Yamamoto Tân Đầu Châm (YNSA): Phát Triển, Nguyên Tắc, An Toàn ...

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Châm cứu đã và dang phổ biến rộng rãi trên toàn thế giới. Ngoài Thể châm (châm cứu kinh điển), các nhà nghiên cứu vẫn không ngừng “sáng tạo” thêm nhiều phương pháp châm cứu khác nhau. Từ đó, Nhĩ châm, Thủ châm, Diện châm, Tỵ châm… đã dần dần xuất hiện. Tuy nhiên trong não bộ được giới y học quan tâm thì châm cứu cũng hướng theo và môn Đầu châm (1971), Tân đầu châm (1988) ra đời. Tuy ra đời muộn màng vào gần cưới thế kỷ 20 nhưng 2 phương pháp này được quan tâm đặc biệt, có thể do xu hướng nghiên cứu hiện đại và sự phát triển của khoa học kỹ thuật và phương tiện thông tin đại chúng. Ở Việt Nam, Đầu châm đã được giới chăm cứu biết đến và sử dụng nhưng còn môn Tân đầu châm hầu như chưa có sách vỡ, tài liệu nào bằng tiếng Việt được phổ biến. Nghiên cứu về châm cứu mà không đề cập đến Đầu châm và Tân đầu châm thì thật là thiếu sót, vì vậy, chúng tôi tạm giới thiệu cả 2 phương pháp Đầu châm và Tân đầu châm cùng lúc vì cả 2 phương pháp đều liên quan đén các huyệt vị ở vùng đầu.

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Contact book.department@intechopen.com Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected For more information visit www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Effectiveness and Clinical Applications Thomas Schockert Witten/Herdecke Private University Germany Introduction In the nineteen sixties, the Japanese physician and scientist Toshikatsu Yamamoto discovered an independent acupuncture system Dr Yamamoto presented this method, which originally consisted of five points, for the first time at a Japanese Ryodoraku Congress in Japan in 1973 For twelve years, using these highly effective points, which he termed basic points, he successfully treated stroke patients suffering from pain and paralysis Taking second place only to ear acupuncture, YNSA (Yamamoto et al., 2010) is today the most widely and frequently used form of acupuncture and is gaining increasing significance Since 1973, in addition to the basic points, several other points have been discovered namely sensory point, brain points, Y points, extra points, treatment points on the thorax and in the region of the pubic bone, dorsal treatment points and additional peripheral points as well as various diagnostic points Hardly any other acupuncture system can be described as so fertile since Dr Yamamoto is untiring in his search for new methods of treatment, points and somatopes in his daily work In Japan, acupuncture was largely practised by masseurs, which meant that it was not highly regarded in classical medicine nor, in particular, at university medical schools Interest in and receptiveness to acupuncture is gradually increasing, also at some Japanese universities YNSA has been the subject of numerous studies and publications YNSA is also used very successfully in veterinary medicine, for example to treat cats and dogs A number of research projects and publications on YNSA are eagerly awaited in the near future Principles of YNSA The basic points are still used successfully in daily practice Acupuncture needles are applied ipsilaterally at these basic points for pain therapy while for the treatment of central paresis they are applied contralaterally to the paretic side YNSA is a special form of traditional acupuncture The method is based on a somatotope on the scalp In the same way as with ear or mouth acupuncture, the entire organism is projected here on a defined area of the scalp The locomotor system is at the boundary of the forehead and hair, whereas the internal organs are represented via Ypsilon points on both temples Scalp acupuncture distinguishes a yin somatotope at the front of the scalp and a yang www.intechopen.com 84 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues somatotope at the back of the scalp With the aid of the special Japanese neck diagnostics, the associated Ypsilon therapy points in the temples or the corresponding cranial nerve points are revealed via pressure-sensitive points in the neck region As a representative of each meridian, there is a pressure point on the neck and an associated treatment point in the region of the temples If, for example, the kidney point on the neck is sensitive to pressure the needle is applied to the corresponding Ypsilon point in the temple If the needle has been correctly positioned in the temple region then the pressure sensitivity in the neck disappears consecutively and thus provides immediate verification for correct positioning of the needle Fig Schematic representation of the frontal YNSA basic points Needles are applied ipsilaterally for the treatment of pain and contralaterally for the treatment of paralysis www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications Fig Ypsilon points Abdominal or neck diagnosis leads to the selection of the Ypsilon points in a treatment session www.intechopen.com 85 86 