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(1940–94). Nobody who knew Wilma Rudolph during her childhood ever would have guessed that she would grow up to be a track and field superstar. A series of illnesses early in life left Rudolph without the use of one leg. Only constant exercise and care enabled her finally to walk when she was eight years old. She went on, however, to excel at sports in high school and college. In 1960 Rudolph became the first American woman to win three track-and-field gold medals at a single Olympics.

Wilma Glodean Rudolph was born prematurely on June 23, 1940, in St. Bethlehem, Tennessee. She was the 20th of 22 children her father had between two marriages. She spent most of her childhood in bed—suffering from pneumonia, scarlet fever, and polio. Because of her illnesses, her left leg was paralyzed. She hated the metal leg braces she needed to wear and longed to move about like other kids. With her family’s help in massaging her leg and driving her to physical therapy, Rudolph traded her braces for special shoes. She was later able to get rid of those, too.

During high school Rudolph became a star basketball player and runner. At the age of 14, she attracted the attention of a track coach from Tennessee State University, at Nashville. She worked with him during summers to improve her sprinting skills. She later attended the university, graduating in 1963.

At the age of 16, Rudolph traveled to Melbourne, Australia, for the 1956 Summer Olympics. She won a bronze medal as a member of the 4 x 100-meter relay team. Rudolph was the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) 100-yard-dash champion from 1959 to 1962. In 1960, before the Olympic Games at Rome, she set a world record of 22.9 seconds for the 200-meter race.

In the 1960 Games themselves Rudolph won three gold medals. One was in the 100-meter dash. In the semifinals for that event, she tied the world record of 11.3 seconds. She won another gold medal in the 200-meter dash, running the opening heat in 23.2 seconds to break the Olympic record. Rudolph won a third gold in the 4 x 100-meter relay. She anchored the relay team to a new world record of 44.4 seconds in a semifinal race. The AAU presented Rudolph with its Sullivan Award in 1961 as the year’s outstanding amateur athlete.

Feeling that she might not be able to achieve the same level of success, Rudolph chose not to participate in the 1964 Olympics. After retiring as a runner, she taught, coached, gave motivational speeches, and became a mother. She worked on Operation Champion to provide children and teenagers in inner-city areas with sports training from star athletes. She also founded the Wilma Rudolph Foundation to promote amateur athletics and to encourage children to overcome obstacles.

Rudolph was named to the National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1974. She was elected to the International Sports Hall of Fame in 1980 and the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1983. Her autobiography, Wilma, was published in 1977 and was made into a television movie that same year. Rudolph died from brain cancer on November 12, 1994, in Brentwood, Tennessee.

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