Cách Dùng Giới Từ Tiếng Anh – Giới Từ địa điểm Phương Hướng

Giới từ là một phần quan trọng của tiếng anh, dùng để liên kết các thành phần trong câu. Trong văn nói bạn có thể dùng sai giới từ người khác vẫn có thể hiểu ý bạn, nhưng trong văn viết, đặc biệt là academic writing, việc dùng đúng giới từ là bắt buộc. Phần dưới đây hướng dẫn các bạn cách dùng giới từ chỉ địa điểm (dùng để mô tả vị trí) và phương hướng (chỉ hướng của hành động, gắn liền với động từ). Cách dùng giới từ chỉ thời gian sẽ được đề cập trong bài viết sau. Bạn có thể dễ dàng hiểu nghĩa mỗi giới từ địa điểm bằng tranh minh họa dưới đây, tuy nhiên luôn có những trường hợp cá biệt hoặc khác biệt giữa ANH Anh và Anh Mỹ nên bạn hãy đọc kĩ phần ví dụ câu dùng giới từ phía dưới nhé. Khi đọc các ví dụ bạn nên hình dung luôn trong đầu vị trí không gian được đề cập đến, đó là cách học bằng hình ảnh và não bộ ghi nhớ ngôn ngữ tốt hơn nếu liên kết tới hình ảnh minh họa.

Giới từ địa điểm phương hướng

1. Giới từ chỉ địa điểm, phương hướng

at, in, on

AT: tại một chỗ, địa điểm chính xác, cố định hoặc một sự kiện

AT : He is at the airport; at the train station; at the bank; at the office; at work; at home; at school; at the university; at the tennis club. She is at the doctor’s; at the dentist’s; at her sister’s.

AT: She works at a bank; at a library; at a hospital; at a newspaper; at a plant; at IBM. We ate at a restaurant; at McDonald’s. She stayed at a small hotel. He studied economics at a business school; at a technical school.

AT: Turn left at the traffic lights; at the bank; at the school; at the church. He is standing at the bus stop; at the corner of the street; at the door; at the window. She is sitting at her desk; at the table.

AT: It is at the top of the page; at the top of the list; at the bottom of the page; at the end of the list; at the beginning of the book; at the end of the chapter; at the end of the street; at the top of the mountain; at the bottom of the sea; at sea level; at a height of 25 meters; at a distance of 200 meters. She lives at 15 Main Street.

AT : They are at a concert; at a party; at a meeting; at a conference; at a football game; at the movies; at the cinema; at the theater; at the opera; at dinner; at lunch.

IN: trong một không gian được bao bọc nhất định, có thể kín hoặc không kín

IN: The key is in this box; in your bag; in my pocket; in her hand; in the desk drawer; in the living room; in the corner of the room; in the kitchen; in the hall; in the closet; in the car. There are four rooms in his house. There is no elevator in this building. It was very cold in her apartment; in the office; in the theater.

IN: He is sitting in an armchair; in a rocking chair; in a wheelchair. They walked in the park; played in the garden. We saw flowers in the field; clouds in the sky; balloons in the air; birds in the trees; animals in the woods; fish in the river.

IN: He is in the army; in bed; in class; in prison / in jail. American English: to be in the hospital. British English: to be in hospital.

IN: She lives in a large house; in a small apartment; in a large city; in the center of the city; in a small town; in the country; in a village; in Paris; in London; in England; in the United States; in the North; in the South. What is the largest country in the world?

IN: I read it in a book; in a dictionary; in a newspaper. I saw it in a film; in a movie; in a dream. I know the man in this photograph. I like the landscape in this picture. She looked at herself in the mirror.

IN: The house is in the center of the picture, with the forest in the background and the mountains in the distance. He is sitting in the sixth row. Please stand in line.

IN: There is a hole in your coat; a pain in my foot. There were tears in her eyes; strange thoughts in his head.

ON: bên trên bề mặt cái gì đó

ON: The book is on the table; on the shelf; on the windowsill; on the floor. The picture is on the wall. Read the text on page 5. She is sitting on the sofa; on the bed; on a chair; on a bench; on a stool. He walked on crutches for a month.

ON: There is a smile on his face; a hat on his head; black shoes on his feet; a shawl on her shoulders; a stain on your coat; ice on the water; snow on the roof. Fruit grows on trees. Money doesn’t grow on trees.

ON: We spent our vacation on a small island in the Caribbean Sea. London is on the Thames River. Our house is on the left; on the right; on the corner of the street. Her apartment is on the third floor. She lives on Green Street.

ON: They are on the train to Bern; on the plane to Rome. Who is that boy on a bicycle? She got on the bus on Oak Street.

ON: I saw it on TV. I heard it on the radio. I spoke to her on the telephone. I found it on the Internet.

Note: đôi khi chúng ta có thể sử dụng cả 2 giới từ đều đúng

AT/IN: She works at a bank / in a bank. He works at a library / in a library. I ate at a restaurant / in a restaurant.

AT/ON: She will wait for us at the corner of the street / on the corner of the street.