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues Fig The abdominal diagnosis leads to the Ypsilon or cranial nerve points In contrast to the pulse and tongue diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine, Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) is characterized by the special feature abdominal wall and neck diagnostics These diagnostic procedures enable the acupuncture points to be identified individually in each treatment situation indicating where the needles are to be applied for each individual person in the respective treatment situation When the needle is correctly positioned, the sensitivity to pressure felt by the physician and patient disappears This check makes it possible to discover whether the needle is correctly positioned It is important to investigate the diagnostic points on the arm and neck by shifting the pressure to the side In doing so, the points are palpated with the tip of the thumb Applying pressure solely to the points may falsify the results of the examination In the case of abdominal wall diagnostics, the examination is performed by palpation using the index, middle and ring fingers with gently circling movements www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications 87 Fig Neck diagnosis is used to find the treatment points of the patient 2.1 Relevance of the YNSA cranial nerve points The cranial nerve points are highly active acupuncture points on the frontal scalp Using these points, disorders of the corresponding meridians and the cranial nerves can be treated For example, the lung cranial nerve point, the glossopharyngeal point is used for the treatment of the swallowing disorders after stroke as well as pulmonary disorders of different origin Based on the YNSA-Yin basic point A, 12 cranial nerve points are located in a row in the dorsal direction up to DuMai20 for approximately 6-8 cm For the practical use, the cranial nerve points are identified by the adbdominal or neck palpation technique The painful abdominal or neck points show the way to the corresponding cranial nerve points After correct acupuncture of the relevant cranial nerve points, the pain intensity of the abdominal or neck sites should be reduced, similar to the Ypsylon points Similar to the other YNSA points, the cranial nerve points display small treatment areas, which are www.intechopen.com 88 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues identified using careful palpitation Acupuncture is then performed at the point with the highest pain intensity Similar to the basic, brain and Ypsilon points, a careful palpitation is necessary and important for the localization of the cranial nerve points The known Ypsilon and cranial nerve points can be used alone and in combination It is important that the treated acupuncture point is reported as painful by the patient A site which is not painful should not be treated The cranial nerve points have shown to be very suitable for treatment of motor and other neurological symptoms Fig The cranial nerve points and brain points with Yin-basic-point A www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications Fig Master key points for tinnitus, upper and lower body with hoarseness points www.intechopen.com 89 90 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues Fig Yamamoto New Chest Acupuncture In the Yamamoto New Chest Acupuncture pain is treated ipsilaterally, hemiparesis contralterally Very effective is especially the treatment of distubances of the locomotor system www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications 91 On the safety of acupuncture in the Thoracic region Numerous references to side effects caused by acupuncture treatment can be found in medline The investigation presented here was motivated in particular by reports of pneumothorax after acupuncture After an autopsy on a corpse, the depth of various acupuncture needles penetrated into the thorax was investigated The study was performed on a female corpse For unknown reasons, the patient had been subjected to resuscitation and due to this measure had suffered a series of fractured ribs on the right-hand side Issue investigated: Is it possible to apply acupuncture treatment safely in the thoracic region, in particular intercostally? Observations: Acupuncture in the thoracic region involves a greater or lesser degree of risk depending on the thickness of the subcutaneous fatty tissue The longer the needle, the greater is the risk In view of the fact that in some places the intercostals muscles are only to mm thick, the ribs themselves in the present case are to mm thick and the skin is to mm thick, in the case of a slim or cachectic person an acupuncture needle cm in length can potentially lead to pneumothorax if applied intercostally In order to ensure the greatest possible safety in acupuncture, it is necessary to choose needles that are as short and thin as possible and to apply them tangentially at the flattest possible angle Additional