al Harim Jebel Qihwi Dhofar range Jebel Qamar Jebel Qarah Jabal Samhan  Saudi Arabia List of mountains in Saudi Arabia List of volcanoes in Saudi Arabia Jabal Al-Qarah Sarat range[f] Jabal Al-Oraif[g] 'Asir range[h] Harrat al Birk (LF) Jabal Ad-Dhoor Jabal Al-Hadab Jabal Al-Majaz Jabal Al-Qo'mah Jabal As-Sahla' Jebal As-Seqaa Jabal Atherb Jabal Khalaqah Jabal Lawa's Jabal Mana' Jabal Maomah Jabal Mareer Jabal Masher Jabal Moushref Jabal Nahran Jabal Natfa' Jabal 'Okran Jabal Sawdah Jabal Yar (VF) Jabal Warrab Sh'af A'l Nassir Sh'af Bayhan Al-Bahah Jabal Shada [ar] Jizan Fifa Mountains Jebel Al-Qeher [ar] Najran Jabal Abu Hamdan Jabal Raum Hijaz range[i] Harrat Khaybar (VF) Harrat Kishb (LF) Al Wahbah crater (VC) Harrat Lunayyir Harrat Rahat (LF) Jabal Abu Qubays Jabal al-Nour Jabal 'Arafat Jabal Daka Jabal Hada Jabal Sela Jabal Thawr Jabal Uhud Jabal Werqan Safa and Marwa Jabal e-Malaika Midian range Harrat al-Sham (VF) Jabal Al-Amud? (VF) Jabal Al-Lawz Jabal Al-Qalom Jabal an Nukhaylah Jabal Hubaysh (Tabuk Region) Jabal Maqla Jabal `Umayyid Jabal Umm Hayfā' Mountains of Adh-Dhahr Shammar range Salma range Jabal Shammar Aja range Jabal Aja Shammar Mountains Tuwayr range Jabal Tuwaiq?  United Arab Emirates List of mountains in the United Arab Emirates Western Hajar[j] Ru'us al-Jibal[k] Jebel Jais (H)[l] Jabal Ar-Rahrah Jabal Rahabah Jabal Qada'ah Jebel Yibir (HP)[m] Shumayliyyah range[n] Jebel Al-Heben Outliers, outcrops or anticlines Jebel Buhais (AC, OC) Jebel Faya (AC, OC) Jebel Hafeet[o] (OL)  Yemen List of volcanoes in Yemen Hadhramaut range Jabal Ar-Rays? Jabal Husn Ghuraf Jebel Shaqb? Sarat range[p] Harra of Arhab (VF) Harras of Dhamar (VF) Harra es-Sawad (VF) Jabal Hubaysh (Ibb Governorate) Jabal Kanin Jabal Nuqm Jabal Sabir Jabal Tiyal Haraz range Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb (H, HP)[q]
Note: Mountains are sorted in alphabetical order, unless where it concerns ranges. The highest confirmed mountains in each country are indicated with 'HP', and those with the highest peak are indicated with 'HP', bearing in mind that in the UAE, the highest mountain and the mountain with the highest peak are different. Outcrops are indicated with 'OC', and outliers with 'OL', and anticlines with 'AC'. Volcanoes are indicated with 'V', volcanic craters with 'VC', lava fields with 'LF', and volcanic fields with 'VF'. Other notes: ^ Shared with the UAE ^ Also regarded as being of the Western Hajar ^ Also regarded as being of the Western Hajar ^ Shared with the UAE ^ Shared with the UAE ^ Sensu lato, shared with Yemen ^ Shared with Yemen ^ Sensu lato ^ Sensu lato ^ Shared with Oman ^ Shared with Oman ^ Highest mountain in the UAE, but the peak is in Oman ^ Due to the peak of Jebel Jais being in Oman, this mountain has the highest confirmed peak in the UAE ^ Shared with Oman ^ Shared with Oman ^ Shared with Saudi Arabia ^ Highest confirmed peak in the Arabian Peninsula

v t e People and things in the Quran
Characters Non-humans Allāh ('The God') Names of Allah found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous) Animals Related The baqara (cow) of Israelites The dhiʾb (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians Ḥimār (Domesticated donkey) The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave The namlah (female ant) of Solomon The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah The nāqat (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ Non-related ʿAnkabūt (Female spider) Dābbat al-Arḍ (Beast of the Earth) Ḥimār (Wild ass) Naḥl (Honey bee) Qaswarah ('Lion', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter') Malāʾikah (Angels) Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Bearers of the Throne Harut and Marut Jundallah Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) Raqib Atid Muqarrabun Jibrīl (Gabriel, chief) Ar-Rūḥ ('The Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit') Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The Holy Spirit') Angel of the Trumpet (Isrāfīl or Raphael) Malakul-Mawt (Angel of Death, Azrael) Mīkāil (Michael) Jinn (Genies) Jann ʿIfrīt Sakhr (Asmodeus) Qarīn Shayāṭīn (Demons) Iblīs ash-Shayṭān (the (chief) Devil) Mārid ('Rebellious one') Others Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Prophets Mentioned Ādam (Adam) Al-Yasaʿ (Elisha) Ayyūb (Job) Dāwūd (David) Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?) Hārūn (Aaron) Hūd (Eber?) Idrīs (Enoch?) Ilyās (Elijah) ʿImrān (Joachim the father of Maryam) Isḥāq (Isaac) Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) Dhabih