Đạo Mẫu - Wikipedia

Shaman worship of mother goddesses in Vietnam

This article contains too many pictures for its overall length. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please improve this article by removing indiscriminate collections of images or adjusting images that are sandwiching text in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Đạo Mẫu (Vietnamese: [ɗâːwˀmə̌wˀ], 道母) is the worship of mother goddesses which was established in Vietnam in the 16th century.[1] This worship is a branch of Vietnamese folk religion but is more shamanic in nature. Đạo is a Sino-Vietnamese word for "religion," similar to the Chinese term dao meaning "path," while Mẫu means "mother" and is loaned from Middle Chinese /məuX/.

While scholars like Ngô Đức Thịnh propose that it represents a systematic worship of mother goddesses, Đạo Mẫu draws together fairly disparate beliefs and practices.[2][3][4][5][6] These include the worship of goddesses such as Thiên Y A Na, Bà Chúa Xứ "Lady of the Realm", Bà Chúa Kho "Lady of the Storehouse", and Princess Liễu Hạnh,[7] legendary figures like Âu Cơ, the Trưng Sisters (Hai Bà Trưng), and Lady Triệu (Bà Triệu), as well as the branch Four Palaces.

Practices

[edit]

Serving the reflections (hầu bóng)

[edit] Main article: Lên đồng

The most prominent ritual of Đạo Mẫu is the ceremony of hầu bóng (lit. 'serving the reflections'), in which a priest or priestess mimics the deities by dressing and acting like them. Many people mistake that hầu bóng is a form of mediumship ritual — known in Vietnam as lên đồng — much as practiced in other parts of Asia, such as South China, among the Mon people of Myanmar, and some communities in India; however, that is not correct. Although some of the priests and priestesses of Đạo Mẫu are believed to have the ability of spirit mediumship, this is a different practice entirely. The priest is in full control of their body during hầu bóng. A successful ceremony is one in which the priest feels the deities' essences but it does not mean the deities' spirits enter the priest's mortal body. As a religious leader authorised to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities, the thanh đồng in Đạo Mẫu is more of the equivalent of a priest rather than a medium or a shaman.

The worshiping of the Mother Goddesses contributes to the appreciation of women in society. Recognized by UNESCO, this Vietnamese ritual was inscribed on the Representative List in December 2016.[8]

Although the Vietnamese government had initially proscribed the practice of such rituals, deeming them to be superstitions, they relented in 1987, once again permitting their practice.

Denominations

[edit]

Four Palaces (Tứ Phủ)

[edit] Main article: Four Palaces

The most prominent form of Đạo Mẫu is Four Palaces (Tứ Phủ), which worships a hierarchical pantheon of Vietnamese indigenous deities with a strong influence from historical figures, Taoism and Buddhism. Four Palaces is the most common in the North. Other forms in different areas have also developed an interference with other local beliefs. The name means "Four Palaces", which includes the four realms Heaven, Mountains, Water and Earth.

Mother Goddesses (Thánh Mẫu)

[edit]

According to the official scripture of the Four Palaces, the Mother Goddesses of the Four Palaces denomination include:

• First Mother Goddess of Heaven, Mother Goddess of Infinite Heavens, Princess Cửu Trùng Thanh Vân [九重青雲公主]. Vietnamese: Mẫu Đệ Nhất Thiên Tiên, Mẫu Cửu Trùng Thiên, Cửu Trùng Thanh Vân Công Chúa

• Second Mother Goddess of Earth, Primary Mother Goddess, Princess Quỳnh Hoa Liễu Hạnh [瓊花柳杏公主]. Vietnamese: Mẫu Đệ Nhị Địa Tiên, Thánh Mẫu Thần Chủ, Quỳnh Hoa Liễu Hạnh Công Chúa