safety can be achieved by moving the tip of the needle towards the rib or corpus sterni If, as for example in the case of thoracic Yamamoto New Chest Acupuncture, the needles are to remain in position in the patient so that further physiotherapy measures can be applied, then they must be secured by a good adhesive plaster It appears safest to apply the needles above the ribs and only above the xiphoid process, the corpus and manubrium sterni Fig Acupuncture needles of various lengths In comparison: The depth of penetration into the subcutaneous fatty tissue can be seen Penetration depth of the needles with respective lengths of 10, 15 and 25 mm in relation to skin and subcutaneous tissue www.intechopen.com 92 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues Conclusions: The safety of acupuncture in the front thoracic region depends on the length of the needle and the angle at which the needle is inserted The greatest possible safety can be achieved by applying short, thin needles above the ribs or towards the ribs or the corpus sterni Fig Intercostal acupuncture with different types and lengths of needles Fig 10 These acupuncture needles penetrating through the intercostal muscles and into the thorax www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications Fig 11 The thickness of the ribs and the intercostal muscles Fig 12 The rib is mm thick www.intechopen.com 93 94 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues Effectiveness and clinical applications 4.1 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) With the aid of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it was possible to demonstrate the good effectiveness of YNSA for stroke patients In this study, a new metalfree acupuncture needle developed by the author was applied Benefits associated with YNSA have been shown in studies in patients after stroke, in patients with musculoskeletal pain and in emergency medicine In the Western world stroke is still the leading cause of disability in adults, often in the form of hemiparesis The goal of the investigation introduced here was to correlate the effect of YNSA in hemiparetic stroke patients to cortical activation visualized in fMRI The neurological correlates of YNSA were studied in 17 patients with ischaemic stroke in the right hemisphere suffering from residual paresis of the left hand and in 19 healthy volunteers A new acupuncture needle for magnetic resonance imaging developed by Schockert was used in this study Similar to the principle of an indwelling venous cannula, the needle is positioned in the acupoint, the steel cylinder removed, and the remaining plastic part is fixed in the acupoint by a plaster The size of the plastic part remaining in the acupoint corresponds approximately to an acupuncture needle of the dimensions 0.30 x 30 mm (Schockert et al., 2010) According to the ethical vote all participants have signed a consent before the treatment The fMRI study was performed in a 1.5 tesla Philips MRI system (TR 3000 ms, TE 50 ms, FA 90 °) in a box-car design Patients were treated lying down and were instructed via video goggles to open or close their left hand The fMRI paradigm was: five conditions with 120 sec duration each: 3sec closing of the fist, 2sec opening of the fist, 30 sec break Three runs of fMRI were performed: no acupuncture, sham acupuncture (patient is blinded: acupressure without insertion of a needle), real acupuncture The data were analyzed using an SPM2 evaluation program All patients and volunteers were first subjected to sham acupuncture and then to YNSA The sham acupuncture consisted of a single application of pressure by a finger nail in the centre of an imaginary line between TE23 and GB14 In the genuine YNSA, needles were applied to the Yin points of the Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Basic point C Of the 17 investigated patients, only five could be evaluated due to motion artefacts On account of inhomogeneous lesions no group analysis was performed as cortical activation was different in each patient Generally, in contrast to the sham acupuncture, genuine acupuncture was accompanied by significant cortical activation in the motor, premotor and supplemental motor cortex Eight of 17 patients felt subjectively better after the YNSA The patients experienced a reduction of spasm and an improvement of the movement of the paralysed upper extremities The patients from whom the data were evaluated all showed subjectively clinical benefit after the YNSA treatment Data from 13 healthy volunteers could be analysed without artefacts In these subjects it was possible to perform a group analysis In contrast to the patients, the volunteers displayed a decrease in cortical activation during YNSA Without acupuncture: Cortical activation was shown in the motor cortex, cingulate gyrus and occipital lobe Sham acupuncture: Cortical activation identical to that in subjects without acupuncture Genuine acupuncture: No activation