IN/ON: There are a lot of people in the streets / on the streets. AmE: She lives on Main Street. BrE: She lives in Main Street.

Inside/ outside: trong/ ngoài một không gian kín

INSIDE : What is inside this box? Are there any people inside the house? Stand inside the circle, please.

OUTSIDE : He left his dog outside the house. There was some sound outside the door.

by, beside, near, next to: gần, sát cạnh// against: cũng là sát cạnh nhưng có chiều hướng đối lập, tương phản lại

BY: She is standing by the window; by the door; by the car; by the table. She sat by his bed. Let’s take a walk by the river.

BY: They went by the post office; by the bank; by the church. He went by me without saying hello.

BESIDE: Stay beside me. She sat beside his bed. He waited beside the door. Put the napkin beside the plate.

NEAR: He sat near the door; near the window; near the stage. Their house is near the lake; near the river; near a nice park; near the subway station; near the school.

NEXT TO: The post office is next to the bank; next to the drugstore; next to the gas station. Their house is next to our house. She sat next to me on the bus; in the theater; in class.

AGAINST : The table stands against the wall. He placed the ladder against the wall. She leaned against the wall; against the back of her chair. The rain is beating against the window. He threw the ball against the wall.

AGAINST : The red looks darker against the black.

below, under, beneath, above, over: dưới và trên

BELOW : below the horizon; below sea level; below zero; below average; below the norm; below the surface; the rooms below us; the text below. Antonym: above.

UNDER: under the table; under the chair; under the roof; under the sky; under the floor; under the carpet; under the bed; under the pillow; under the blanket; under the bridge; under a tree; under water; under the surface; under the skin; dark circles under her eyes; the ground under his feet. Antonym: over.

ABOVE: above the horizon; above sea level; above zero; above average; the picture above the piano; the rooms above us; the text above; the sky above. Antonym: below.

OVER: the roof over your head; the sky over the city; the clouds over the mountains. Her apartment is directly over mine. The plane flew over our house; over the city; over the fields; over the lake; over the ocean. He jumped over the fence; over the stone. Antonym: under.

in front of, behind, opposite: trước sau, đối diện

IN FRONT OF (trước): The garden is in front of the house. The bus stop is in front of the building. His car is in front of the garage. He stood in line in front of me.

BEHIND (sau): The garden is behind the house. The bus stop is behind that building. The boy hid behind a tree. Stand behind the line, please. He stood behind me.

OPPOSITE  (đối diện): The bank is opposite the post office. My hotel room is opposite yours. He sat opposite me.

to, toward, into, out of: chỉ phương hướng tới hoặc hướng ra ngoài chủ thể

TO: the road to Boston; the flight to London; my trip to Italy; the way to his house; the village is to the north of the city. She went to the store; to the bank; to a restaurant; to the center; to the cinema; to the theater; to the party; to the kitchen; to the door; to the doctor; to the park; to the lake; to the sea; to the mountains. Go to page 5.

TOWARD: He went toward that building; toward the river; toward the station; toward the center.

INTO (thường đi với các động từ chuyển động ) : Come into the room; into the house. Get into the car. He poured some tea into her cup. He got into trouble; into difficulties. Her teddy bear fell into the water. This river flows into a large lake. He went into accounting; into banking. Translate this passage into English; from English into Russian. Snow turned into rain.

OUT OF (rời khỏi, ra khỏi, ra ngoài, thoát khỏi…): to go out of the room; to go out of the building; to run out of the door; to look out of the window; to take a handkerchief out of the pocket; to get out of the car; to get out of the cage.

through, across, around, past: qua, ngang qua, xuyên qua

THROUGH  (xuyên qua): the road through the village; a path through the forest. He went through the park; through the tunnel; through the building. He walked through the door; through the gate. She looked through the hole; through the glass; through the window.

ACROSS (qua, xuyên qua): There is a bridge across the river. He went across the street; across the park; across the bridge. Several fallen trees were lying across the road. The bookstore is across the street. Do you see that yellow bulding across the street?

AROUND (đâu đó xung quanh): Go around this house. There is a large park around his house. He travelled around the world. We took a walk around town. The bus stop is around the corner.

PAST: She walked past him; past the post office; past the bank; past the school.

ALONG (chạy dọc theo): the book shelves along the wall; the trees along the road; to walk along the road; to walk along the street; to walk along the river; to sail along the coast;

Up, down (chuyển động lên/ xuống, chuyển động theo chiều dọc, độ cao)

DOWN: to go down the stairs; to go down the hill; to go down the ladder. Go down this street and turn left. They sailed down the river on a raft.

UP: to go up the stairs; to go up the hill; to climb up the ladder. Go up this street and turn left. The ship sailed up the river.

between, among: 

BETWEEN (giữa 2 cái): The bank is between the post office and the bookstore. The sofa is between the table and the bookcase. Tom is sitting between Lisa and Ella. There is no train between Redford and Bedford.

AMONG (giữa nhiều cái): Your book is probably among the other books on the table. She is among her friends now. Is there a doctor among the guests? They shared the money equally among the members of the family.

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