• Third Mother Goddess of Water, Mother Goddess of Water, Princess Bạch Ngọc Xích Lân [白玉赤鱗公主]. Vietnamese: Mẫu Đệ Tam Thuỷ Tiên, Mẫu Thoải, Bạch Ngọc Xích Lân Công Chúa

• Fourth Mother Goddess of Mountain, Mother Goddess of Mountain, Princess Lê Mại Bạch Anh [黎邁白英公主]. Vietnamese: Mẫu Đệ Tứ Nhạc Tiên, Mẫu Thượng Ngàn, Lê Mại Bạch Anh Công Chúa

• First Mother Goddess of Heaven in the Lê dynasty's costumes.
• Second Mother Goddess of Earth in the Lê dynasty's costumes.
• Third Mother Goddess of Water in the Lê dynasty's costumes.
• Fourth Mother Goddess of Mountain in the Lê dynasty's costumes.

Divine Courtiers (Thánh Chầu)

[edit]

There are 12 positions in the rank of the Divine Courtiers. While the first four Divine Courtiers attend to the specific Mother Goddesses and represent their own Palace, the other Courtiers govern an area.

1. First Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Heaven Palace. Vietnamese: Chầu Đệ Nhất Thượng Thiên Khâm Sai

2. Second Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Mountain Palace. Vietnamese: Chầu Đệ Nhị Thượng Ngàn Khâm Sai

3. Third Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Water Palace. Vietnamese: Chầu Đệ Tam Thuỷ Cung Khâm Sai

4. Fourth Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Earth Palace. Vietnamese: Chầu Đệ Tứ Địa Cung Khâm Sai

5. Fifth Courtier of the Lân Stream. Vietnamese: Chầu Năm Suối Lân

6. Sixth Courtier of Femininity. Vietnamese: Chầu Sáu Lục Cung

7. Seventh Courtier of Kim Giao. Vietnamese: Chầu Bảy Kim Giao

8. Eighth Courtier of Bát Nàn. Vietnamese: Chầu Tám Bát Nàn

9. Ninth Courtier of Nine Wells. Vietnamese: Chầu Chín Cửu Tỉnh

10. Tenth Courtier of Đồng Mỏ. Vietnamese: Chầu Mười Đồng Mỏ

11. Little Courtier of Bắc Lệ. Vietnamese: Chầu Bé Bắc Lệ

12. Local Courtiers. Vietnamese: Chư vị Chầu Bản Cảnh

• First Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Heaven
• Second Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Mountain
• Third Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Water
• Fourth Courtier, Imperial Commissioner of Earth

Divine Mistresses (Thánh Cô)

[edit]

Similar to the 12 Divine Courtiers, there are 12 positions in the rank of the Divine Mistresses. While most Divine Mistresses attend to the specific Mother Goddesses or Divine Courtier, some other Mistresses protect an area.

1. First Mistress of Heaven. Vietnamese: Cô Cả Thượng Thiên

2. Second Mistress of Mountain. Vietnamese: Cô Đôi Thượng Ngàn

3. Third Mistress of Water. Vietnamese: Cô Bơ Thoải Cung

4. Fourth Mistress of Earth. Vietnamese: Cô Tư Địa Cung

5. Fifth Mistress of the Lân Stream. Vietnamese: Cô Năm Suối Lân

6. Sixth Mistress of Mountain. Vietnamese: Cô Sáu Sơn Trang

7. Seventh Mistress of Kim Giao. Vietnamese: Cô Bảy Kim Giao

8. Eighth Mistress of Tea Hills. Vietnamese: Cô Tám Đồi Chè

9. Ninth Mistress of Nine Wells. Vietnamese: Cô Chín Cửu Tỉnh

10. Tenth Mistress of Đồng Mỏ. Vietnamese: Cô Mười Đồng Mỏ

11. Little Mistresses of Mountain. Vietnamese: Chư vị Cô Bé Thượng Ngàn

12. Little Mistresses of Water. Vietnamese: Chư vị Cô Bé Thuỷ Cung

• First Mistress of Heaven
• Second Mistress of Mountain
• Third Mistress of Water
• Fourth Mistress of Earth

