Quick Reference – ARI-Armaturen GmbH & Co. KG

Quick Reference Temperature - °C or °K Pressure SI unit – Pascal 1 Pa = 1 N/m2, too small a unitCommon unit = Bar1 Bar =105 N/m2= 0.1 MpaAtmospheric Pressure = 1 Bar abs at MSLVacuum = 0 Bar abs Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure = Absolute pressure barg = kg/cm2g Density in kg/m3Specific Volume = 1 / Density in m3/kgSpecific Gravity = Density ratio to water Energy SI unit = 1 Joule = 1 Nm = 4.186 cal Common unit = kilocalorie1 kcal = heat reqd to raise 1 kg water by 1°C1 kcal = 4186.8 JoulesCp = sp. heat capacity in kcal/kg °C Conversions between SI and other unitsmWC = meters water column1 Bar = 10 mWC1 Bar = 14.23 PSI (Lbs/in2)150 psi = 10.54 Kg/cm2g50 psi = 3.5 Kg/cm2g 10 bar g = 11 bar a = 10.2 kg/cm2g = 11.2 kg/cm2a = 145 psig = 1 MPa = 106 N/m2

Whereρ= Density(kg/m3)m = Mass (kg)V= Volume (m3)vg= Specific volume (m3/kg)

Enthalpy of saturated steam

hg = hf + hfg

Where:hg = Total enthalpy or total heat of saturated steam (kJ/kg)hf = Liquid enthalpy (Sensible heat) (kJ/kg)hfg = Enthalpy of evaporation (Latent heat) (kJ/kg) Heat Balance in Process

Primary Q = m x hfg

Where,Primary Q = Quantity of heat energy released (in kcals)m = Mass of steam releasing the heat (in kgs)hfg = Specific enthalpy of evaporation of steam (in kcals/kg)

Secondary Q = m x cp x ΔT

Where,Secondary Q = Quantity of heat energy absorbed (in kcals)m = Mass of the substance absorbing the heat (in kgs)cp = Specific heat capacity of the substance (in kcals / kg °C )ΔT = Temperature rise of the substance (in °C)

Primary Q = Secondary Q

Heat transfer equation: Where:Q = Heat transferred per unit time (kcals/hr)U = Overall heat transfer coefficient (kcals/hr / m²°C)A = Heat transfer area (m²)ΔT = Temperature difference between the primary and secondary fluid (°C) Steam line sizing

Where,D = Line size in mmm = Mass flowrate of steam in kg/hV = Specific volume in m3/kgπ = a constant 3.14c = velocity m/s Calculating Savings:

Boiler Heat Input = Qf x GCV

where,Qf = Quantity of fuel (in kg/hr)GCV (Gross Calorific Value) =Energy contained in fuel in kcal/kg

Boiler Heat Output = Qs x (Hs – Hw)

Where,Qs = Quantity of steam (in kg/hr)Hs = Heat contained in steam (Enthalpy of Saturated steam hg)Hw = Heat already present in the water from which steam is raised

where,Qc = Quantity of condensate (in kg/hr)Hc = Heat contained in condensate (in kcal/kg)Hw = Heat already present in the water at ambient temperature (in kcal/kg)GCV (Gross Calorific Value) =Energy contained in fuel in kcal/kgη = Boiler efficiency ρ = Specific gravity of liquid/gas fuel % Flash steam calculation:

Where,hf1 = Enthalpy of water at the higher pressure kcal/kghf2 = Enthalpy of water at the flashing pressure kcal/kghfg2 = Enthalpy of evaporation at the flash steam pressure

Actual rating of a Boiler

Actual Rating = F&A Rating X 540 / ( hg – hfFW)

where,hg = enthalpy of steam at generation pressurehfFW = Feed water enthalpy Blowdown:

Where,F = Feedwater TDS in ppmB = Boiler water set point in ppmS = Steam generation in kg/hr.