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CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH: CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG

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CHUYÊN ĐỀ 5CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (PASSIVE VOICE)* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾTI. Cách dùng câu bị động- Khi không cần thiết phải nhắc đến tác nhân gây hành động (do tình huống đã quá rõ ràng hoặc do khôngquan trọng)Eg: The road has been repaired.- Khi chúng ta không biết hoặc quên người thực hiện hành độngEg: The money was stolen.- Khi chúng ta quan tâm đến bản thân hành động hơn là người thực hiện hành độngEg: This book was published in Vietnam.- Khi Chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là Chủ ngữ không xác định như: people, they, someone…Eg: People say that he will win. It’s said that he will win.- Khi người nói không muốn nhắc đến chủ thể gây ra hành độngEg: Smoking is not allowed here.II. Cấu trúcLoại 1: Bị động với các thì không tiếp diễnCông thức tổng quátBE + PAST PARTICIPLELoại 2: Bị động với các thì tiếp diễnCông thức tổng quát sau:BE + BEING + PAST PARTICIPLELoại 1 áp dụng cho sáu thì bị động không tiếp diễn và loại 2 áp dụng cho sáu thì bị động tiếp diễn.Nhưng trong phần này tôi chỉ giới thiệu những thì học sinh đã học trong chương trình, phục vụ cho thihọc kì và thi tốt nghiệp THPT bao gồm bốn thì bị động không tiếp diễn là : thì hiện tại đơn, thì quá khứđơn, thì hiện tại hoàn thành, thì tương lai đơn, bị động với động từ khuyết thiết và hai thì bị động tiếpdiễn là : hiện tại tiếp diễn và quá khứ tiếp diễn.Loại 1: Bị động không tiếp diễn1) Thì hiện tại đơnS + am / is/ are + Past ParticipleEg:Active: They raise cows in Ba Vi.Passive: Cows are raised in Ba Vi.2) Thì quá khứ đơnS + was / were + Past ParticipleEg:Active: Jame Watt invented the steam engine in 1784.Passive: The steam engine was invented by Jame Watt in 1784.3) Thì hiện tại hoàn thànhS + have/ has been + Past ParticipleEg:Active: They have just finished the project.Passive: The project has just been finished.4) Thì tương lai đơnS + will be + Past ParticipleEg:Active: They will build a new school for disabled children next month.Passive: A new school for disabled children will be built next month.5) Động từ khuyết thiếu.S + Modal Verb + be + Past Participle.EX1:Active:Passive:You can see him now.He can be seen (by you) now.Active:Passive:He should type his term paper.His term paper should be typed.EX2:Loại 2: Bị động tiếp diễn1) Thì hiện tại tiếp diễnS + am / is / are +being + Past ParticipleEg:Active: Ann is writing a letter.Passive: A letter is being written by Ann2) Thì quá khứ tiếp diễnS + was / were + being + Past ParticipleEg:Active: She was cleaning the room at 7 a. m yesterday.Passive: The room was being cleaned at 7 a. m yesterday.III. Cách chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị độngMuốn chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động, học sinh cần nắm chắc các bước chuyển sau đây:• Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động, chuyển nó thành Chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.• Xác định thì của động từ trong câu chủ động, chia “to be” tương ứng với thì tiếng Anh đó và vớichủ ngữ mới của câu bị động.••Chia động từ chính trong câu chủ động ở dạng past participle trong câu bị độngBy + tác nhân gây hành động (khi muốn nhấn mạnh tác nhân gây hành động)SS++V+OV (participle) + OEg:TheySwill finishVthis work tomorrow.OThis work will befinished (by them) tomorrow.Trong phần này cần lưu ý học sinh một số vấn đề sau:- Các trạng từ chỉ cách thức thường được đặt trước động từ phân từ hai trong câu bị động.Eg: He wrote the book wonderfully. The book was wonderfully written.- By + tác nhân gây hành động đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn và đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.Eg1: A passer- by took him home. He was taken home by a passer- by.Eg2: We will receive the gifts on Monday. The gifts will be received by us on Monday.