See also

[edit]

• Trưng sisters
• Lady Triệu
• Phùng Thị Chính
• Bùi Thị Xuân
• Matriarchy
• Thiều Dương Thánh Mẫu

References

[edit]

1. ^ Asian Ethnology, Volumes 67-68 2008 p.305 "mother goddess religion (Đạo Mẫu)"
2. ^ Ngô Đức Thịnh,"The Cult of the Female Spirits and the Mother Goddesses 'Mẫu'," Vietnamese Studies 121, no.3 (1996):83-96
3. ^ "Đạo Mẫu ở Việt Nam" [The Mother Goddess Religion in Vietnam] (Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Văn Hóa Thông Tin, 1996)
4. ^ "The Pantheon for the Cult of Holy Mothers," Vietnamese Studies 131, no.1 (1999): 20-35
5. ^ "The Mother Goddess Religion: Its History, Pantheon, and Practices," by Ngô Đức Thịnh, in Fjelstad, Karen; Nguyễn, Thị Hiền (2006). Possessed by the Spirits: Mediumship in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities. SEAP Publications. pp. 19–30. ISBN 978-0-87727-141-3.
6. ^ Fjelstad, Karen; Nguyễn, Thị Hiền (2006). Possessed by the Spirits: Mediumship in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities. SEAP Publications. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-87727-141-3.
7. ^ Nguyen Quoc Tan, Mother Goddess Liễu Hạnh under the View of Religious Studies, Religious Studies Review Vol. 1, No. 2 – May 2007.
8. ^ "UNESCO - Practices related to the Viet beliefs in the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms". ich.unesco.org.

External links

[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Đạo Mẫu.

• Đạo Mẫu Việt Nam
• Đạo Mẫu Đông A Phủ

v t e Religion
Religious groups and denominations Western Abrahamic Judaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites/Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Nondenominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric The Christian Community Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students Associated Bible Students Free Bible Students Friends of Man Jehovah's Witnesses Kitawala Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunnism Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shi'ism Alawism Ali-Illahism Isma'ilism Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ishikism Kurdish Alevism Ahmadi Mahdavism Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Bábism Azalism Baháʼí Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism Iranian Zoroastrian Blagovery Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Kurdish Shabakism Yarsanism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Yazdânism Yazidism Eastern East Asian Chinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japonic Shinto list Shugendō Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương Indian Hinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Sauraism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan/Zen/Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Vedda religions Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects Ethnic Altaic Turko-Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Traditional Sabahan religions Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan NativeAmerican Abenaki Alaskan Anishinaabe Ojibwe Midewiwin Wabunowin Apache Blackfoot Californian Kuksu Miwok Ohlone Pomo Chilote Choctaw Crow Ghost Dance/Sun Dance Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Iroquois Cherokee Four Mothers Society Keetoowah Society Longhouse Mohawk Muscogee Creek Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Purépecha Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Pueblo Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Sioux Lakota Wocekiye Tsimshian Ute Washat Dreamers Yaqui Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional African North African Berber Guanche church Sub-SaharanAfrican Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic: Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movements Syncretic Blagovery Brahmoism Coconut Religion Falun Gong Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Acropolis New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Roerichism Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modernpaganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Italo-Roman Kemetism Romanian Slavic Authentism Uralic Estonian Finnish Hungarian Mari Erzya Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy The Christian Community Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism
Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Arabian Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Cook Islands Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selk'nam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Illinois Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Indigenous religion Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Ancestral Pueblo Pueblo II Pueblo III Pueblo IV Rapa Nui Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Semitic Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Tongan Urartu Vainakh Zapotec
Topics Aspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Laicism / Laity Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Ethnic Faith Fire Folk religion God Goddess Indigenous Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religiousstudies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clericalism / Clergy Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Sectarian Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviewsand lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline
Religion by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Category Portal