Ullah Lūṭ (Lot) Ṣāliḥ Shuʿayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah) Yaʿqūb (Jacob) Isrāʾīl (Israel) Yūnus (Jonah) Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the Fish (or Whale)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)') Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale') Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob) Zakariyyā (Zechariah) Ulul-ʿAzm('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will') Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā (Jesus) Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah) Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary) Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God) Nūḥ (Noah) Debatable ones ʿUzair (Ezra?) Dhūl-Qarnain Luqmān Maryam (Mary) Ṭālūt (Saul or Gideon?) Implied Irmiyā (Jeremiah) Ṣamūʾīl (Samuel) Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses) People of Prophets Good ones Adam's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya-Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman's son People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael's mother Isaac's mother People of Jesus Disciples (including Peter) Mary's mother Zechariah's wife People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd (Muhammad's adopted son) People of Joseph Brothers (including Binyāmin (Benjamin) and Simeon) Egyptians ʿAzīz (Potiphar, Qatafir or Qittin) Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd)) Wife of ʿAzīz (Zulaykhah) Mother People of Aaron and Moses Egyptians Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura) Imraʾat Firʿawn (Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim the Wife of Pharaoh, who adopted Moses) Magicians of the Pharaoh Wise, pious man Moses' wife Moses' sister-in-law Mother Sister Evil ones Āzar (possibly Terah) Firʿawn (Pharaoh of Moses' time) Hāmān Jālūt (Goliath) Qārūn (Korah, cousin of Moses) As-Sāmirī Abū Lahab Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr) Implied ornot specified Abraha Abu Bakr Bal'am/Balaam Barṣīṣā Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al-Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the Sabbath) Jesus' apostles Ḥawāriyyūn (Disciples of Jesus) Companions of Noah's Ark Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim? Companions of the Elephant People of al-Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah) Nation of Noah Tribes, ethnicitiesor families ‘Ajam Ar-Rūm (literally 'The Romans') Banī Isrāʾīl (Children of Israel) Muʾtafikāt (Sodom and Gomorrah) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan) Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood') Qawm Yūnus (People of Jonah) Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad) Anṣār (literally 'Helpers') Muhajirun (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina) People of Mecca Wife of Abu Lahab Children of Ayyub Sons of Adam Wife of Nuh Wife of Lut Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj (Gog and Magog) Son of Nuh Aʿrāb (Arabs or Bedouins) ʿĀd (people of Hud) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of Tubba) People of Sabaʾ or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd (people of Ṣāliḥ) Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the Stoneland') Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household') Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Lot's daughters Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Muhammad's wives Household of Salih Implicitlymentioned Amalek Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus and Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al-Dhimmah Kāfirūn disbelievers Majūs Zoroastrians Munāfiqūn (Hypocrites) Muslims Believers Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil) Ruhban (Christian monks) Qissis (Christian priest) Yahūd (Jews) Ahbār (Jewish scholars) Rabbani/Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations Mentioned Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ('The Holy Land') 'Blessed' Land' Al-Jannah (Paradise, literally 'The Garden') Jahannam (Hell) Door of Hittah Madyan (Midian) Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn Miṣr (Mainland Egypt) Salsabīl (A river in Paradise) In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan) Al-Aḥqāf ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (Iram of the Pillars) Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib) ʿArafāt and Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām (Muzdalifah) Al-Ḥijr (Hegra) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah (Mecca) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure') Kaʿbah (Kaaba) Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham) Safa and Marwa Sabaʾ (Sheba) ʿArim Sabaʾ (Dam of Sheba) Rass Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa) Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai) Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah ('The Blessed Place') Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor In Mesopotamia Al-Jūdiyy Munzalanm-Mubārakan ('Place-of-Landing Blessed') Bābil (Babylon) Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of Jonah,' that is Nineveh) Religious locations Bayʿa (Church) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid (Mosque, literally 'Place of Prostration') Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām ('The Sacred Grove') Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration') Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca) Masjid al-Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: Masjid Qubāʾ (Quba Mosque) The Prophet's Mosque Salat (Synagogue) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Al-Ḥijāz (literally 'The Barrier') Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad (Black Stone) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira Ghār ath-Thawr (Cave of the Bull) Hudaybiyyah Ta'if Ayla Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an-Nadwa Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad
Events, incidents, occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al-Qadr (Night of Decree) Event of Mubahala Sayl al-ʿArim (Flood of the Great Dam of Ma'rib in Sheba) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles ormilitary expeditions Battle of al-Aḥzāb ('the Confederates') Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Uhud Expedition of Tabuk Conquest of Mecca Days Al-Jumuʿah (The Friday) As-Sabt (The Sabbath or Saturday) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of theIslamic calendar 12 months: Four holy months Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred or Forbidden Month) Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al-Ḥajj (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage) Al-ʿUmrah (The Lesser Pilgrimage) Times for prayeror remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ('Invocation'), Ṣalāh and Dhikr ('Remembrance', including Taḥmīd ('Praising'), Takbīr and Tasbīḥ): Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night) Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') Al-Bukrah ('The Morning') Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning') Al-Layl ('The Night') Al-ʿIshāʾ ('The Late-Night') Aẓ-Ẓuhr ('The Noon') Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') Al-Masāʾ ('The Evening') Qabl al-Ghurūb ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon') Al-ʿAṣr ('The Afternoon') Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') Al-Fajr ('The Dawn') Implied Ghadir Khumm Laylat al-Mabit First Pilgrimage
Other Holy books Al-Injīl (The Gospel of Jesus) Al-Qurʾān (The Book of Muhammad) Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm (Scroll(s) of Abraham) At-Tawrāt (The Torah) Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā (Scroll(s) of Moses) Tablets of Stone Az-Zabūr (The Psalms of David) Umm al-Kitāb ('Mother of the Book(s)') Objects of peopleor beings Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles Noah's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as-Sakīnah (Casket of Shekhinah) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols(cult images) 'Ansāb Jibt and Ṭāghūt (False god) Of Israelites Baʿal The ʿijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites Of Noah's people Nasr Suwāʿ Wadd Yaghūth Yaʿūq Of Quraysh Al-Lāt Al-ʿUzzā Manāt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): Al-Qamar (The Moon) Kawākib (Planets) Al-Arḍ (The Earth) Nujūm (Stars) Ash-Shams (The Sun) Plant matter Baṣal (Onion) Fūm (Garlic or wheat) Shaṭʾ (Shoot) Sūq (Plant stem) Zarʿ (Seed) Fruits ʿAdas (Lentil) Baql (Herb) Qith-thāʾ (Cucumber) Rummān (Pomegranate) Tīn (Fig) Zaytūn (Olive) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes, treesor plants Plants of Sheba Athl (Tamarisk) Sidr (Lote-tree) Līnah (Tender Palm tree) Nakhl (Date palm) Sidrat al-Muntahā Zaqqūm Liquids Māʾ (Water or fluid) Nahr (River) Yamm (River or sea) Sharāb (Drink)
Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)

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