- Câu bị động phủ định và nghi vấn được tạo giống như cách của câu chủ động.Tuy nhiên không phải bất cứ câu nào cũng có thể chuyển từ chủ động sang bị động hoặc ngược lai. Điềukiện để chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động là câu đó phải mất transitive verb (động từ ngoại hướng). Câucó intransitive verb (động từ nội hướng) thì không thể chuyển sang câu bị động. Động từ ngoại hướng làđộng từ cần mất tân ngữ trực tiếp trong khi động từ nội hướng thì không cần mất tân ngữ trực tiếp.Eg: 1) She is making a cake.  A cake is being made by her.Transitive verb2) They run along the beach every morning.Intransitive verbII.Các dạng đặc biệt của câu bị độngViệc chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động hoàn toàn tùy thuộc vào cấu trúc câu do đó cách tốtnhất để nắm vững cách chuyển đổi là xem xét nó dưới cấp độ các mẫu câu đã biết.1. Mẫu câu: S + V + O (C, A)Trong mẫu câu này tân ngữ có thể là một danh từ, cụm từ hoặc đại từ.S + V + OEg: Active: Her mother is cleaning the kitchen.Passive: The kitchen is being cleaned by her mother.S+V+ O+ CEg: They called him Mr. Angry.He was called Mr. Angry.S +V+O+AEg: He put the table in the corner. The table was put in the corner.2. Mẫu câu:S+V+ O +OĐối với câu có hai tân ngữ, chúng ta có thể dùng một trong hai tân ngữ chuyển thành chủ ngữ trong câu bịđộng. Tuy nhiên, tân ngữ chỉ người thường hay được sử dụng nhiều hơn.Eg: We gave him a nice present on his birthday.OiOd- Cách chuyển thứ nhất: He was given a nice present on his birthday.- Cách chuyển thứ hai: Cần thêm một giới từA nice present was given to him on his birthday.Có hai giới từ có thể được dùng trong trường hợp này là: to, forMột số động từ dùng với ‘to’: give, bring, send, show, write, post, pass…Một số động từ dùng với ‘for’: buy, make, cook, keep, find, get, save, order ………..Eg1: She didn’t show me this special camera. This camera wasn’t shown to me.Eg 2: She is making him a cup of tea. A cup of tea is being made for him.3. Câu bị động với các động từ tường thuậtCác động từ tường thuật thường được dùng để tường thuật lại các câu nói, ý nhĩ, câu hỏi, yêu cầu, lời xinlỗi… Một số động từ tường thuật thường gặp là: say, think, know, believe, ask, tell, promise…Có hai cấu trúc liên quan đến động từ tường thuật:Sa. Mẫu câu: Active:Passive:+V+ Oi + that clause.S (Oi) + be past participle+that clause.Eg: He told me that you had a new bike. I was told that you had a new bike.b. Mâu câuS+V+ that+clause.Mẫu câu này có hai cách chuyểnCách 1: dùng Chủ ngữ gi¶ “it”Eg: People think that I am the best student in my class. It is thought that I am the best student in my class.Cách 2: dùng chủ ngữ của mệnh đề that và sử dụng dạng nguyên mẫu của động từ. Ở ví dụ trên, có cáchchuyển thứ hai là:Eg: I am thought to be the best student in my class.Ở cách chuyển thứ hai, có thể dùng 3 dạng nguyên mẫu của động từ:1) To – inf: khi hành động xảy ra ở mệnh đề that diễn ra cùng thì hoặc diễn ra sau hành động ở mệnh đềtường thuật.2) Nguyên mẫu tiếp diễn: to be ving, khi hành động ở mệnh đề that ở thì tiếp diễn, còn hành động ở mệnhđề tường thuật ở thì đơn giản, cùng bậc.3) Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành: to have done, khi hành động ở mệnh đề that xảy ra trước hành động ở mệnhđề tường thuật.Eg1: People say that he is a rich man. He is said to be a rich man.Eg2: They think that she is living there. She is thought to be living there.Eg3: They said that Tom had left home before the weekend. Tom was said to have left home before the weekend.4. Câu mệnh lệnh:Khi chuyển câu mệnh lệnh sang câu bị động, ta sẽ sử dụng cấu trúc sau:Active:Passive:VLet+O+O+ Adjunct+ be past participle +Adjunct.Eg: Take off your hat! Let your hat be taken off!Ngoài các trên, còn một cách khác để chuyển câu mệnh lệnh sang câu bị động nhưng ít dùng hơn đó là:S + am/ is/ are + to be + past participleHoặc S should be + past participleEg: Active: Look after the children please!Passive: The children should be looked after!Hoặc: The children are to be looked after!5. WH- question.