in the cingulate gyrus The cingulate gyrus is part of the limbic system, a multimodal area with important afferent and efferent connections which is involved in planning of complex and difficult movements Theoretically, a lack of activation in the cingulate gyrus could be a training effect or the result of selective inhibition of this area by www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications 95 YNSA Without acupuncture or with sham acupuncture cortical activation was observed close to the region of the vertex of the scalp, where GV20 is situated This activation is not seen after genuine acupuncture So it is conceivable that this is a specific YNSA effect The effects look promising but could be the result of generalised stimulation The reliability of the data analysis must also be verified The design of the study shows methodological deficits For studies in the future the documentation has to be done even more thoroughly with objective methods of measurement The following practical problems were seen during the conduct of this study: Patients were lying down still in the scanner for about one hour This was very tiring and difficult for the patients In addition, it is conceivable that patients had major concentration problems during the third block (genuine acupuncture) We assume the results of this study could potentially support the use of YNSA as an adjunctive measure in stroke rehabilitation In view of the fact that eight patients felt subjectively better after the treatment and in view of the changes in the cortical activations in the motor, premotor and supplemental motor cortex we assume that this benefit justifies the hypothesis that the YNSA treatment itself had this positive influence and is the cause of the positive effects described by the patients As stroke is the leading cause of disability in the western world we assume that it is justified to suggest further larger controlled clinical trials and fMRI studies with more participants to investigate the phenomenon we have seen in this investigation (Schockert et al., 2010) 4.2 YNSA in PET-CT 4.2.1 YNSA activates cortical nociceptive and motor centers in patients with chronic pain of the locomotory system The clinical application of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) often shows immediate and long lasting effects in patients with locomotor disturbances such as pain syndromes, chronic stroke and Parkinson's disease However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of YNSA The aim of the study was to investigate potential areas of the central nervous system influenced by YNSA in the treatment of such patients To this end, changes in the cerebral glucose metabolism were measured by PET-CT We measured three subjects that were treated with YNSA for chronic pain syndromes in their lower extremities Each patient was measured twice The first measurement served as a baseline scan to assess the basic brain activity of the patient The second measurement was acquired four to five days later, and the patient was treated with YNSA shortly before the beginning of the scan Points were selected individually after YNSA neck diagnosis A visual analogue scale (0-10) was used to assess pain reduction Each subject's PET data were spatially coregistered to correct for differences in head position between the two scans Consequently, the data were normalized to a template brain and smoothed with a 12 mm isotropic kernel in order to account for anatomical differences between the subjects Finally, demeaning was applied to correct for global changes of signal intensity All these steps were carried out using SPM (Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, London) and FSL 4.1 (FMRIB, Oxford), respectively After these pre-processing steps, data from the two measurements could be directly compared to each other An increase in glucose metabolism (and thus of cortical activity) of more than 10% was considered significant An average pain reduction of 4.4 ± 2.7 points was achieved with YNSA PET data showed increased activity in the following cortical and subcortical areas: thalamus, lateral frontal- und dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), insula, medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), cerebellum, basal ganglia and periaqueductal grey (PAG) www.intechopen.com 96 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues The reported activations could all be assigned to either the nociceptive (thalamus, insula, DLPFC, PAG), motor (cerebellum, basal ganglia) or attention networks (PCC, lateral frontal cortices) As changes in the level of attention were not monitored in this study, they cannot be ruled out Thus we not consider the observed activations in the attention network (PCC, lateral frontal cortices) a direct effect of YNSA The average reduction in pain scale score and corresponding change in nociception system activation can be considered a direct effect of acupuncture As VAS values