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Daily Sun: 03 Jan 26

Spotless Days Current Stretch: 0 days 2025 total: 0 days (0%) 2024 total: 0 days (0%) 2023 total: 0 days (0%) 2022 total: 1 day (<1%) 2021 total: 64 days (18%) 2020 total: 208 days (57%) 2019 total: 281 days (77%) 2018 total: 221 days (61%) 2017 total: 104 days (28%) 2016 total: 32 days (9%) 2015 total: 0 days (0%) 2014 total: 1 day (<1%) 2013 total: 0 days (0%) 2012 total: 0 days (0%) 2011 total: 2 days (<1%) 2010 total: 51 days (14%) 2009 total: 260 days (71%) 2008 total: 268 days (73%) 2007 total: 152 days (42%) 2006 total: 70 days (19%) Updated 03 Jan 2026Thermosphere Climate Index today: 22.09x1010 W Warm Max: 49.4x1010 W Hot (10/1957) Min: 2.05x1010 W Cold (02/2009) explanation | more data: gfx, txt Updated 02 Jan 2026

The Radio Sun 10.7 cm flux: 166 sfu explanation | more data Updated 03 Jan 2026

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is near its peak, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays. Oulu Neutron Counts Percentages of the Space Age average: today: -8.4% Low 48-hr change: -1.1% Max: +11.7% Very High (12/2009) Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991) explanation |more data Updated 02 Jan 2026 @ 0700 UT

SPACE WEATHER NOAA Forecasts

This is an AI Free Zone: Text created by Large Language Models is spreading across the Internet. It's well-written, but frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

GEOMAGNETIC STORM FORECAST (UPDATED): Geomagnetic storms are possible on Jan. 3-4 when a pair of CMEs is expected to hit Earth's magnetic field. CME #1 was launched by a powerful M7-flare on Dec. 31st. CME #2 followed on Jan. 1st, propelled by a weaker but better aimed C6-flare. Their combined impact could cause G2-class geomagnetic storms. The only bad news: Aurora visibility will be reduced by glare from the full Wolf Moon. CME impact alerts: SMS Text

NIGHT OF THE FULL WOLF MOON: This photo looks like it was taken in broad daylight. In fact, it's 100% full Wolf moonlight:

"I did not need my headlamp," says Dr. Tony Phillips, a space weather forecaster who moonlights as a backcountry dogsledder. After sunset on Jan. 2nd, he took a team of three Alaskan huskies into the mountains near Lake Sabrina, California. The waxing full Moon flooded the landscape with so much light, a 2-second cell phone exposure turned night into day.

According to folklore, this weekend's full Moon is the Wolf Moon. It is brighter than normal for three reasons:

1. The Moon is near perigee (closest approach to Earth), making it appear up to ~7% larger and ~15% brighter than average.

2. The Earth-Moon system is near perihelion (closest approach to the sun), brightening the Moon another 3%.

3. Fresh snow reflects as much as 90% of incoming moonlight, making the night feel more like twilight.

"We're going out again on Jan. 3rd," says Phillips. Why? "Because the Moon and Jupiter will be in conjunction," he explains. "We saw them converging on Jan. 2nd, and the view tonight will be even better."

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

IRON HEART VALENTINE'S GIFT: Valentine’s Day is coming. Do you have a truly far-out gift? The Iron Heart Valentine’s Swing celebrates a love that is strong, steady, and enduring. On Nov. 13, 2025, it flew to the edge of space, floating 100,895 feet above the Sierra Nevada Mountains of central California:

You can have it for $159.95. The gift-boxed swing includes a unique keepsake card featuring the Iron Heart at the top of Earth's atmosphere. Inside, the card tells the story of the flight and certifies that this swing has been to the edge of space.

Earth to Sky Valentine's gifts have flown above 99.7% of Earth's atmosphere, experiencing space-like blasts of cosmic rays, extreme cold, and a wild ride parachuting back to Earth after the balloon explodes. Even Amazon doesn't carry items this far out. And, best of all, all sales support student science projects and STEM education.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store All sales support hands-on STEM education

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

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On Jan. 02 2026, the network reported 2 fireballs. (2 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is sharply decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center

Atmospheric Optics

Solar Dynamics Observatory

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SolarMonitor.org

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