Đối với những câu hỏi có từ để hỏi, chúng ta có thể chia làm hai loại:Loại 1: Từ để hỏi có chức năng là tân ngữ trong câu chủ động. Với dạng câu hỏi này việc chuyển sangcâu bị động rất đơn giản vì từ để hỏi đó sẽ có chức năng là chủ ngữ trong câu bị động.Eg: Active: How many languages do they speak in Canada?Passive: How many languages are spoken in Canada?Loại 2: Từ để hỏi có chức năng là chủ ngữ trong câu chủ động khi chuyển sang câu bị động, nó sẽ có vaitrò là tân ngữ trong câu. Khi đó, ta sẽ có hai cách chuyển. Hoặc chuyển By đầu câu (từ để hỏi sẽ ở dạngtân ngữ) hoặc để By ở cuối câu.Eg: Who wrote this novel ? Who was this novel written by?HoÆc:  By whom was this novel written?S6. Cấu trúc:+V+ O +VingCó hai trường hợp xảy ra:a) Tân ngữ của Ving cùng chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu:Eg: He kept me waiting.-> I was kept waiting (by him).b) Tân ngữ của Ving không chỉ một đối tượng với chủ ngữ của câu:Eg: He hates people looking at him.=> He hates being looked at (by people).7. Cấu trúc:Sa.S+ V+ O (to)+ V+ V + O + to + V- Khi tân ngữ không cùng đối tượng với chủ ngữ.Eg: We asked him to do it.-> He was asked to do it.Khi tân ngữ cùng đối tượng với chủ ngữ.Eg: She would love someone to take her out to dinner.-> She would love to be taken out to dinner.b.S-+ V + O + V(without to)Khi chuyển sang câu bị động chóng ta dïng To-infinitive trừ động từ “let”.Eg: We heard him sing this song.-> He was heard to sing this song.Nhưng: They let us go home.-> We were let go home.Hoặc: We were allowed to go home.8. Cấu trúcHave / get something done. (dạng nhờ bảo).a. Với have.Active: S + have + Object(person) + bare infinitive + Object.Passive: S + have + Object (thing) + Past Participle (+ by + Object(person))Eg:I has him repair my bicycle yesterday.-> I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.a. Với get.Active: S + get + O (person) + to infinitive + O (thing)Passive: S + get + O (thing) + Past participle (+by + O(person))Eg:I get her to make some coffee.-> I get some coffee made.* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNGExercise1:1. My wedding ring ………… of yellow and white gold.a. is madeb. is makingc. made2. If your brother ………………., he would come.a. invitedb. were invitedc. were inviting3. Mr. Wilson is …………… as Wilie to his friend.a. knowedb. knewc. known4. References …………. in the examination room.a. not are usedb. is not usedc. didn’t used5. Laura ………….. in Boston.a. are bornb. were bornc. was born6. My nother is going …………… this house.a. soldb. to be soldc. to sold7. There’s somebody hehind us. I think we are ……………….a. being followedb. are followedc. follow8. Have you …………….. by a dog?a. biteb. ever been bitc. ever been bitten9. The room is being ………….. at the moment.a. was cleanedb. cleanedc. cleaning10. The road to our village …………. widened next year.a. isb. willc. canExercise 2:d. makedd. invited. is knownd. are not usedd. bornd. to selld. followingd. bitd. cleand. will be1. Somebody cleans that room everyday.a. The room every day is cleaned.b. The room is everyday cleaned.c. The room is cleaned every day.d. The room is cleaned by somebody everyday.2. They cancelled all flights because of fog.a. All flights because of fog were cancelled.b. All flights were cancelled because of fog.c. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog.d. All flights were because of fog cancelled.3. They are building a new highway around the city.a. A new highway is being built around the city.b. A new highway is being built around the city by them.c. A new highway around the city is being built.d. Around the city a new highway is being built.4. They have built a new hospital near the airport.a. A new hospital has been built near the airport by them.b. A new hospital near the airport has been built.c. A new hospital has been built near the airport.d. Near the airport a new hospital has been built by them.5. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.a. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview.b. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview by them.c. A lot of questions will be asked you at the interview.d. A lot of questions will be asked at the interview.6. People don’t use this road very often.a. This road is not used very often.b. Not very often this road is not used.c. This road very often is not used.d. This road not very often is used.7. Somebody accused me of stealing money.a. I was accused by somebody of stealing money.b. I was accused of stealing money.c. I was accused of stealing money by somebody.d. I was accused stealing money.8. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.a. The computer is being used at the moment.b. The computer at the moment is being used.c. The computer is being used by somebody at the moment.d. The computer is used at the moment.9. The bill includes service.a. Service is included by the bill.b. Service included in the bill.c. Service is included in the bill.d. Service is in the bill.10. They have changed the date of the meeting.a. The date of the meeting has been changed.b. The date of the meeting has been changed by them.c. The meeting has been changed the date.d. The date of the meeting has changed.Exercise 3. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành câu sau1. The old lady was ………. exhausted after the long walk.a. veryb. aboslutelyc. prettyd. fairly.2. The old man is said……………. all his money to an old people’s home when he died.a. to leaveb. to leavingc. have leftd. to have left.3. Nobody was injured in the accident, …………?a. was thereb. was hec. were theyd. weren’t they.4. Renoir’s paintings ……….. masterpieces all over the world.a. had consideredb. are consideredc. are consideringd. consider.5. He was advised…………singing lessons.a. takeb. takenc. takingd. to take.6. You’d better get someone…………your living room.a. redecorateb. redecoratedc. to redecorated. redecorating.7. When………….. ? In 1928.a. penicillin was discoveredb. did pencillin discoved.c. was penicillin disscoverdd. did pencillin discover.8. I don’t remember…………….. of the decision to change the company policy on vacations.a. tellingb. being toldc. to telld. to be told.9. The children ……………to the zoo.a. were enjoyed takenb. enjoyed being takenc. were enjoyed takingd. enjoyed taking.10. A new bike was bought …………. him on his birthday.a. tob. forc. withd. on.11. His car needs ……………….a. be fixedb. fixingc. to be fixingd. fixed.12. Her watch needs…………….a. reparingb. to be repairedc. repairedd. a&b.13. He was said………………. this building.a. designingb. to have designed c. to designsd. designed14. Ted…………. by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.a. got stingb. got stungc. get stungd. gets stung15. Let the children………….. taken to the cinema.a. tob. bec. to bed. being.Exercise 4:1. It has been said that UFO sightings are increasing.a. People say that UFO sightings are increasing.b. people have said that UFO sightings are increasing.c. That UFO sightings are increasing is true.d. UFO has been said to be inreasing.2. He is getting them mend the windows.a. He’s having the windows to mend.b. He’s having to mend the windows.c. He’s having to be mended the windows.d. He is having the windows mended.3. They made her hand over her passport.a. She was made to hand over her passport. b. She was made hand over her passport.c. She was handed over to make her passport. d. She was handed over for her passport to make.4. Don’t let the others see you.a. Don’t let you to be seen.b. Don’t let yourself be seen.c. You aren’t to be seen by the others.d. Both a &c allowed.5. They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami.a. They say many people to have been homeless after the tsunami.b. They say many piople to bbe homeless after the tsunami.c. Many people are said to have been homeless after the tsunami.d. Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami.6. They know that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.a. The Prime minister is known to have been in favour of the new law.b. They know the Prime Minister to be in favour of the new law.c. The Prime Minister is known to be in favour of the new law.d. They know the Prime Minister to have been in favour of the new law.7. They expect that the government will lose the election.a. The government is expected to have lost the election.b. The government is expected to lose the election.c. They expect the government to lose the election.d. They expect the government have lost election.8. I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation.a. I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded.b. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded.c. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded by someone.d. Our conversation wasn’t realized to be recorded.9. They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do.a. We are never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.b. We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.c. We have never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.d. We had never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.10. Brian told me that somebody had attacked him in the street.a. I was told by Brian that somebody had attacked him in the street.b. I was told by Brian that he had been attacked in the street.c. Brian told me to have been attacked in the street.d. Brian told me that he had been attacked in the street.MORE EXERCISES1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.All bottles _________ before transportation.A. frozenB. is frozenC. was frozenD. were frozenEverything that _________ remained a secret.A. had be overheardB. had been overheardC. had been overhearedD. would had been overheardEverything ___________.A. were forbiddenB. is forbiddenC. is forbiddedD. are forbiddenEverything___________________________.A. are going to be forgottenB. is going to be forgottenC. is going to be forgotD. were going to be forgottenI___________________________.A. have not given the moneyB. have not been given the moneyC. have not been give the moneyD. have not be given the moneyIt _______ for years.A. has not be knownB. had not been knownC. had not be knownD. have not been knownIt _________ that learning English is easy.A. are saidB. saidC. is saidD. is sayedJohn and Ann___________________________.A. were not misleadB. were not misleededC. was not misledD. were not misledOur horses ________.A. are well feededB. are well fedC. is well fedD. is well feededPeter and Tom _________ in an accident yesterday.A. is hurtB. is hurtedC. were hurtD. were hurtedSouth Florida and HawaiI _________ by a hurricane.A. is hitB. have been hitC. have are hitD. has been hitThe battles _________ for liberation.A. had be foughtB. had been fightedC. had been foughtD. has been foughtWe can’t go along here because the road........................A. is repairingB. is repairedC. is being repairedD. repairsThe story I’ve just read_________ Agatha Christie.A. was writtenB. was written byC. was written fromD. wrote byI’m going to go out and_________A. have cut my hairB. have my hair cutC. cut my hairD. my hair be cut16.17.18.19.20.21.Something funny_________ in class yesterday.A. happenedB. was happenedC. happensMany US automobiles_________ in Detroit, MichiganA. manufactureB. have manufacturedC. are manufacturedA lot of pesticide residue can_________ unwashed produce.A. findB. foundC. be findingWe_________ by a loud noise during the night.A. woke upB. are woken upC. were woken upSome film stars_________ difficult to work with.A. are said beB. are said to beC. say to beWhy did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy_________ at.A. be laughedB. to be laughedC. laughingD. is happenedD. are manufacturingD. be foundD. were waking upD. said to beD. being laughedToday, many serious childhood diseases_________ by early immunization. [ sự miễn dịch]A. are preventingB. can preventC. preventD. can be prevented23. Do you get your heating_________ every year?A. checkingB. checkC. be checkedD. checked24. Bicycles_________ in the driveway.A. must not leaveB. must not be leavingC. must not be leftD. must not have left25. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony_________ next weekend. [ Symphony: khúc giao hưởng]A. is going to be performedB. has been performedC. will be performingD. will have perform26. All bottles_________ before transportation.A. frozenB. were frozeC. were frozenD. are froze27. ___________________________. yet?A. Have the letters been typedB. Have been the letters typedC. Have the letters typedD. Had the letters typed22.English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where `_________ for administration, broadcasting and education.A. is usedB. it is usedC. usedD. being used29. The telephones_________ by Alexander Graham Bell.A. is inventedB. is inventingC. inventedD. was invented30. Lots of houses_________ by the earthquake.A. are destroyingB. destroyedC. were destroyedD. is destroyedth31. Gold_________ in California in the 19 century.A. was discoveredB. has been discoveredC. was discoverD. they discover32. The preparation_________ by the time the guest_________A. had been finished- arrivedB. have finished- arrivedC. had finished-were arrivingD. have been finished- were arrived33. The boy_________ by the teacher yesterday.A. punishB. punishedC. punishingD. was punished34. “Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon”_ “They’ve already ______, sir. They’re on your desk.”A. typedB. been being typedC. being typedD. been typed35. Sarah is wearing a blouse. It___________ of cotton.A. be madeB. are madeC. is madeD. made36. They had a boy _________ that yesterday.A. doneB. to doC. didD. do37. We got our mail _________ yesterday.A. been deliveredB. deliveredC. deliveringD. to deliver38. James…….. the news as soon as possible.28.A. should tellB. should be toldC. should toldD. should be telC. madeD. makeC. is knownD. knowC. didn’t usedD. are not usedC. was bornD. bornC. to be fixingD. fixedC. repairedD. A and BC. to be soldD. to sellC. followD. followingC. ever been bittenD. ever been bitC. cleaningD. cleanC. are expectedD. was expecteled39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.My wedding ring _________ yellow and white gold.A. is madeB. is makingMr. Wilson is _________ as Willie to his friend.A. knownB. knewReferences _________ in the examination room.A. not are usedB. is not usedLaura _________ in Boston.A. are bornB. were bornHis car needs _________A. be fixedB. fixingHer watch needs _________.A. repairingB. to be repairedMy mother is going _________ this house.A. soldB. sellThere’s somebody behind us. I think we are _________.A. being followedB. are followedHave you _________ by a dog?A. biteB. bitThe room is being _________ at the moment.A. was cleanedB. cleanedIt _________ that the strike will end soon.A. is expectedB. expectedd50.51.52.53.54.55.It is _________ that many people are homeless after the floods.A. was reportedB. reportsC. reportedHe was said _________ this building.A. designingB. to have designedC. to designTed _________ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.A. got stingB. got stungC. get stungThese tennis courts don’t _________ very often. Not many people want to play.A. got usedB. usedC. get usedI’ll get Minh _________ this for you.A. doB. doneC. didThose letters _________ now. You can do the typing later.A. need typingB. needn't be typedC. need to typeD. reportingD. designedD. gets stungD. get useD. to doD. needn't typing56.“What a beautiful dress you are wearing”- “thanks, it_________ especially for me by a French tailor.”A. is madeB. has madeC. madeD. was made57. Somebody cleans the room every day.A. The room everyday is cleaned.B. The room is every day cleaned.C. The room is cleaned every day.D. The room is cleaned by somebody every day.58. People don’t use this road very often.A. This road is not used very often.B. Not very often this road is not used.C. This road very often is not used.D. This road not very often is used.59. How do people learn languages?A. How are languages learned?B. How are languages learned by people?C. How languages are learned?D. Languages are learned how?60. Over 1500 new houses _________ each year. Last year, 1720 new houses _________.A. were built/ were built B. are built/ were builtC. are building / were built D. were built/ were being built61. Tom bought that book yesterday.A. That book was bought by Tom yesterday.B. That book was bought yesterday by Tom.62.C. That book yesterday was bought by TomD. That book was bought yesterday.The new computer system _________ next month.A. is be installedB. is being installed C. is been installedD. is being installed by people

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