were lower under YNSA as compared to baseline, these activations cannot simply be a result of the painful needle manipulation The activation of the motor system, especially in the basal ganglia, offers a possible explanation for the efficacy of YNSA in general locomotor disorders In this context, it is interesting to note that the YNSA point “basal ganglia” was used for treatment in two of the three subjects Fig 13 Group results of the PET measurement Contrast: Scan with YNSA needles in place > Baseline scan Only signal changes of 10% and more are shown 4.3 YNSA in emergency medicine Due to the good effectiveness of YNSA, especially since YNSA takes effect very rapidly, I would like to propose that YNSA and other acupuncture methods could be applied as supportive measures both in emergency medicine and by the emergency services YNSA has already been successfully employed by the emergency services Acupuncture has also been used in military applications There is thus an urgent need for further extensive studies on the application of acupuncture by the emergency services (Chen el al., 2010) 4.3.1 YNSA in emergency medicine – a case report Various acupuncture methods are successfully applied in emergency medicine throughout the world and have also been studied scientifically I myself regularly apply acupuncture in my daily practice and in emergency medical work In the case history described here, I would like to present YNSA and show that I have employed YNSA to support emergency medical measures during pregnancy The patient herself described YNSA as extremely www.intechopen.com Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Efficacy and Clinical Applications 97 effective and soothing On 23 April 2007, an emergency call was passed on to the rescue vehicle from the control centre at 19:15 concerning a pregnant patient who was experiencing severe back pain, dyspnoea and pain in the thorax In a thorough physical examination of the 41-year-old patient an auscultation revealed that all sections of the lungs were free without any rattling noise or spasticity, after the immediate administration of oxygen the oxygen saturation was 99 %, blood pressure was 150/90 and pulse 100 An ECG did not show any pathological abnormalities After a venous cannula had been inserted into the bend of the left arm and lactated Ringer’s solution had been administered to the patient, a decision was taken to apply Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture as an analgesic Upon closer questioning, the patient said that she had severe thoracic and back pain, and that the back pain, which did not radiate into the legs, was the most problematic for her She said she had not felt well all day, but she did not want to take any painkillers The patient agreed to be treated by acupuncture as pain therapy According to the current procedures for YNSA, a neck diagnosis was first applied The neck diagnosis led to the identification of the correct acupuncture points for this patient The following points were applied: basic points A right and left, basic points D and E right, parietally situated Y point kidney and brain points cerebrum, cerebellum and basalganglia All needles have been inserted for about milimeters into the scalp Then the pressure sensitivity in the neck disappeared There has been no stimulation or rotation of the needles in this treatment The patient had already been treated by acupuncture on previous occasions and also experienced rapid relief of her symptoms by the scalp acupuncture applied under emergency conditions Upon arrival in hospital, the patient had a complete relief from her symptoms In his book on acupuncture in emergency medicine that appeared in 1994, Richard Umlauf describes the points for body acupuncture and the points of various microsystems for their use in difficult and life-threatening illnesses He considers these methods very efficacious and recommends their application Acupuncture could be of great benefit in emergency medicine, especially for analgesic purposes since acupuncture may also be regarded as evidence-based medicine Since the GERAC study this is particularly true of the treatment of knee and back pain Although acupuncture research is under way throughout the world and acupuncture is also used in the emergency services, acupuncture cannot yet be described as evidence-based emergency medicine (EBEM) Like many other measures in complementary medicine, acupuncture offers a valuable, efficient and reliable adjuvant therapy option for all existing orthodox emergency treatments Both for ethical and quite particularly for cost-saving reasons, the application of acupuncture and complementary medicine could also establish a permanent place in emergency medicine Larger clinical trials are warranted to investigate the YNSA effects in emergency patients In recent years, I have applied YNSA as a supportive measure or as a sole therapy for the relief of pain in a wide range of cases, for example acute renal colic and also for dyspnoea caused by asthma, in the emergency rescue service and also for emergency public health services YNSA makes it possible to provide efficient therapy by applying needles to just a few points The international literature describes a wide range of applications of various forms of acupuncture – also including acupressure – for use in emergency medicine, but also side effects due to body acupuncture that has not been applied correctly As yet there are no articles on YNSA for emergency medicine in the international literature I would like to encourage a discussion on increasingly including YNSA and other acupuncture methods in emergency public health services and also in emergency medical services as a complement to and in support of orthodox medicine This will require extensive studies on the application of acupuncture by the emergency services I hope for the sake of all affected emergency patients that acupuncture will be increasingly applied as an adjuvant and supportive method in the emergency services www.intechopen.com 98 Acupuncture – Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues Fig 14 Patient ready for transport: patient treated by ECG, oxygen and YNSA The patient experienced relief from all symptoms after treatment with just needles Conclusion Working with YNSA is very encouraging and satisfying due to the frequently occurring immediate effects and lightning effects YNSA finds widespread acceptance amongst patients Acknowledgment Dr Toshikatsu Yamamoto, I thank you very much for teaching me your YNSA References Yamamoto T, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto MM (2010) Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture, YNSA Yamamoto Publishing Inc Miyazaki, Japan Chen Y-L, Hou MC, Huang S-Y, Schockert T Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) Use in Emergency Medicine Journal of Chinese Medical Association of Acupuncture Taiwan 2010;13,2:1-8 Schockert T Integration of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) into emergency medicine Deutsch Zeitschr f Akup 2010;4,34-37 Schockert T, Beissner F Neurophysiological Correlates of the Effect of YNSA for Patients with Chronic Pain of the Locomotor System - Basic YNSA Research by Means of PET-CT Deutsch Ztschr f Akup 2010;2:8-13 Schockert T, Schnitker R, Boroojerdi B, Vietzke K, Qua Smith I, Yamamoto T, Kastrau F Cortical Activation by Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) in the Treatment of Stroke Patients - A Sham-controlled Study Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Acupunct Med 2010;4:212-4 www.intechopen.com Acupuncture - Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues Edited by Prof Marcelo Saad ISBN 978-953-307-630-0 Hard cover, 138 pages Publisher InTech Published online 06, September, 2011 Published in print edition September, 2011 Acupuncture is growing in popularity world-wide Acupuncture and related techniques are useful tools for treating a spectrum of diseases However, there are still many areas of controversy connected to it due to the fact that mechanisms of action of acupuncture are not entirely clear Another debilitating element is the absence of a convincing model of sham acupuncture for a control group in clinical trials.Therefore, there are still inappropriate prejudice and unfamiliarity regarding acupuncture I hope this book can contribute to guide the advance of this ancient medical art The reader will here find texts wrote by authors from different parts of the world The chapters cover strategic areas to collaborate with the consolidation of the knowledge in acupuncture The main objective is to share elements to make acupuncture more and better offered at health systems worldwide How to reference In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following: Thomas Schockert (2011) Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA): Development, Principles, Safety, Effectiveness and Clinical Applications, Acupuncture - Clinical Practice, Particular Techniques and Special Issues, Prof Marcelo Saad (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-630-0, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/acupuncture-clinical-practice-particular-techniques-and-specialissues/yamamoto-new-scalp-acupuncture-ynsa-development-principles-safety-effectiveness-and-clinicalapplica InTech Europe InTech China University Campus STeP Ri Slavka Krautzeka 83/A 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Phone: +385 (51) 770 447 Fax: +385 (51) 686 166 www.intechopen.com Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China Phone: +86-21-62489820 Fax: +86-21-62489821 © 2011 The Author(s) Licensee IntechOpen This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike-3.0 License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the original is properly cited and derivative works building on this content are distributed under the same license 

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